Blue mussel beds as biodiversity hotspots on the rocky shores of the northern Baltic Sea

ABSTRACT The Baltic Sea is a vulnerable ecosystem currently undergoing a number of changes, both natural and human induced. The changes are likely to affect the species found on these shores, e.g. their distribution and interactions with other species. Blue mussels (Mytilus trossulus x Mytilus edulis) provide one of the main biogenic hard structures on the shallow shores of the Baltic Sea where they aggregate into dense beds and provide a number of resources for over 40 associated macrofaunal species, thus functioning as ecosystem engineers. The blue mussel, being a marine species, is highly likely to be affected by any changes in sea water salinity, circulation and/or water balance. These changes could trickle down also to affect the associated macrofaunal communities. The aims of this thesis were three-fold: first, I examined and described the macrofaunal communities found within blue mussel patches since the fauna associated with mussel patches had never been described in the study area prior to this thesis. Second, I explored how changes in mussel density, size as well as patch size and shape would affect the mussel communities. Finally, I tested how general landscape theories derived from terrestrial studies function in blue mussel systems. Theories included the structural heterogeneity hypothesis, species-area relationships, edge effects and patch isolation effects. The work shows that blue mussels in the northern Baltic Sea have an indisputable function as diversity hotspots and that the faunal assemblages found in mussel patches are extremely rich and unique. Further on, it shows that changes in mussel biomass, size, patch size and amount of edge have the potential to alter the faunal assemblages and diversity within patches. Finally, it shows that although some landscape theories, such as the structural heterogeneity hypothesis, seem to apply also in blue mussel communities, others cannot be directly applied due to the different prevailing conditions in the study system. This is a pioneering work looking at diversity shaping processes on the rocky shores of the Gulf of Finland, making up over 40% of the total water basin. A focus on niche construction, positive facilitation effects and ecosystem engineering could provide new insights and methods for conservation biology, but before this can be done, we need to fully understand the circumstances under which a species becomes an ecosystem engineer and recognize the systems in which it functions.

Trots att blåmusslan är en av de vanligaste djurarterna på hårda klippbotten i Östersjön vet vi förbluffande lite om dess roll i ekosystemet. Blåmusslorna bildar täta bestånd och omvandlar därmed kala klippor till tredimensionella, komplexa habitat som ställer ett flertal resurser till andra arters förfogande. Bland annat erbjuder blåmusslorna boplats, gömställen och mat i form av exkrementer till andra djur. Denna avhandling har studerat blåmusslans betydelse för andra, ryggradslösa djur i Finska Viken och undersökt hur eventuella förändringar i blåmusslans storlek och täthet skulle påverka andra ryggradslösa djur kopplade till blåmusslan. Blåmusslan hotas i likhet med många andra marina arter av den sjunkande salthalten i Östersjön som klimatförändringsscenarier förutspår. Avhandlingen påvisar att blåmusselbestånd upprätthåller exceptionellt artrika djursamhällen i Finska Viken samt att en minskning i dess storlek och täthet skulle medföra negativa följder för den totala artrikedomen som hittas på våra stränder. Fram till denna dag har blåmusslan blivit mer eller mindre totalt försummad i Finlands naturskyddsplanering.