Experimental observations on hot-spots and derived

The hot-spot phenomenon is a relatively frequent problem occurring in current photovoltaic generators. It entails both a risk for the photovoltaic module’s lifetime and a decrease in its operational efficiency. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of widely accepted procedures for dealing with them in practice. This paper presents the IES–UPM observations on 200 affected photovoltaic modules. Visual and infrared inspection, as well as electroluminescence, peak power rating and operating voltage tests have been carried out. Thermography under steady state conditions and photovoltaic module operating voltage, both at normal photovoltaic system operating conditions, are the selected methods to deal in practice with hot-spots. The temperature difference between the hot-spot and its surroundings, and the operating voltage differences between affected and non-affected photovoltaic modules are the base for establishing defective criteria, at the lights of both lifetime and operating efficiency considerations. Hot-spots temperature gradients larger than 20 °C, in any case, and larger than 10 °C when, at the same time, voltage operating losses are larger than the allowable power losses fixed at the photovoltaic module warranties, are proposed as rejecting conditions for routine inspections under contractual frameworks. The upper threshold of 20 °C is deduced for temperate climates from the basic criterion of keeping absolute hot-spot temperatures below 20 °C.