Vermiculitas tratadas quimicamente na obtenção de sólidos microporosos como precursores para híbridos inorgânico-orgânicos com aplicações adsortivas

ALVES, Ana paula Melo. Vermiculitas tratadas quimicamente na obtenção de sólidos microporosos como precursores para híbridos inorgânico-orgânicos com aplicações adsortivas. 2009. 124 f. Tese (Doutorado em Quimica) - Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 2009.

Influência da vermiculita expandida na resistência à compressão e reologia de pastas cimentantes de poços de petróleo

Several problems related to the loss of hydraulic seal in oilwells, causing gas migration and/or contamination of the production zone by water, have been reported. The loss of the hydraulic seal is a consequence of cracks which can be occasioned either by the invasion of gas during the wait on cement or by the expansion of the casing causing the fracture of the cement sheath. In case of the pressure of the formation is higher than the pressure in the annulus, gas can migrate into the slurry and form microannulus, which are channels where gas migrates after the cement is set. Cracks can be also occasioned by the fracture of the cement sheath when it does not withstand the thermal and dynamic loads. In reservoirs where the oil is heavy, steam water injection operation is required in order to get the oil flowing. This operation increases the temperature of the casing, and then it expands and causes the fracture of the cement sheath in the annulus. When the failures on the cement are detected, remedial cementing is required, which raise costs caused by the interventions. Once the use of cement in the construction civil sector is older than its use in the petroleum sector, it is common to bring technologies and solutions from the civil construction and apply them on the petroleum area. In this context, vermiculite, a mineral-clay widely encountered in Brazil, has been used, on its exfoliated form, in the civil construction, especially on the manufacture of lights and fireproof concretes with excellent thermal and acoustical properties. It has already been reported in scientific journals, studies of the addition of exfoliated vermiculite in Portland cements revealing good properties related to oilwell cementing operations. Thus, this study aimed to study the rheological behavior, thickening time, stability and compressive strength of the slurries made of Portland cement and exfoliated vermiculite in 5 different compositions, at room temperature and heated. The results showed that the compressive strength decreased with the addition of exfoliated vermiculite, however the values are still allowed for oiwell cementing operations. The thickening time of the slurry with no exfoliated vermiculite was 120 min and the thickening time of the slurry with 12 % of exfoliated vermiculite was 98 min. The stability and the rheological behavior of the slurries revealed that the exfoliated vermiculite absorbed water and therefore increased the viscosity of the slurries, even though increasing the factor cement-water. The stability experiment carried out at 133 ºF showed that, there was neither sedimentation nor reduction of the volume of the cement for the slurry with 12 % of exfoliated vermiculite. Thus, the addition of exfoliated vermiculite accelerates the set time of the cement and gives it a small shrinkage during the wait on cement, which are important to prevent gas migration

Adição de vermiculita expandida mícron em pastas de baixa densidade para cimentação de poços de petróleo

The northeastern region of Brazil has a large number of wells producing oil using a method of secondary recovery steam injection, since the oil produced in this region is essentially viscous. This recovery method puts the cement / coating on thermal cycling, due to the difference in coefficient of thermal expansion between cement and metal coating causes the appearance of cracks at this interface, allowing the passage of the annular fluid, which is associated with serious risk socioeconomic and environmental. In view of these cracks, a correction operation is required, resulting in more costs and temporary halt of production of the well. Alternatively, the oil industry has developed technology for adding new materials in cement pastes, oil well, providing high ductility and low density in order to withstand the thermo-mechanical loads generated by the injection of water vapor. In this context, vermiculite, a clay mineral found in abundance in Brazil has been applied in its expanded form in the construction industry for the manufacture of lightweight concrete with excellent insulation and noise due to its high melting point and the presence of air in their layers lamellar. Therefore, the vermiculite is used for the purpose of providing low-density cement paste and withstand high temperatures caused by steam injection. Thus, the present study compared the default folder containing cement and water with the folders with 6%, 8% and 10% vermiculite micron conducting tests of free water, rheology and compressive strength where it obtained the concentration of 8 % with the best results. Subsequently, the selected concentration, was compared with the results recommended by the API standard tests of filtered and stability. And finally, analyzed the results from tests of specific gravity and time of thickening. Before the study we were able to make a folder with a low density that can be used in cementing oil well in order to withstand the thermo-mechanical loads generated by steam injection

Remoção de metais pesados em efluentes sintéticos utilizando vermiculita como adsorvente

