Evolução de títulos sorológicos, nas provas de soroaglutinação em placa, antígeno acidificado tamponado e fixação de complemento, em bezerras Nelore vacinadas aos 18 meses de idade com Brucella abortus amostra B 19

Com o objetivo de estudar a persistência da resposta sorológica, através das provas de soroaglutinação em placa, rosa Bengala e fixação de complemento, 108 bezerras, com idade ao redor de 18 meses, foram vacinadas com uma dose padrão da vacina preparada com Brucella abortus amostra B 19. Foram obtidas amostras de soro sangüíneo antes da vacinação e após 45 dias, 6, 12 e 18 meses. Antes da vacinação, todas as bezerras apresentaram resultados negativos nos três testes. Após 45 dias, todas apresentaram título a partir de 1/100 na prova de soroaglutinação em placa e todas apresentaram resultado positivo no teste rosa Bengala, ao passo que dois animais apresentaram título 1/2 e os demais apresentaram título a partir de 1/4 na reação de fixação de complemento. Após um ano de vacinação, a grande maioria das bezerras já não apresentava título sorológico significativo. Considerando o risco a que estão sujeitos animais que vivem em áreas endêmicas e em propriedades onde a doença ocorre, e considerando a acentuada redução de título sorológico observada na grande maioria dos animais, pode-se concluir que, no caso bezerras de raças zebuínas em áreas endêmicas e que não tenham sido vacinadas na idade regulamentar, é mais vantajoso vaciná-las com a amostra B 19 aos 18 meses de idade do que deixá-las expostas a um elevado risco de infecção por Brucella.

Structural role of fluoride in the ion-conducting glass system B(2)O(3)-PbO-LiF studied by single- and double-resonance NMR

The local structure of an ion-conducting glass with nominal composition 50B(2)O(3)-10PbO-40LiF has been investigated by complementary (7)Li, (11)B, (19)F, and (207)Pb single- and double-resonance experiments. The results give insight into the structural role of the lithium fluoride additive in borate glasses: (1) LiF is seen to actively participate in the network transformation process contributing to the conversion of three- into four-coordinate boron units, as shown by (11)B single-resonance as well as by (11)B{(19)F} and (19)F{(11)B} double-resonance experiments. (2) (19)F signal quantification experiments suggest substantial fluoride loss, presumably caused by formation of volatile BF(3). A part of the fluoride remains in the dopant role, possibly in the form of small LiF-like cluster domains, which serve as a mobile ion supply. (3) The extent of lithium-fluorine and lead-fluorine interactions has been characterized by (7)Li{(19)F} and (207)Pb{(19)F} REDOR and SEDOR experiments. On the basis of these results, a quantitative structural description of this system has been developed.

Uber das verhalten von anoden aus iridium, platin und rhodium b...

Thesis (doctoral)--

Hydrogen bonding in peptide helices - Analysis of two independent helices in the crystal structure of a peptide Boc-Val-Ala-Leu-Aib-Val-Ala-Phe-OMe

The crystal structure determination of the heptapeptide Boc-Val-Ala-Leu-Aib-Val-Ala-Phe-OMe reveals two peptide helices in the asymmetric unit, Crystal parameters are: space group P2(1), a = 10.356(2) Angstrom, b = 19.488(5) Angstrom, c = 23.756(6) Angstrom, beta = 102.25(2)degrees), V = 4685.4 Angstrom(3), Z = 4 and R = 5.7% for 7615 reflections [I>3 sigma(I)]. Both molecules adopt largely alpha-helical conformations with variations at the C-terminus, Helix type Is determined by analysing both 4-->1 and 5-->1 hydrogen-bond interactions and comparison with the results of analysis of protein structures. The presence of two 4-->1 hydrogen-bond interactions, besides four 5-->1 interact ions in both the conformations provides an opportunity to characterize bifurcated hydrogen bonds at high resolution, Comparison of the two helical conformations with related peptide structures suggests that distortions at the C-terminus are more facile than at the N-terminus.

