[Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) nanocomposites containing heteropolyacids: Simple preparation and stable solid-state electrochemiluminescence detection application

In order to solidify the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) luminophor tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) ([Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)) onto the electrode surfaces robustly, the negative charged heteropolyacids (HPAs) moieties were utilized to attract and bond cations [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) via an adsorption method. The compositions and microstructures of the hybrid complexes were characterized by elemental analysis (EDS), spectroscopic techniques (UV-vis, FTIR) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The electrochemical and ECL behaviors of the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)/[PW12O40](3-) hybrid complex contained in the solid film of the nanocomposites formed on the electrode surfaces were also studied.