Heavy metals are used in many industrial processestheirs discard can harm fel effects to the environment, becoming a serious problem. Many methods used for wastewater treatment have been reported in the literature, but many of them have high cost and low efficiency. The adsorption process has been used as effective for the metal remoal ions. This paper presents studies to evaluate the adsorption capacity of vermiculite as adsorbent for the heavy metals removal in a synthetic solution. The mineral vermiculite was characterized by differents techniques: specific surface area analysis by BET method, X-ray diffraction, raiosX fluorescence, spectroscopy in the infraredd region of, laser particle size analysis and specific gravity. The physical characteristics of the material presented was appropriate for the study of adsorption. The adsorption experiments weredriveal finite bath metod in synthetic solutions of copper, nickel, cadmium, lead and zinc. The results showed that the vermiculite has a high potential for adsorption, removing about 100% of ions and with removal capacity values about 85 ppm of metal in solution, 8.09 mg / g for cadmium, 8.39 mg/g for copper, 8.40 mg/g for lead, 8.26 mg/g for zinc and 8.38 mg/g of nickel. The experimental data fit in the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The kinetic datas showed a good correlation with the pseudo-second order model. It was conducteas a competition study among the metals using vermiculiti a adsorbent. Results showed that the presence of various metals in solution does not influence their removal at low concentrations, removing approximat wasely 100 % of all metals present in solutions

Influência da vermiculita expandida na formulação de pastas leves para evitar a migração de gás em cimentação de poços petrolíferos

The gas migration during the cementing of wells is one of the main problems of oil wells engineering. Its occurrence can cause severe problems since shortly to loss of control of the well after cementation. Recently, 20/04/2010 In an accident of major proportions in the Gulf of Mexico, among other factors, faulty cementing operation provided the gas migration, causing the accident, in which 11 people died and 17 were injured occurred. Besides the serious consequences that can be caused by gas migration, remediation of the problem, which is made by injecting cement in damaged areas, usually involves additional costs and is not always effective. Therefore, preventing gas migration to be preferred. Some methods are used to prevent the migration of the pressurized gas as the annular space, application of pressure pulses, reducing the height of the cement column compressible cement pastes of low permeability, pastes and to control free filtered water, and binders of thixotropic cement expandable and flexible. Thus, the cement pastes used to prevent gas migration must meet the maximum these methods. Thus, this study aimed to formulate a cement paste to prevent gas migration, using the expanded vermiculite, and evaluate the behavior of the folder trials necessary for use in oil wells. Free water content, rheological properties, compressive strength, loss of liquid phase sedimentation of solids, specific weight, thickening time and gas migration: The following tests were performed. The results show that meets the specifications paste formulated for use in oil wells and the use of expanded vermiculite contribute to the absorption of free water, thixotropy and low density. The absorption of free water is proven to result in zero percentage test free water content, thixotropy is observed with the high value of the initial gel strength (Gi) in testing rheological properties and low density is proven in test weight specific

Uso de argilominerais e diatomita como adsorvente de fenóis em águas produzidas na indústria de petróleo

The oil production in Brazil has been increasing each year. Consequently, increasing volumes of water produced are generated with large quantities of contaminants, which brings many problems in disposing of these waters. The concern that the concentrations of contaminants in water produced meet existing laws for disposal of effluents, has been extremely important for the development of different techniques for treatment of water produced. The study of clay minerals as adsorbents of organic contaminants has grown considerably so in order to combine the low cost with the efficiency of environmental preservation and health issues. Thus, this study aims to understand the characteristics of vermiculite clay, sodium bentonite, calcium bentonite and diatomite and evaluate their performance as adsorbents for phenol in the water produced. Through adsorption isotherms it was possible to observe the behavior of these adsorptive clay and diatomite for adsorption of phenol, the main phenolic compound found in water produced. Different concentrations of synthetic solutions of phenol were put in touch with these adsorbents under same conditions of agitation and temperature. The adsorbents were composted adsorptive favorable, but the vermiculite and diatomite showed little capacity for absorption, being suggested for absorbs small concentrations of phenol in the balance isothermal

Formulação e caracterização de pastas espumadas por incorporação de ar e estabilizantes minerais