Parallel and antiparallel aggregation of alpha-helices. Crystal structures of two apolar decapeptides X-Trp-Ile-Ala-Aib-Ile-Val-Aib-Leu-Aib-Pro-OMe (X = Boc, Ac)

An apolar helical decapeptide with different end groups, Boc- or Ac-, crystallizes in a completely parallel fashion for the Boc-analog and in an antiparallel fashion for the Ac-analog. In both crystals, the packing motif consists of rows of parallel molecules. In the Boc-crystals, adjacent rows assemble with the helix axes pointed in the same direction. In the Ac-crystals, adjacent rows assemble with the helix axes pointed in opposite directions. The conformations of the molecules in both crystals are quite similar, predominantly alpha-helical, except for the tryptophanyl side chain where chi 1 congruent to 60 degrees in the Boc- analog and congruent to 180 degrees in the Ac-analog. As a result, there is one lateral hydrogen bond between helices, N(1 epsilon)...O(7), in the Ac-analog. The structures do not provide a ready rationalization of packing preference in terms of side-chain interactions and do not support a major role for helix dipole interactions in determining helix orientation in crystals. The crystal parameters are as follow. Boc-analog: C60H97N11O13.C3H7OH, space group Pl with a = 10.250(3) A, b = 12.451(4) A, c = 15.077(6) A, alpha = 96.55(3) degrees, beta = 92.31(3) degrees, gamma = 106.37(3) degrees, Z = 1, R = 5.5% for 5581 data ([F] greater than 3.0 sigma(F)), resolution 0.89 A. Ac-analog: C57H91N11O12, space group P2(1) with a = 9.965(1) A, b = 19.707(3) A, c = 16.648(3) A, beta = 94.08(1), Z = 2, R = 7.2% for 2530 data ([F] greater than 3.0 sigma(F)), resolution 1.00 A.

A helical peptide containing a majority of valyl residues. The crystal structure of t-butyloxy- carbonyl-(L-valyl-_-aminoisobutyryl)3-L-valyl methyl ester onohydrate

The monohydrate of the heptapeptide t-butyloxycarbonyl-(L-valyl-α-aminoiso-butyryl)3-L-valyl methyl ester crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with four molecules in a unit cell with the dimensions α= 9.375, b = 19.413 and c = 25.878 ÅA. The structure has been solved by direct methods and refined to an R value of 0.059 for 3633 observed reflections. The molecule in the structure exists as a slightly distorted 310-helix stabilized by five 4 -> 1 intramolecular hydrogen bonds, indicating the overwhelming influence of α-aminoisobutyryl (Aib) residues in dictating helical fold even when a majority of residues in the peptide have a low intrinsic propensity to be in helices. Contrary to what is expected in helical structures, the valyl side chains, two of which are disordered, exhibit all three possible conformations. The molecules arrange themselves in a head-to-tail fashion along the c-axis. The columns thus generated pack nearly hexagonally in the crystal.

Organometallic Chemistry of Diphosphazanes. 11. Reactions of fac-[Mo(CO)3(MeCN){.eta.2-Ph2PN(Pri)PPh(DMP)}] (DMP = 3,5-Dimethyl-1-Pyrazolyl) with Diphosphazanes and Diphosphinoalkanes and Oxidative Addition with Iodine

