Distribuição de elementos tóxicos no estuário do rio Amazonas

A presença de elementos não essenciais nas águas superficiais do rio Amazonas é uma preocupação global, o objetivo da pesquisa foi estudar a distribuição dos elementos As, Al, Mn, e Pb na água do estuário do rio Amazonas. As amostras foram coletadas em três regiões distintas: Canal Norte (AP), Canal Sul (PA) e rio Pará (PA) em três profundidades, com um total de 84 amostras. A espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICPAES) foi utilizada para avaliar os teores de Al, Mn e Pb e a espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com geração de hidretos (HGAAS) foi usada para a análise do As. O As variou de <0,35 a 50,60 µg/L, o Al de <1,88 a 3347,70 µg/L, o Mn de 0,13 a 403,39 µg/L e Pb de <0,18 a 57,78 µg/L. Em média As (canal Sul), Al (todas as regiões), Mn (canal Norte e Sul) e Pb (canal Norte e Sul) se encontraram em valores acima do permitido pela legislação brasileira. Os elementos podem ter origem antrópica originária de atividade de mineração e industrial e origem natural proveniente de decomposição de rochas ígneas da bacia de drenagem do rio Amazonas que disponibilizam o elemento na forma ligada ao material particulado em suspensão.

ABSTRACT: The non-essential elements found in the superficial waters of the Amazon River is a global worry since the local hydric resources represent the world's largest fresh water reservoir. This research aimed at studying the occurrence of As, Al, Mn and Pb in the waters of the Amazon River estuary. The 84 samples in three depths were collected in three different regions: North Channel of the Amazon River, in the state of Amapá; South Channel of the Amazon River, in the state of Pará; and Pará River, also in the state of Pará. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICPAES) method was employed to determine the concentrations of Al, Mn and Pb in the samples while hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) method was employed in determining their As concentrations. As concentrations varied from <0.35 to 50.60 µg/L; Al concentrations varied from <1.88 to 3347.70 µg/L; Mn concentrations varied from <1.92 to 403.39 µg/L; and Pb concentrations varied from <0.18 to 51.96 µg/L. On average, the concentrations of As (samples from the South Channel), of Al (samples from the three regions), of Mn (samples from the North Channel and from the South Channel), and of Pb (samples from the North Channel) were higher than allowed by the Brazilian legislation. The origin of the elements can be anthropogenic due to mining and industrial activities as well as natural due to decomposition of igneous rocks from the drainage basin of the Amazon River which releases the element linked to the suspended particulate matter. High concentrations of toxic elements, especially of As and Pb, put the health of the populations who consume water of the Amazon River and the Pará River at risk.