Cementing operations may occur at various stages of the life cycle of an oil well since its construction until its definitive abandonment. There are some situations in which the interest zones are depleted or have low fracture pressure. In such cases, the adoption of lowdensity cement slurries is an efficient solution. To this end, there are basically three ways to reduce the density of cement slurries: using microspheres, water extending additives or foamed cement. The objective of this study is to formulate, to study and to characterize lowdensity foamed cement, using an air entrainment surfactant with vermiculite or diatomite as water extenders and stabilizers. The methodology consists on preparation and evaluation of the slurries under the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) guidelines. Based on calculated densities between 13 and 15 ppg (1.559 and 1.799 g/cm3), the slurries were prepared with fixed surfactant concentration, varying the concentrations of vermiculite and diatomite and were compared with the base slurries. The results of plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength and the compressive strength for 24 h showed that the slurries presented suitable rheology and mechanical strength for cementing operations in oil wells, and had their densities reduced between 8.40 and 11.89 ppg (1.007 and 1.426 g/cm3). The conclusion is that is possible, under atmospheric conditions, to obtain light weighted foamed cement slurries with satisfactory rheological and mechanical properties by means of air entrainment and mineral additions with extenders and stabilizers effects. The slurries have great potential for cementing operations; applicability in deep wells, in low fracture gradient formations and in depleted zones and bring cost savings by reducing the cementing consumption

Enraizamento de estacas de Camellia sinensis L. em função da época de coleta de ramos, genótipos e ácido indolbutírico

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Germinação de sementes e emergência de plântulas de Oenocarpus minor Mart. (Arecaceae)

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da temperatura e do substrato na germinação, bem como determinar a profundidade ideal de semeadura para emergência de plântulas de Oenocarpus minor Mart. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x4 (temperatura x substrato), com três repetições de 30 sementes cada. As sementes foram colocadas no interior de caixas plásticas contendo substrato umedecido com água destilada e mantidas em câmaras de germinação à temperatura constante e com fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Para a emergência, foram usadas 4 repetições de 24 sementes, distribuídas em bandeja plásticas, com plantmax e vermiculita, em 0; 2 e 4 cm de profundidade de semeadura, mantidas em casa de vegetação. Baseado nos resultados obtidos, os substratos mais adequados para a germinação de sementes foram a areia e a vermiculita, e a melhor temperatura foi a de 30ºC. Profundidade superior a 2 cm é inadequada para a semeadura de Oenocarpus minor Mart.

Efeito das doses de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio na nutrição e na produção do porta-enxerto de limoeiro cravo

O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar componentes do crescimento e do estado nutricional de porta-enxertos de limoeiro cravo, em função de doses de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio via fertirrigação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3³ + 1, sendo 3 fatores (nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio - NPK), em 3 doses e uma testemunha (sem adubação), com 3 repetições. A unidade experimental foi constituída pela média de dois porta-enxerto (Hipobioto) de limoeiro cravo (Citrus limonia L. Osbeck), cada qual situado em um tubete de 2,8 cm de diâmetro e 12,3 cm de altura, perfurados na base e preenchido substrato composto de casca de Pinus e vermiculita. As doses utilizadas foram constituídas por níveis de N (460; 920 e 1840 mg dm-3), P (50; 100 e 200 mg dm-3) e de K (395; 790 e 1580 mg dm-3). As adubações com N e K foram realizadas através de fertirrigações e o P adicionado ao substrato de casca de Pinus e vermiculita antes da semeadura. Quando as plantas estavam com 133 dias após a germinação, foram subdivididas em sistema radicular e parte aérea para determinação da massa seca, altura, área foliar, diâmetro do caule e conteúdo de nutrientes. As doses de N, K e P de 920 mg dm-3, 790 mg dm-3 e 100 mg dm-3, respectivamente, foram suficientes para o desenvolvimento adequado de porta-enxertos de limoeiro cravo em tubetes.

Nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio na nutrição e na produção de mudas de laranjeira 'Valência', enxertada sobre citrumeleiro 'Swingle'

O experimento foi conduzido em estufa telada na FCAV/Unesp Câmpus Jaboticabal-SP, durante o período de novembro de 2005 a janeiro de 2007. O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar componentes do desenvolvimento e do estado nutricional de mudas de laranjeira 'Valência', enxertada sobre citrumeleiro 'Swingle', cultivado em substrato, em função de doses de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3³ + 1, sendo 3 fatores (nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio), 3 doses e uma testemunha (sem adubação), com 3 repetições. A unidade experimental foi constituída de uma muda de laranjeira por sacolas de 5 dm-3, contendo 2,5 kg de substrato casca de Pinus e vermiculita. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela aplicação das seguintes doses de nutrientes em mg por dm³ de substrato: N1/2:459, N1:918 e N2:1836; P1/2:92, P1:184 e P2: 368; K1/2:438, K1:876 e K2:1752. Aos 424 dias após a semeadura, as plantas foram divididas em raízes e parte aérea para a determinação da massa da matéria seca, altura, área foliar, diâmetro do caule e conteúdo de nutrientes. As adubações com N, P e K proporcionaram maior crescimento e maior acúmulo de N, P e K na parte aérea e nas raízes das mudas de laranjeira, em substrato de casca de Pinus e vermiculita, em relação à testemunha. A dose de 459 mg dm-3 de N e as doses de P e K 184 e 876 mg dm-3, respectivamente, proporcionaram melhor crescimento da parte aérea das mudas; porém, na dose recomendada de N de 918 mg dm-3, ocorreu maior crescimento do sistema radicular.

