Hemorheological alterations in sickle cell anemia and their clinical consequences: the role of genetic modulators

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an autosomal recessive chronic hemolytic anemia, caused by homozygosity for the HBB:c.20A>T mutation. The disease presents with high clinical heterogeneity, stroke being the most devastating manifestation. This study aimed to identify genetic modulators of severe hemolysis and stroke risk in children with SCA, as well as understand their consequences at the hemorheological level. Sixty-six children with SCA were categorised according to their degree of cerebral vasculopathy (Stroke/Risk/Control). Relevant data were collected from patients’ medical records. Several polymorphic regions in genes related to vascular cell adhesion and tonus were characterized by molecular methodologies. Data analyses were performed using R software. Several in silico tools (e.g. TFBind, MatInspector) were applied to investigate the main variant consequences. Some genetic variants in vascular adhesion molecule-1 gene promoter and endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene were associated with higher levels of hemolysis and stroke events. They modify important transcription factor binding sites or disturb the corresponding protein structure/function. Our findings emphasize the relevance of the genetic variants in modulating the degree of hemolysis and development of cerebral vasculopathy due to their effect on gene expression, modification of protein biological activities related with erythrocyte/endothelial interactions and consequent hemorheological abnormalities in SCA.

Immune cell changes in response to a swimming training session during a 24-h recovery period

Understanding the impact of training sessions on the immune response is crucial for the adequate periodization of training, to prevent both a negative influence on health and a performance impairment of the athlete. This study evaluated acute systemic immune cell changes in response to an actual swimming session, during a 24-h recovery period, controlling for sex, menstrual cycle phases, maturity, and age group. Competitive swimmers (30 females, 15 ± 1.3 years old; and 35 males, 16.5 ± 2.1 years old) performed a high-intensity training session. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 2 h after, and 24 h after exercise. Standard procedures for the assessment of leukogram by automated counting (Coulter LH 750, Beckman) and lymphocytes subsets by flow cytometry (FACS Calibur BD, Biosciences) were used. Subjects were grouped according to competitive age groups and pubertal Tanner stages. Menstrual cycle phase was monitored. The training session induced neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and a low eosinophil count, lasting for at least 2 h, independent of sex and maturity. At 24 h postexercise, the acquired immunity of juniors (15-17 years old), expressed by total lymphocytes and total T lymphocytes (CD3+), was not fully recovered. This should be accounted for when planning a weekly training program. The observed lymphopenia suggests a lower immune surveillance at the end of the session that may depress the immunity of athletes, highlighting the need for extra care when athletes are exposed to aggressive environmental agents such as swimming pools

Anemia de Fanconi em Portugal: estudo retrospetivo de 34 anos de investigação no INSA (1980-2014)

A Anemia de Fanconi (AF) é uma doença recessiva rara, com uma frequência estimada de 4 a 7 por 1 000 000 de nascimentos. Caraterizase por malformações congénitas, falência medular e hipersensibilidade a agentes clastogénicos de DNA. Devido à grande complexidade desta patologia a primeira abordagem de diagnóstico, consiste na análise da instabilidade cromossómica, após cultura celular com estimulação com agentes clastogénicos diepoxibutano (DEB) ou mitomicina C (MMC). Realizou- se um estudo retrospetivo de 34 anos (1980-2014) em 243 amostras com suspeita de AF e de 25 amostras de familiares de doentes de AF, num total de 268 amostras. Nas 243 amostras suspeitas de Anemia de Fanconi, foram identificadas 37 com AF. A idade média ao diagnóstico foi de 7 anos, existindo um ligeiro predomínio da incidência no sexo feminino (59%). Uma amostra foi classificada como AF(-/+). Nos familiares de doentes com AF foram identificados 2 casos positivos, o que perfaz 39 amostras de AF positivas. Em quatro das amostras AF negativas, observaram-se cariotipos anormais. Estes resultados não permitem estimar uma frequência de doentes de AF em Portugal, uma vez que não englobam indivíduos de todas as regiões portuguesas, mas permitem uma estimativa da frequência espectável.