Porównawcza analiza udziału pokrewnych kinaz MAPK (MKK1, MKK2, MKK4 i MKK5) Arabidopsis thaliana w odpowiedzi na stres suszy

Wydział Biologii: Instytut Biologii Molekularnej i Biotechnologii

Study of wheel-rail impact at insulated rail joint through experimental and numerical methods

As part of an ongoing research on the development of a longer life insulated rail joint (IRJ), this paper reports a field experiment and a simplified 2D numerical modelling for the purpose of investigating the behaviour of rail web in the vicinity of endpost in an insulated rail joint (IRJ) due to wheel passages. A simplified 2D plane stress finite element model is used to simulate the wheel-rail rolling contact impact at IRJ. This model is validated using data from a strain gauged IRJ that was installed in a heavy haul network; data in terms of the vertical and shear strains at specific positions of the IRJ during train passing were captured and compared with the results of the FE model. The comparison indicates a satisfactory agreement between the FE model and the field testing. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the experimental and numerical analyses reported in this paper provide a valuable datum for developing further insight into the behaviour of IRJ under wheel impacts.

地幔对流理论及其在解释地球物理观测的应用

With the improving of mantle convection theory, the developing of computing method and increasing of the measurement data, we can numerically simulate more clearly about the effects on some geophysical observed phenomenons such as the global heat flow and global lithospheric stress field in the Earth's surface caused by mantle convection, which is the primary mechanism for the transport of heat from the Earth's deep interior to its surface and the underlying force mechanism of dynamics in the Earth.Chapter 1 reviews the historical background and present research state of mantle convection theory.In Chapter 2, the basic conception of thermal convection and the basic theory about mantle flow.The effects on generation and distribution of global lithospheric stres s field induced by mantle flow are the subject of Chapter 3. Mantle convection causes normal stress and tangential stresses at the bottom of the lithosphere, and then the sublithospheric stress field induces the lithospheric deformation as sixrface force and results in the stress field within the lithosphere. The simulation shows that the agreement between predictions and observations is good in most regions. Most of subduction zones and continental collisions are under compressive. While ocean ridges, such as the east Pacific ridge, the Atlantic ridge and the east African rift valley, are under tensile. And most of the hotspots preferentially occur in regions where calculated stress is tensile. The calculated directions of the most compressive principal horizontal stress are largely in accord with that of the observation except for some regions such as the NW-Pacifie subduction zone and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, in which the directions of the most compressive principal horizontal stress are different. It shows that the mantel flow plays an important role in causing or affecting the large-scale stress field within the lithosphere.The global heat flow simulation based on a kinematic model of mantle convection is given in Chapter 4. Mantle convection velocities are calculated based on the internal loading theory at first, the velocity field is used as the input to solve the thermal problem. Results show that calculated depth derivatives of the near surface temperature are closely correlated to the observed surface heat flow pattern. Higher heat flow values around midocean ridge systems can be reproduced very well. The predicted average temperature as a function of function of depth reveals that there are two thermal boundary layers, one is close to the surface and another is close to the core-mantle boundary, the rest of the mantle is nearly isothermal. Although, in most of the mantle, advection dominates the heat transfer, the conductive heat transfer is still locally important in the boundary layers and plays an important role for the surface heat flow pattern. The existence of surface plates is responsible for the long wavelength surface heat flow pattern.In Chapter 5, the effects on present-day crustal movement in the China Mainland resulted from the mantle convection are introduced. Using a dynamic method, we present a quantitative model for the present-day crustal movement in China. We consider not only the effect of the India-Eurasia collision, the gravitational potential energy difference of the Tibet Plateau, but also the contribution of the shear traction on the bottom of the lithosphere induced by the global mantle convection. The comparison between our results and the velocity field obtained from the GPS observation shows that our model satisfactorily reproduces the general picture of crustal deformation in China. Numerical modeling results reveal that the stress field on the base of the lithosphere induced by the mantle flow is probably a considerable factor that causes the movement and deformation of the lithosphere in continental China with its eflfcet focuing on the Eastern China A numerical research on the small-scale convection with variable viscosity in the upper mantle is introduced in Chapter 6. Based on a two-dimensional model, small-scale convection in the mantle-lithosphere system with variable viscosity is researched by using of finite element method. Variation of viscosity in exponential form with temperature is considered in this paper The results show that if viscosity is strongly temperature-dependent, the upper part of the system does not take a share in the convection and a stagnant lid, which is identified as lithosphere, is formed on the top of system because of low temperature and high viscosity. The calculated surface heat flow, topography and gravity anomaly are associated well with the convection pattern, namely, the regions with high heat flow and uplift correspond to the upwelling flow, and vice versa.In Chapter 7, we give a brief of future research subject: The inversion of lateral density heterogeneity in the mantle by minimizing the viscous dissipation.

Micro-mechanical analysis of bonding failure in a particle-filled composite

Composites with a weak interface between the filler and matrix which are susceptible to interfacial crack formation are studied. A finite-element model is developed to predict the stres/strain behavior of particulate composites with an interfacial crack. This condition can be distinguished as a partially bonded inclusion. Another case arises when there is no bonding between the inclusion and the matrix. In this latter case the slip boundary condition is imposed on the section of the interface which remains closed. The states of stress and displacement fields are obtained for both cases. The location of any further deformation through crazing or shear band formation is identified as the crack tip. A completely unbonded inclusion with partial slip at a section of the interface reduces the concentration of the stress at the crack tip. Whereas this might lead to slightly higher strength, it decreases the load-transfer efficiency and stiffness of this type of composite. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Genomic organization of the Neurospora crassa gsn gene: possible involvement of the STRE and HSE elements in the modulation of transcription during heat shock