The use of fac-[Mo(CO)(3)(MeCN)(eta(2)-L(1))] (1a) {L(1) = Ph(2)PN(Pr-i)PPh(DMP)}(2) as a precursor to metalloligands and bimetallic, heterotrimetallic, and heptacoordinated complexes is reported. The reaction of 1a with diphosphazane, dppa, or a diphosphinoalkane such as dppm or dppe yields the fac-eta(1)-diphosphine substituted metalloligands, fac-[Mo(CO)(3)(eta(2)-L(1))(eta(1)-PXP)] {PXP = dppa (2), dppm (3), and dppe (4)}. These undergo isomerization to yield the corresponding mer-diphosphine complexes (5-7). Oxidation of the uncoordinated phosphorus atom of the mer-eta(1)-dppm-substituted complex eventually provides mer-[Mo(CO)(3)-(eta(2)-L(1)){eta(1)-Ph(2)PCH(2)P(O)Ph(2)}](8). The structure of the latter complex has been confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction {triclinic system, P ($) over bar 1; a = 11.994(3), b = 14.807(2), c = 15.855(3) Angstrom; alpha = 114.24(1), beta = 91.35(2), and gamma = 98.95(1)degrees; Z = 2, 4014 data (F-0 > 5 sigma(F-0)), R = 0.066, R(W) = 0.069}. Treatment of the dppe metalloligand 7 with [PtCl2(COD)] yields the heterotrimetallic complex cis-[PtCl2{mer-[Mo(CO)(3)(eta(2)-L(1))(eta(1)-dppe]}(2)] (9). Attempts to prepare a related trimetallic complex with the dppm-containing metalloligand were unsuccessful; only the tetracarbonyl complex cis-[Mo(CO)(4)(eta(2)-L(1))] (1b) and cis-[PtCl2(eta(2)-dppm)] were obtained. Reaction of la with dppe in the ratio 2:1 yields the mer-mer dinuclear complex [{mer-[Mo(CO)(3)(eta(2)-L(1))]}(2)(mu-dppe)] (10) bridged by dppe. Oxidation of 1a with iodine yields the Mo(II) heptacoordinated complex [MoI2(CO)(2)(eta(3)-L(1))] (11) with tridentate PPN coordination. The same Mo(II) complex 11 is also obtained by the direct oxidation of the tetracarbonyl complex cis-[Mo(CO)(4)(eta(2)-L(1))] (1b) with iodine. The structure of 11 has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies {monoclinic system, Cc; a = 10.471(2), b = 19.305(3), c = 17.325(3) Angstrom; beta = 95.47(2)degrees; Z = 4, 3153 data (F-0 > 5 sigma(F-0)), R = 0.049, R(W) = 0.051}. This complex exhibits an unusual capped-trigonal prismatic geometry around the metal. A similar heptacoordinated complex 12 with a chiral diphosphazane ligand {L(3) = (S,R)-P(h)2PN-(*CHMePh)*PPh(DMP)} has also been synthesized.

Measurement and modeling of Alloy-Spinel-Corundum equilibrium in the Ni-Mn-Al-0 system at 1873 K

The oxygen content of liquid Ni-Mn alloy equilibrated with spinel solid solution, (Ni,Mn)O. (1 +x)A12O3, and α-Al2O3 has been measured by suction sampling and inert gas fusion analysis. The corresponding oxygen potential of the three-phase system has been determined with a solid state cell incorporating (Y2O3)ThO2 as the solid electrolyte and Cr + Cr2O3 as the reference electrode. The equilibrium composition of the spinel phase formed at the interface of the alloy and alumina crucible was obtained using EPMA. The experimental data are compared with a thermodynamic model based on the free energies of formation of end-member spinels, free energy of solution of oxygen in liquid nickel, interaction parameters, and the activities in liquid Ni-Mn alloy and spinel solid solution. Mixing properties of the spinel solid solution are derived from a cation distribution model. The computational results agree with the experimental data on oxygen concentration, potential, and composition of the spinel phase.

Reactions of oxygen containing ligands in the coordination sphere of permethylhafnocene and permethyltantalocene

