Multimodal species abundance distributions: a deconstruction approach reveals the processes behind the pattern

Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Oikos © 2014 Nordic Society Oikos.

The gambin model provides a superior fit to species abundance distributions with a single free parameter : evidence, implementation and interpretation

The species abundance distribution (SAD) has been a central focus of community ecology for over fifty years, and is currently the subject of widespread renewed interest. The gambin model has recently been proposed as a model that provides a superior fit to commonly preferred SAD models. It has also been argued that the model's single parameter (α) presents a potentially informative ecological diversity metric, because it summarises the shape of the SAD in a single number. Despite this potential, few empirical tests of the model have been undertaken, perhaps because the necessary methods and software for fitting the model have not existed. Here, we derive a maximum likelihood method to fit the model, and use it to undertake a comprehensive comparative analysis of the fit of the gambin model. The functions and computational code to fit the model are incorporated in a newly developed free-to-download R package (gambin). We test the gambin model using a variety of datasets and compare the fit of the gambin model to fits obtained using the Poisson lognormal, logseries and zero-sum multinomial distributions. We found that gambin almost universally provided a better fit to the data and that the fit was consistent for a variety of sample grain sizes. We demonstrate how α can be used to differentiate intelligibly between community structures of Azorean arthropods sampled in different land use types. We conclude that gambin presents a flexible model capable of fitting a wide variety of observed SAD data, while providing a useful index of SAD form in its single fitted parameter. As such, gambin has wide potential applicability in the study of SADs, and ecology more generally.

Envolvimento do aluno na escola e comportamento disruptivo

Este trabalho realiza uma abordagem ao construto envolvimento do aluno na escola e relaciona o envolvimento expresso pelos alunos com a disrupção professada por eles mesmos. A investigação contou 365 participantes a frequentarem o 7.º e o 10.º anos de escolaridade. Para a recolha de dados utilizaram-se o Questionário de Envolvimento dos Estudantes na Escola, a versão portuguesa para investigação do StudentEngagement in SchoolScale (Lam e Jimerson, 2008) e a Escala de Disrupção Escolar Professada, um instrumento construído e adaptado para a população portuguesa (Veiga, 2008). Os resultados indicam um envolvimento médio a elevado por parte dos alunos, embora sendo mais expressivo nos do 7.º ano. Em termos de comportamento, os resultados sugerem não existir representações de condutas disruptivas, sobretudo no nível dos alunos do 7.º ano. Finalmente, os resultados apontam para uma relação negativa entre envolvimento na escola e comportamento disruptivo, fortalecendo a ideia de que o envolvimento é um fator protetor da adaptação à escola.