Glycogen synthase, an enzyme involved in glycogen biosynthesis, is regulated by phosphorylation and by the allosteric ligand glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). In addition, enzyme levels can be regulated by changes in gene expression. We recently cloned a cDNA for glycogen synthase (gsn) from Neurospora crassa, and showed that gsn transcription decreased when cells were exposed to heat shock (shifted from 30degreesC to 45degreesC). In order to understand the mechanisms that control gsn expression, we isolated the gene, including its 5' and 3' flanking regions, from the genome of N. crassa. An ORF of approximately 2.4 kb was identified, which is interrupted by four small introns (II-V). Intron I (482 bp) is located in the 5'UTR region. Three putative Transcription Initiation Sites (TISs) were mapped, one of which lies downstream of a canonical TATA-box sequence (5'-TGTATAAA-3'). Analysis of the 5'-flanking region revealed the presence of putative transcription factor-binding sites, including Heat Shock Elements (HSEs) and STress Responsive Elements (STREs). The possible involvement of these motifs in the negative regulation of gsn transcription was investigated using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSA) with nuclear extracts of N. crassa mycelium obtained before and after heat shock, and DNA fragments encompassing HSE and STRE elements from the 5'-flanking region. While elements within the promoter region are involved in transcription under heat shock, elements in the 5'UTR intron may participate in transcription during vegetative growth. The results thus suggest that N. crassa possesses trans-acting elements that interact with the 5'-flanking region to regulate gsn transcription during heat shock and vegetative growth.

Desempenho e concentrações de alguns componentes do metabolismo intermediário de frangos com potencial de crescimento diferenciado submetidos ao estresse por calor

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV

Anatomía funcional del ráquis y la influencia de la cintura pelviana y los músculos participantes

El objetivo de la siguiente ponencia es la de revalorizar el estudio anatómico y funcional del ráquis humano desde una perspectiva funcional, desde lo estático y lo dinámico, y no sólo desde lo cadavérico y horizontal. Se dará una revisión de la constitución de la columna vertebral, de la cintura pelviana y la cintura escapular, los músculos participantes y del aparato ligamentario. Se explicaran los tipos y rangos de movimientos del ráquis en su conjunto y de los segmentos que lo constituyen. Se analizará la postura a través del control de los centros neurológicos en función de la musculatura de sostén y la que ejecuta patrones de movimiento. Se explicarán las relaciones que se observan entre el estado de distintos grupos musculares, la posición de la pelvis y la consecuente postura de la columna vertebral, en búsqueda de una armonía funcional o entendiendo el por qué de una no armonía o desarmonía que es causante de malas posturas en la vida cotidiana y que serán potenciales generadoras de stres mecánico iniciador de desalineación de las curvas y hasta patologías del ráquis

Anatomía funcional del ráquis y la influencia de la cintura pelviana y los músculos participantes

El objetivo de la siguiente ponencia es la de revalorizar el estudio anatómico y funcional del ráquis humano desde una perspectiva funcional, desde lo estático y lo dinámico, y no sólo desde lo cadavérico y horizontal. Se dará una revisión de la constitución de la columna vertebral, de la cintura pelviana y la cintura escapular, los músculos participantes y del aparato ligamentario. Se explicaran los tipos y rangos de movimientos del ráquis en su conjunto y de los segmentos que lo constituyen. Se analizará la postura a través del control de los centros neurológicos en función de la musculatura de sostén y la que ejecuta patrones de movimiento. Se explicarán las relaciones que se observan entre el estado de distintos grupos musculares, la posición de la pelvis y la consecuente postura de la columna vertebral, en búsqueda de una armonía funcional o entendiendo el por qué de una no armonía o desarmonía que es causante de malas posturas en la vida cotidiana y que serán potenciales generadoras de stres mecánico iniciador de desalineación de las curvas y hasta patologías del ráquis

Anatomía funcional del ráquis y la influencia de la cintura pelviana y los músculos participantes

El objetivo de la siguiente ponencia es la de revalorizar el estudio anatómico y funcional del ráquis humano desde una perspectiva funcional, desde lo estático y lo dinámico, y no sólo desde lo cadavérico y horizontal. Se dará una revisión de la constitución de la columna vertebral, de la cintura pelviana y la cintura escapular, los músculos participantes y del aparato ligamentario. Se explicaran los tipos y rangos de movimientos del ráquis en su conjunto y de los segmentos que lo constituyen. Se analizará la postura a través del control de los centros neurológicos en función de la musculatura de sostén y la que ejecuta patrones de movimiento. Se explicarán las relaciones que se observan entre el estado de distintos grupos musculares, la posición de la pelvis y la consecuente postura de la columna vertebral, en búsqueda de una armonía funcional o entendiendo el por qué de una no armonía o desarmonía que es causante de malas posturas en la vida cotidiana y que serán potenciales generadoras de stres mecánico iniciador de desalineación de las curvas y hasta patologías del ráquis

Selective response of ternary complex factor Sap1a to different mitogen-activated protein kinase subgroups.

Mitogenic and stres signals results in the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinases (SAPK/JNKs), respectively, which are two subgroups of the mitogen-activated protein kinases. A nuclear target of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases is the ternary complex factor Elk-1, which underlies its involvement in the regulation of c-fos gene expression by mitogenic and stress signals. A second ternary complex factor, Sap1a, is coexpressed with Elk-1 in several cell types and shares attributes of Elk-1, the significance of which is not clear. Here we show that Sap1a is phosphorylated efficiently by ERKs but not by SAPK/JNKs. Serum response factor-dependent ternary complex formation by Sap1a is stimulated by ERK phosphorylation but not by SAPK/JNKs. Moreover, Sap1a-mediated transcription is activated by mitogenic signals but not by cell stress. These results suggest that Sap1a and Elk-1 have distinct physiological functions.