A series of terl-butylperoxide complexes of hafnium, Cp*b>2b>Hf(R)(OOCMeb>3b>) (Cp* = ((η⁵-Cb>5b>Meb>5b>); R = Cl, H, CHb>3b>, CHb>2b>CHb>3b>, CHb>2b>CHb>2b>CHb>3b>, CHb>2b>CHb>2b>CHb>2b>CHb>3b>, CHb>2b>CHMeb>2b>, CH=CHCMeb>3b>, Cb>6b>Hb>5b>, meta-Cb>6b>Hb>3b>(CHb>2b>)2) and Cp*(η⁵-Cb>5b>(CHb>3b>)b>4b>CHb>2b>CHb>2b>CHb>2b>)Hf(OOCMeb>3b>), has been synthesized. One example has been structurally characterized, Cp*b>2b>Hf(OOCMeb>3b>)CHb>2b>CHb>3b> crystallizes in space group P2b>1b>/c, with a = 19.890(7)Å, b = 8.746(4)Å, c = 17.532(6)Å, β = 124.987(24)°, V = 2498(2)ų, Z = 4 and Rb>Fb> = 0.054 (2222 reflections, I > 0). Despite the coordinative unsaturation of the hafnium center, the terl-butylperoxide ligand is coordinated in a mono-dentate ligand. The mode of decomposition of these species is highly dependent on the substituent R. For R = H, CHb>2b>CHb>3b>, CHb>2b>CHb>2b>CHb>3b>, CHb>2b>CHb>2b>CHb>2b>CHb>3b>, CHb>2b>CHMeb>2b> a clean first order conversion to Cp*b>2b>Hf(OCMeb>3b>)(OR) is observed (for R CHb>2b>CHb>3b>, ΔHǂ = 19.6 kcal•mol^-1, ΔSǂ = -13 e.u.). These results are discussed in terms of a two step mechanism involving η²-coordination of the terl-butylperoxide ligand. Homolytic O-O bond cleavage is observed upon heating of Cp*b>2b>Hf(OOCMeb>3b>) R (R = Cb>6b>Hb>6b>, meta-Cb>6b>Hb>3b>(CHb>3b>)b>2b>). In the presence of excess 9,10-dihydroanthracene thermolysis of Cp*b>2b>Hf(OOCMeb>3b>)Cb>6b>Hb>6b> cleanly affords Cp*b>2b>Hf(Cb>6b>Hb>6b>)OH and HOCMeb>3b> (ΔHǂ = 22.6 kcal•mol^-1, ΔSǂ = -9 e.u.). The O-O bond strength in these complexes is thus estimated to be 22 kcal•mol^-1.

Cp*b>2b>Ta(CHb>2b>)H, Cp*b>2b>Ta(CHCb>6b>Hb>5b>)H, Cp*b>2b>Ta(Cb>6b>Hb>4b>)H, Cp*b>2b>Ta(CHb>2b>=CHb>2b>)H and Cp*b>2b>Ta(CHb>2b>=CHMe)H react, presumably through Cp*b>2b>Ta-R intermediates, with Hb>2b>O to give Cp*b>2b>Ta(O)H and alkane. Cp*b>2b>Ta(O)H was structurally characterized: space group P2b>1b>/n, a= 13.073(3)Å, b = 19.337(4)Å, c = 16.002(3)Å, β = 108.66(2)°, V = 3832(1)ų, Z = 8 and Rb>Fb> = 0.0672 (6730 reflections). Reaction of terlbutylhydroperoxide with these same starting materials ultimately yields Cp*b>2b>Ta(O)R and HOCMeb>3b>. Cp*b>2b>Ta(CHb>2b>=CHR)OH species are proposed as intermediates in the olefin hydride reactions. Cp*b>2b>Ta(Ob>2b>)R species can be generated from the reaction of the same starting materials and Ob>2b>. Lewis acids have been shown to promote oxygen insertion in these complexes.