Efeitos de substratos e temperaturas na germinação de sementes de tamareira-anã (Phoenix roebelenii O'Brien)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio na nutrição e no crescimento de mudas de laranjeiravalência, enxertadas sobre limoeiro cravo

O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação telada na FCAV/Unesp campus Jaboticabal-SP, durante o período de novembro de 2005 a janeiro de 2007. Conduziu-se este estudo, com o objetivo de avaliar componentes do desenvolvimento e do estado nutricional de mudas de laranjeira Valência (Citrus sinensis Osbeck), enxertadas sobre limoeiro Cravo (Citrus limonia Osbeck), em função de doses de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3³ + 1, sendo 3 fatores (nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio - NPK), 3 doses e uma testemunha (sem adubação), com 3 repetições. A unidade experimental foi representada por uma muda de laranjeira por sacola com 5 dm³ com 2,5 kg de substrato casca de Pinus spp. e vermiculita. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela metade, uma vez e duas vezes a dose padrão recomendada, de 4.590; 920 e 4.380 mg sacola-1, de N, P e K, respectivamente. As adubações com N e K foram realizadas via fertirrigações três vezes por semana e o P foi adicionado ao substrato antes do replantio das mudas. Aos 424 dias após o transplantio, as plantas foram subdivididas em raízes e parte aérea para determinação da massa da matéria seca, altura, área foliar, diâmetro do caule e conteúdo de nutrientes. A adubação com N, P e K proporcionou maior desenvolvimento e maior acúmulo desses macronutrientes na parte aérea e nas raízes das mudas de laranjeira Valência, sobre limoeiro Cravo. Houve adequado desenvolvimento das plantas com a metade da dose recomendada de N, P e K pela literatura, aproximadamente de 918, 184 e 876 mg dm-3, respectivamente.

Tipos de substratos para germinação de sementes de palmeira- real-australiana (Archontophoenix alexandrae H. Wendl. & Drude)

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o desempenho germinativo de sementes de palmeira-australiana em diferentes substratos e estabelecer a granulometria e intensidade de umedecimento adequado. A semeadura foi realizada com quatro repetições de 25 sementes em solo, areia, rolo de papel e em vermiculita de diferentes granulometrias: mícron (0,15-0,20 mm), superfina (0,21-0,30 mm), fina (0,30-0,50 mm) e média (1,19-0,50 mm), umedecidas com 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; e 2,0 vezes o seu peso em água. O teste de germinação foi conduzido a 20-30 °C, avaliando-se a primeira contagem do teste aos sete dias após a semeadura e, semanalmente, a germinação (plântulas normais) até os 35 dias, quando foram contabilizadas, também, as plântulas anormais e as sementes mortas. Calcularam-se o tempo médio e frequência relativa de germinação. A vermiculita mícron umedecida com uma vez o seu peso em água apresentou o melhor desempenho como substrato para o teste de germinação de sementes de palmeira-real-australiana, por possibilitar a máxima germinação das sementes (90%) e velocidade de germinação, demandando tempo médio de 15,3 dias nesse processo.

Effects of substrate and mechanical scarification on the germination of Syagrus oleracea (Arecaceae) seeds

The slow and uneven germination of Syagrus oleracea seeds represents a problem for its propagation, especially for commercial production. This work aimed to study the effects of substrate and mechanical scarification on the germination of S. oleracea seeds. Germination (% G), emergence rate (ER), leaf area (cm(2)), root length (cm), leaf dry mass (g) and root dry mass (g) were also determined. Non-scarified seeds sown in vermiculite germinated faster and showed higher germination (65%), as well as greater root length (16.55 cm). leaf dry mass (5.07 g) and root dry mass (12.41 g), when compared to the scarified seeds.