Interação Médico Veterinário – Enfermeiro Veterinário no exercício da profissão

A procura do Curso de Medicina Veterinária pelas classes jovens prende-se essencialmente com o gosto pela área da saúde e o interesse pelos animais. A inexistência de alternativa à Medicina Veterinária, único Curso no nosso país em 2002, para quem gostasse de tratar e cuidar de animais, num âmbito diferente do da produção, fez com que muitos jovens passassem pela frustração de se dedicarem a outras áreas. Com o objetivo de colmatar essa lacuna do panorama Veterinário nacional, proporcionando aos amantes dos animais uma opção alternativa a quem aspirava poder praticar cuidados de saúde veterinários e não tinha possibilidade de aceder à carreira de Medicina Veterinária, fazia sentido preencher este vazio com a criação de uma nova carreira intermédia, de índole técnico, profissionalizante e superior e, enquanto por todo o país se optava pela criação de mais cursos de Medicina Veterinária, os Politécnicos despertaram para este novo nicho de mercado promissor, inspirados pela Europa, que permitiria a formação de quadros bacharéis, integráveis em equipas Médico-veterinárias e às centenas de profissionais que já exerciam essas funções, por todo o país, sem formação adequada, a oportunidade de dignificação da sua profissão. O Curso de Enfermagem Veterinária foi aprovado em Portugal em 2002/03 para funcionar na Escola Superior Agrária de Elvas e reprovado para funcionar na Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, no mesmo ano, sendo na altura Ministro da Ciência e Ensino Superior o Doutor Pedro Lynce Faria. Em 2003/04 funcionava o seu primeiro ano na Escola Superior Agrária de Elvas, quando finalmente a Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu também obteve a aprovação para a proposta enviada no ano anterior, colocando o curso em funcionamento um ano mais tarde (2004/05). Posteriormente, viria a entrar em funcionamento nas Escolas Superiores Agrárias de Bragança (Tecnologia Veterinária 2005/06; Enfermagem Veterinária 2010/11), Castelo Branco (2006/07) e Ponte de Lima (2006/07). Até então cabia exclusivamente ao Médico Veterinário uma grande diversidade de funções, que incluíam o atendimento ao público, a receção dos animais e seus proprietários, a procura e preenchimento de fichas clínicas, a contenção e pesagem, o cálculo e administração de dosagens terapêuticas, a monitorização anestésica, a preparação e disposição de material cirúrgico, a preparação dos animais para cirurgia e a colheita de amostras. Quando não podia realizar todas estas funções, recorria a pessoal não especializado que o próprio tinha que formar e preparar, despendendo tempo e recursos, em detrimento do atendimento e prestação de serviços Médico-Veterinários mais especializados. A nível Europeu o Curso de Enfermagem Veterinária foi contemplado no tratado de Bolonha e a nível internacional, vários países consideravam, desde há muito, que a Enfermagem Veterinária, a par com os colégios de especialidade, seriam a chave para o desenvolvimento da boa prática dos cuidados veterinários e para a evolução da Medicina Veterinária, permitindo ao Médico Veterinário uma dedicação maior à clínica da especialidade, concentrando-se exclusivamente no diagnóstico, tratamento e na cirurgia em si. A 11 de Outubro de 2012, a Enfermagem Veterinária no Reino Unido fazia 50 anos, celebrados com pompa e circunstância na Casa dos Comuns, enquanto em Portugal, esta jovem profissão, a dar os seus primeiros passos, era vista como uma ameaça por muitos, incluindo Médicos Veterinários, Ordem dos Enfermeiros, entre outros, e nem sequer era ainda reconhecida nos Centros de Emprego. Contudo, foi o advento desta nova profissão que levou ao surgimento da equipa Médico-veterinária que pressupõe a existência de vários profissionais, com competências distintas mas que devem interagir em prol do objetivo comum da prestação de cuidados especializados de saúde e de bem-estar ao paciente animal. Em 2014, o curso de Enfermagem Veterinária da Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu obteve a acreditação europeia pela ACOVENE e Portugal junta-se assim à Bélgica, Holanda, Itália, Noruega e Reino Unido, os países onde são atualmente acreditados cursos de Enfermagem Veterinária pela ACOVENE.