内标法提高ICP-AES法测定精度和准确度-铜合金分析

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-AES）已有20多年的历史，经过20年来的发展，ICP-AES已成为世界各地分析化学实验室制备的分析手段之一。目前ICP-AES已经应用于生物样品、地质样品，合金等各种样品的分析中。虽然ICP-AES已成为溶液分析最理想、最有效的方法之一，但由于样品组成的复杂性，也使分析化学工作者面临着许多困难。如在钢铁及合金分析中，样品主成份的分析需准确度要好于1%，精密度≤0.3%，采用ICP-AES法的非内标法通常是达不到要求的。对于一些较纯的水溶液样品，一般可以采用简单的水样标准化，而含有复杂的、可变的基体成份就不适合于基体匹配。为了使冶金样品主成份分析的精度小于0.3%，准确度好于1%，我们将ICP摄谱法广泛应用的内标法应用到光电直读光谱仪中。内标法的作用达到了这一目的。使用内标法，就是要使内标元素能起到在等离子体激发过程中变动的补偿作用同时，还能起到在样品引入过程中，对样品喷雾量和提升率变动的补偿作用以提高分析方法精度和准确度。在初步的试验中，我们考察了28种元素谱线强度随等离子体操作参数变化的情况。（a）谱线强度与正向功率的关系；（b）谱线强度与观察高度的关系；（c）谱线强度与载气流速的关系。这样各元素在等离子体中的行为就因所给定的条件不同而异。根据上述28种元素在等离子体中的行为进行分类，为选择合适的内标元素奠定了基础。我们还对等离子体的正向功率、载气流量、观察高度、酸度等实验条件做了研究。发现，当各操作参数等主要条件改变时，谱线强度往往改变较大，但选择的内标元素谱线亦有类似的变化。因此，在采用内标法后，可以使这种变动得到一定的补偿，从而提高了分析结果的精度。本工作选用的折衷工作条件为：正向功率：1.30KW；载气流量：0.75 l/min; 观察高度：17 mm; 酸度：10% HNO_3(v/v)。研究了单一酸对分析元素谱线强度的影响。结果表明，单一酸的酸度在20%（v/v）以内，对分析元素与内标元素的谱线净强度的比值无影响。在折衷工作条件下，我们用合成水溶液体系研究了共存元素引起的物理干扰对分析元素谱线强度的影响。实验结果表明，随着试液中共存元素（Cu）浓度的增加，粘度明显增加，并导致提升量的急剧降低，谱线强度相应下降。但是当气溶胶导入量发生变化的时候，同时也引起内标元素和分析元素的原子或离子在等离子体中浓度分布的发迹内标元素与分析元素严格一致，可以较正共存元素引起的物理干扰。当共存元素达到一定的浓度时，由于内标元素与分析元素不严格一致，内标法失去作用。我们又考察了内标元素的浓度对分析元素的影响，内标元素的加入量从5～500μg/ml变化。当内标元素的浓度为200μg/ml时，对Mo, Ni, Pb, Ti及Mg略有影响，对其它元素无影响。我们选定内标元素的浓度为10 PPm。在折衷工作条件下，我们绘制了含有Y作内标的一套工作曲线及相应的不含Y的工作曲线，并分析了BMn40-1.5锰白铜样品。结果表明，当含量大于0.3%时，测定精度均低于0.3%，并得出以下结论：（1）各种元素在等离子体中的行为依测定条件而异，因此内标元素的选择最好是从在等离子体中行为相似的一组内选择。（2）在光电直流光谱仪中动用内标法可以提高样品中主成份元素的精度和准确度。（3）内标法在SBR较高的情况下可以起到较好的效果，但当SBR较小时，内标法就会失去作用。样品分解是样品分析的关键步骤。在现有的分解方法中，常用的有干灰化法和湿灰化法等。然而这些方法各有其缺点。因此，我们试图寻找一种快速的湿法消解技术，微波炉快速样品溶解似乎很具有吸引力。我们利用国产微波炉和全聚器氟乙烯密封溶器结合，系统地考查了微波炉溶解茶叶及茶树叶，利用ICP-AES测定的可行性，并与湿式消解法，加压密封法等进行了比较，获得满意结果。首先，我们选择了微波炉消化处理的最佳条件，确定了最佳溶解方案，已证明HNO_3-HF(5:1)混合酸溶解样品是令人满意的。又研究了微波炉加热对分析无素挥发性的影响。结果表明，微波炉加热与不经微波炉加热样品的浓度没有明显差异。按上述确定的工作条件，我们分析茶叶及茶树叶样品，并与不同的处理方法进行了比较。采用干灰化法处理茶叶（茶树叶）至少需8小时，而且还极易损失和沾污，但干灰化法用的酸量较少，空白较低，对Cr等的测定有利。湿法消解由于使用HClO_4-HF混酸，B大部分损失或完全挥发挥失。然而采用微波炉完全溶解样品只需19分钟即可，而且由于未使用HClO_4，样品溶液最后只需蒸至近干，有效地防止了易挥发元素的损失及某些不溶性高氯酸盐的生成。微波炉混合酸消酸系统是一种合适的溶解各种各样样品的技术，它为分解各种各样样品以进行多元素测定提供了一种快速、准确、经济的方法。该方法对于通常在敞口溶器中分解易于损失的挥发性元素特别有用，而且还特别适用于样品个数多，量少的生物样品等的微量元素的分析测定。