The role of anglers' perceptions and habits in biological invasions: perspectives from the Iberian Peninsula

Anglers are a recognized vector for invasive fauna, with both intentional and accidental introductions reported worldwide. * The purpose of this study was to investigate the Iberian freshwater angler's habits and perceptions related to biological invasions, using an international and bilingual survey in Spain and Portugal. * The results showed that anglers from both countries cover great distances to fish, and that they commonly visit several places and fish during consecutive days, representing a major risk for invasions. Yet, anglers' activity patterns throughout the year are not constant: the summer months involve more intense activity and, hence, entail higher risk. * In both countries, the preferred fish species were invasive, and their introductions were reported more often than native species, with motivations being country-dependent. * The use of live bait was not frequent, but sometimes invasive species were used and the release of unused bait in the water was reported very frequently. * Most anglers recognize that introductions have environmental impacts and that anglers have an active role in intentional introductions. However, only a minority is aware of the angler's role in accidental transportation of invasive species. * These findings on anglers' behaviour patterns and perceptions may be used to model invasion risks and also improve monitoring and awareness programmes led by government agencies.