72 resultados para Problems and potentials


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"July 1955."

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This paper analyzes the relationship between the techniques used to build expert systems and the behaviors they exhibit to show that there is not sufficient evidence to link the behavioral shortcomings of first-generation expert systems to the shallow methods of representation and inference they employ. There is only evidence that the shortcomings are a consequence of a general lack of knowledge. Moreover, the paper shows that the first-generation of expert systems employ both shallow methods and most of the so-called deep methods. Lastly, we show that deeper methods augment but do not replace shallow reasoning methods; most expert systems should possess both."

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Example problems and methods of data analysis, together with general observations, are given. Smooth-slope runup results for both breaking and nonbreaking waves are presented in a set of curves similar to but revised from those in the Shore Protection Manual (SPM) (U.S. Army, Corps of Engineerings, Coastal Engineering Research Center, 1977). The curves are for structure slopes fronted by horizontal and 1 on 10 bottom slopes. The range of values of d sub s/H' sub o was extended to d sub s/H' sub o = 8; relative depth (d sub s/H' sub o) is important even for d sub s/H' sub o> 3 for waves which do not break on the structure slope. Rough-slope results are presented in similar curves if sufficient data were available. Otherwise, results are given as values of r, which is the ratio of rough-slope runup to smooth-slope runup. Scale-effect in runup is discussed.

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At head of title: U.S. Study Commission--Texas.

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After the electoral reform in 1994, Japan saw a gradual evolution from a multi-party system toward a two-party system over the course of five House of Representatives election cycles. In contrast, after Taiwan’s constitutional amendment in 2005, a two-party system emerged in the first post-reform legislative election in 2008. Critically, however, Taiwan’s president is directly elected while Japan’s prime minister is indirectly elected. The contributors conclude that the higher the payoffs of holding the executive office and the greater degree of cross-district coordination required to win it, the stronger the incentives for elites to form and stay in the major parties. In such a context, a country will move rapidly toward a two-party system. In Part II, the contributors apply this theoretical logic to other countries with mixed-member systems to demonstrate its generality. They find the effect of executive competition on legislative electoral rules in countries as disparate as Thailand, the Philippines, New Zealand, Bolivia, and Russia. The findings presented in this book have important implications for political reform. Often, reformers are motivated by high hopes of solving some political problems and enhancing the quality of democracy. But, as this group of scholars demonstrates, electoral reform alone is not a panacea. Whether and to what extent it achieves the advocated goals depends not only on the specification of new electoral rules per se but also on the political context—and especially the constitutional framework—within which such rules are embedded.

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"This book is written as a companion volume to industrial education--its methods, problems and dangers, and The means and methods of agricultural education."

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Hearings held Jan. 26, 1956 - Feb. 5, 1960, pursuant to Senate resolution 18, 84th Cong. [and others] volume 8 has also special subtitle : The finale phase of the Committee's inquiry with reference to overall television allocations.

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"This draft report represents five years of work by the National Water Commission studying all the nation's water problems and needs."