First evidence of Schmallenberg virus introduction in Portugal, 2014

Objectives: Serra da Estrela native (SEN) breed of sheep is one of the most important in Portugal, standing responsible for the production of one of the most internationally recognized cheeses in the world, "Queijo Serra da Estrela” (protected designation of origin). One of the major risks to the sustainability of SEN dairy flocks if footrot, an infectious diseases that causes lameness, decrease in milk production, weight loss and decrease in fertility. The aim of this work was to determine which parameters become decisive for the appearance of footrot in SEN dairy flocks, while establishing associations with environmental and nutritional variables. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out by performing an especially designed 27 multiple choice questionnaire, based on the underlying causes of lameness in livestock and in the clinical diagnosis performed by the vet techinichian of the clinical cases evaluated at the moment of the inquiry. The survey was performed during the execution of the oficial veterinary health program between February and September of 2014 by a veterinarian team from the Association of SEN Sheep Breeders (ANCOSE). The ovine producers (N=30, with a total of 1270 animals) were randomly selected from the extense area of production of “Queijo Serra da Estrela”. The parameters evaluated in the study were: season and consequent weather changes during the period of the study, floor types, hygiene conditions, bed types, the existence and use of footbaths, location of footbaths, foot trimming and foot hygiene procedures. After the construction of the database and using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16.0 the frequency response for each item was calculated. Results: All SEN livestock producers are proactive in the treatment of lameness (70%). About 99.7% of lameness was related with footroot and most appeared in winter (36.7%). In some occasions there was not a specific season distribution (56.7% rainiest years). From the analyzed farms, 70% use straw as a floor bed, followed by bush (21%). 45.6% of animals were clinically diagnosed with footrot and were sheltered in straw floor. Bed quality is good in 40%, however frequent changes in the floor bed in the preceding 15 days had a higher rate of footroot diagnosed cases (33,23%) compared to monthly changes. Regarding sheepfold animal number, the distribution is proper in 36.7%, elevated in 30%, overcrowded in 6.7% and low in 23.3%. Clinically ill diagnosed animals in last category were the lowest observed (3%). Concerning hoof trimming, 76.7% trims while 23.3% reported not to perform that task. From those that perform trimming, 73.9% do it only when necessary, 21.7% at the time of clipping and 4.4% when the animal is affected. One curious result was that animals who perform trimming at clipping had higher footrot cases (52.6%), unlike those who trim only when necessary (40.2%) or even when animals are clinically ill (0.91%). Mostly all in the presence of footrot choose a local treatment (95.2%) using antibiotic sprays, instead of parenteral antibiotic treatment. Footbath is rarely used in the prevention (13.3%) of this disease and when it is misconceived (25%) and incorrectly formulated (100%). Conclusions: This study was the first performed in Portugal focusing footrot caracterization in native SEN flocks.Economic impact in SEN dairy flocks is atributed to factors such as direct decrease in milk and meat production,early slaughter of affected animals due to non responsive treatment and medical expenses.The most effective eradication method combines first of all the ability to understand the problems of SEN producers and implementation of preventive measures and treatment of footrot.Often linked to lack of formation, the advance age of portuguese producers the mentality and social factors block the advance of veterinarian intervention itself.

Footrot caracterization in serra da estrela native flocks

Objectives: Serra da Estrela native (SEN) breed of sheep is one of the most important in Portugal, standing responsible for the production of one of the most internationally recognized cheeses in the world, "Queijo Serra da Estrela” (protected designation of origin). One of the major risks to the sustainability of SEN dairy flocks if footrot, an infectious diseases that causes lameness, decrease in milk production, weight loss and decrease in fertility.The aim of this work was to determine which parameters become decisive for the appearance of footrot in SEN dairy flocks, while establishing associations with environmental and nutritional variables. Materials and methods: The present study was carried out by performing an especially designed 27 multiple choice questionnaire, based on the underlying causes of lameness in livestock and in the clinical diagnosis performed by the vet techinichian of the clinical cases evaluated at the moment of the inquiry. The survey was performed during the execution of the oficial veterinary health program between February and September of 2014 by a veterinarian team from the Association of SEN Sheep Breeders (ANCOSE). The ovine producers (N=30, with a total of 1270 animals) were randomly selected from the extense area of production of “Queijo Serra da Estrela”. The parameters evaluated in the study were: season and consequent weather changes during the period of the study, floor types, hygiene conditions, bed types, the existence and use of footbaths, location of footbaths, foot trimming and foot hygiene procedures. After the construction of the database and using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16.0 the frequency response for each item was calculated. Results: All SEN livestock producers are proactive in the treatment of lameness (70%). About 99.7% of lameness was related with footroot and most appeared in winter (36.7%). In some occasions there was not a specific season distribution (56.7% rainiest years). From the analyzed farms, 70% use straw as a floor bed, followed by bush (21%). 45.6% of animals were clinically diagnosed with footrot and were sheltered in straw floor. Bed quality is good in 40%, however frequent changes in the floor bed in the preceding 15 days had a higher rate of footroot diagnosed cases (33,23%) compared to monthly changes. Regarding sheepfold animal number, the distribution is proper in 36.7%, elevated in 30%, overcrowded in 6.7% and low in 23.3%. Clinically ill diagnosed animals in last category were the lowest observed (3%). Concerning hoof trimming, 76.7% trims while 23.3% reported not to perform that task. From those that perform trimming, 73.9% do it only when necessary, 21.7% at the time of clipping and 4.4% when the animal is affected. One curious result was that animals who perform trimming at clipping had higher footrot cases (52.6%), unlike those who trim only when necessary (40.2%) or even when animals are clinically ill (0.91%). Mostly all in the presence of footrot choose a local treatment (95.2%) using antibiotic sprays, instead of parenteral antibiotic treatment. Footbath is rarely used in the prevention (13.3%) of this disease and when it is misconceived (25%) and incorrectly formulated (100%). Conclusion: This study is the first performed in Portugal focusing on footrot caracterization in native SEN flocks. The economic impact in SEN dairy flocks is atributed to factors such as the direct decrease in milk and meat production, the early slaughter of affected animals due to a non responsive treatment, and medical expenses. The most effective eradication method combines first of all the ability to understand the problems of SEN producers and then the implementation of preventive measures and treatment of footrot. Often linked to the lack of formation, and the advanced age of portuguese producers, the mentality and social factors block the advance of veterinarian intervention itself.

