O sistema PBL, problem-based learning, no ensino de medicina no Brasil : análise bibliográfica sobre a sua execução

Introdução: Entre as estratégias de ensino e aprendizagem utilizadas nas práticas pedagógicas, a Problem Based Learning (PBL) (Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas) é utilizada desde 1960, em especial nos cursos de Medicina. Mesmo sendo uma estratégia valiosa, um dos seus obstáculos é a pouca prática dos alunos em atividades autodirigidas, pesquisa e construção coletiva do conhecimento. Objetivo: Rastrear elementos constitutivos da PBL através de dados colhidos em artigos pesquisados em sítios de divulgação científica; Avaliar, nos estudos selecionados, os aspectos positivos e negativos que estejam relacionados com a metodologia do Sistema PBL aplicada ao ensino médico no Brasil. Metodologia: Estudo bibliográfico de 13 textos utilizando um modelo de desconstrução, denominada Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD) que consiste em: transformação dos artigos em pedaços menores; análise textual; identificação de padrões convergentes e divergentes em relação a PBL; organização e síntese dos dados, culminando com a elaboração de estratégia adaptativa da PBL para o curso de Medicina. Resultados: Foram encontradas 116 citações que convergiam para referências positivos acerca da metodologia PBL e 40 citações que divergiam acerca dos pontos positivos. Os aspectos positivos como o desenvolvimento de atitudes e habilidades; desenvolvimento de competências anteriores ao curso; efeitos positivos depois de terminada a graduação, como autonomia de estudo e a articulação entre currículo e realidade profissional, representam pontos a serem reforçados na aula. Em contraponto, foi observado que dentre os negativos a não compreensão do papel do professor como tutor; necessidade de conteúdo formal tradicional pelos alunos e a expectativa que o professor retire as suas dúvidas são pontos a serem evitados. Conclusões: A metodologia PBL deverá servir como metodologia ativa para aproveitar ao máximo as habilidades que os alunos já apresentam, potencializando o aprendizado na educação médica em sala de aula. Palavras-Chave: PBL; curso de medicina; metodologia ativa; educação médica.

Undergraduate Social Education Student’s Perspectives about the Profession

Higher education institutions, responsible for training social educators, should ensure the construction of a profile marked by their technical versatility and whose socio-educational intervention is directed at all people, regardless of their situations in life. Reflection on the construction of this profile is fundamental given the difficulties of identity that the profession faces. In this context, we sought to develop a study which would allow us to identify how the students of a degree course in Social Education characterise this professional, in order to reflect on the contribution of training provided by the institution concerned and, if necessary, make the adjustments arising from the results. This is a qualitative, exploratory study, using an unstructured questionnaire applied to a convenience sample of 140 Portuguese students of the three years of a degree course in Social Education. Its emerging categorical content analysis was performed using the NVivo software, version 11. The main results point to a broad vision of the profession and are not limited to the work geared to specific populations or issues, valuing the relevance of the professional in the field of non-assistance socio-educational intervention. The main area of overlap between training objectives and students’ perceptions about practice allows the impact of training to be positively assessed, despite possible curricular adjustments resulting from further analysis, including the need to reinforce community intervention, undervalued by students, even though it plays a key role for social educators.

Leadership and Pedagogical Interaction as Predictors of Learning Outcomes in Physical Education

This research aims to understand the relative contribution of leadership styles and teacher-student and student-student pedagogical interaction concerning learning performance and academic achievement in Physical Education. A quantitative methodology was implemented, comprising a sample of 447 students attending a school grouping located in the coastal region of central Portugal. In order to verify the nature, the strength and the direction of the relations among the variables, correlation and multiple regression analyses were used. For this, scales already validated and used in other researches were applied. The results show that the learning performance and the academic achievement are significantly associated with teacher leadership styles and teacher-student and student-student pedagogical interaction. A stronger association was obtained with leadership styles, especially the democratic one. It should be mentioned that these factors provide a higher relative contribution to the learning performance than to the academic achievement. The analysis conducted highlights the importance of the democratic teacher leadership style and of the pedagogical interaction established within the classroom towards the improvement of students’ ability to understand the gains and the effort made in learning.

Leadership and Pedagogical Interaction as Predictors of Learning Outcomes in Physical Education

Problem Statement: This research aims to understand the relative contribution of leadership styles and teacher-student and student-student pedagogical interaction concerning the learning performance and academic achievement in physical education. Research Questions: Are the teacher leadership style and the teacher-student and student-student pedagogical interaction related to the learning performance and academic achievement in physical education in basic schooling? Purpose of Study: There are several factors that contribute for the explanation of learning outcomes, namely teacher leadership styles in the classroom, as well as teacher-student and student-student pedagogical interactions. These factors are considered to be essential in the teaching-learning process and in the subsequent improvement of educational outcomes. Research Methods: A quantitative methodology was implemented, comprising a sample of 447 students attending a School Grouping located in the Central Region of Portugal. In order to verify the nature, the strength and the direction of the relations among the variables, correlation and multiple regression analyses were used. For this, scales already validated and used in other researches were applied. Findings: The results show that the learning performance and the academic achievement are significantly associated with teacher leadership styles and teacher-student and student-student pedagogical interaction. A stronger association was obtained with leadership styles, especially the democratic one. It should be mentioned that these factors provide a higher relative contribution to the learning performance than to the academic achievement. Conclusions: This study sought to deepen the understanding of the explanatory factors of academic success concerning the teaching-learning process in physical education. The analysis conducted highlights the importance of the democratic teacher leadership style and of the pedagogical interaction established within the classroom towards the improvement of students' ability to understand the gains and the effort made in learning.