Mixed-Member Electoral Systems in Constitutional Context : Taiwan, Japan, and Beyond /

After the electoral reform in 1994, Japan saw a gradual evolution from a multi-party system toward a two-party system over the course of five House of Representatives election cycles. In contrast, after Taiwan’s constitutional amendment in 2005, a two-party system emerged in the first post-reform legislative election in 2008. Critically, however, Taiwan’s president is directly elected while Japan’s prime minister is indirectly elected. The contributors conclude that the higher the payoffs of holding the executive office and the greater degree of cross-district coordination required to win it, the stronger the incentives for elites to form and stay in the major parties. In such a context, a country will move rapidly toward a two-party system. In Part II, the contributors apply this theoretical logic to other countries with mixed-member systems to demonstrate its generality. They find the effect of executive competition on legislative electoral rules in countries as disparate as Thailand, the Philippines, New Zealand, Bolivia, and Russia. The findings presented in this book have important implications for political reform. Often, reformers are motivated by high hopes of solving some political problems and enhancing the quality of democracy. But, as this group of scholars demonstrates, electoral reform alone is not a panacea. Whether and to what extent it achieves the advocated goals depends not only on the specification of new electoral rules per se but also on the political context—and especially the constitutional framework—within which such rules are embedded.

Journal.

Mode of access: Internet.

Report.

Publication suspended 1940/41-1945/46.

John H. Romani, M. Ladd Thomas, Ramon Magsaysay

University of Michigan Institute of Public Administration working with University of the Philippines Institute of Public Administration

United States security agreements and commitments abroad : hearings, Ninety-first Congress, first [and second] session[s].

Reuse of record except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc.

Report.

Successively Issued by: Philippine Islands. Health Service; Philippines (Commonwealth) Bureau of Health; Philippines (Republic) Dept. of Health

American and English studies,

Reprinted in part from various sources.

The Zambales ophiolite complex, Philippines : chromite and platinum-group element mineralization /

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, May, 1989.

The Manila Observatory, Manila, Philippines.

Mode of access: Internet.

Joseph Beal Steere with his party of University of Michigan students, 1887 trip to Philippines

Steere in center. Left corner torn off image.

Annual report of the Weather Bureau for the year ... /

Title varies slightly.

Report of the Governor General of the Philippine Islands to the Secretary of War.

Description based on: 1917.

Public laws enacted by the Philippine Legislature.

"Comprising Acts nos. 1 to including a numerical list of acts; a general list of repealed and amended acts; a list of codes, general orders, etc., amended; joint and concurrent resolutions of the Philippine Legislature