Princípios Básicos de Hematologia. Esfregaço sanguíneo

O sangue é um tecido vivo fluído que circula num dos sistemas vasculares do corpo, o qual apresenta uma “bomba” central, o coração – órgão muscular que bombeia o sangue para as circulações pulmonar e geral. Quando o colocamos no interior de um tubo de ensaio o sangue separa-se em duas camadas. A camada superior líquida, designada por plasma, representa cerca de 55% do volume de sangue total e contém uma variedade de substâncias orgânicas e inorgânicas dissolvidas ou suspensas em água. A camada inferior é constituída por células vermelhas do sangue (eritrócitos), glóbulos brancos (leucócitos) e plaquetas (trombócitos) que, coletivamente, constituem os elementos figurados do sangue e representam 45% do volume de sangue total. O esfregaço sanguíneo constitui o método mais usual para observar o sangue e seus constituintes, pesquisar hemoparasitas e determinar a fórmula leucocitária, variável com a espécie, sendo fundamental que o Enfermeiro Veterinário domine as técnicas para a sua execução e reconheça as diferentes células sanguíneas. Neste trabalho será apresentada uma revisão dos órgãos hematopoiéticos (onde se originam os eritrócitos), órgãos linfóides (onde se originam ou diferenciam os leucócitos), bem como das funções do sangue e seus componentes.

Histopathological and molecular effects of microplastics in Eisenia andrei Bouché

The ocean has been assumed as the main sink of microplastics (MPs), however, soils may also receive MPs from different sources and through different pathways, which may affect the biota and their role in soil functions. To the best of our knowledge, only one study, until now, reported the effects of MPs on the survival and fitness of soil organisms (Lumbricus terrestris). In our study, epigeic earthworms, of the species E. andrei, were exposed to different concentrations of MPs (0, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg soildw) in an OECD artificial soil and tested for reproduction, survival and growth of adults, following a standard protocol. The size of the polyethylene MPs to which earthworms were exposed ranged between 250 and 1000 μm. No significant effects were recorded on survival, number of juveniles and, in the final weight of adult earthworms after 28d of exposure, to the different concentrations of MPs. Nevertheless, FTIR-ATR of earthworms and histopathological analysis of the gut provided evidences of damages and immune system responses to MPs.

Proposal to minimize the difficulty of recording abortion data in sheep

Background: The most frequent viral diseases which can cause abortion in sheep are Blue tongue, Border disease virus, Cache Valley fever and Schmallenberg virus. The diagnosis of abortion, namely virus-induced represents a challenge to field clinicians, since clinical signs presented by the dam are discrete, non-specific and variable (Agerhom et al., 2015). On the other hand, while some foetuses reveal characteristic and visible malformations, others do not reveal any lesions. In face of it, definitive diagnosis requires an appropriate history collection, as well as sending fresh samples, namely abortion material, foetus, placenta and umbilical cord, to a specialty laboratory, to obtain a precise diagnosis. Objectives: The authors suggest a registration method of all mandatory data, in order to further assist the diagnosis of viral diseases at the laboratories, including the most frequent congenital malformations reported in sheep abortions. Methods: Abortion samples of suspected viral origin were collected and all data were registered, in worktables optimized for this purpose. Results: The authors document, using macroscopic figures lesions of malformations in abortions, emphasizing the frequency and the importance of documenting each case, proposing practical and effective worktables to assist the fieldwork. Conclusions: Field clinician’s awareness of the importance of early detection of viral diseases causing abortion outbreaks stimulates a proper data collection for each case of abortion, in order to contribute to a precise diagnosis and posterior consistent epidemiological studies, which may allow diminishing of economic losses.

Adaptação do modelo ABCDE para comunicar a má notícia ao proprietário do paciente oncológico em medicina veterinária

Introdução: À semelhança do que ocorre na Medicina Humana, também em Medicina Veterinária, a prevalência da doença oncológica em animais de companhia tem vindo a aumentar significativamente. Desenvolvimento: A evolução da Medicina Veterinária, nas últimas décadas, veio trazer mudança nos paradigmas clínicos, nomeadamente no respeitante à relação com o animal mas também com o proprietário. Sendo a oncologia a especialidade em que há maior probabilidade de ter que comunicar uma má notícia, neste trabalho propõe-se a adaptação do modelo ABCDE da Medicina Humana para a Medicina Veterinária. Conclusões: A adaptação do modelo ABCDE para a Medicina Veterinária permite melhorar a comunicação com o proprietário cuidador e dotar os profissionais da equipe Médica Veterinária de melhores competências.