Battery modelling methods for electric vehicles - a review

Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are rapidly gaining popularity as a means of de-carbonization in the transport sector in tackling sustainable energy supply and environment pollution problems. To build a proper battery model is essential in predicting battery behaviour under various operating conditions for avoiding unsafe battery operations and developing proper controlling algorithms and maintenance strategies. This paper presents a comprehensive review of battery modelling methods. In particular, the mechanism and characteristics of Li-ion batteries are presented, and different modelling methods are discussed. Considering that equivalent electric circuit models (EECMs) are the most widely used, a detailed analysis of the modelling procedure is presented.