Frequency of Leptospira spp. in sheep from Brazilian slaughterhouses and its association with epidemiological variables

A leptospirose é uma antropozoonose mundialmente distribuída que infecta animais de produção, incluindo as ovelhas como carreadores para outros animais e o homem. O presente estudo objetivou determinar a prevalência de Leptospira spp. em ovinos de dois abatedouros do estado de São Paulo e sua associação com algumas variáveis epidemiológicas estudadas. Amostras de soro de 182 ovinos foram pesquisadas para a presença de anticorpos para Leptospira spp. pela soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM). Os resultados indicaram 34/182 (18,68%; IC95% 13,70-24,98%) amostras positivas, principalmente para o sorovar Copenhageni (17/34; 50%; IC95% 33,99-66,01%). Crescimento bacteriano no meio de Fletcher foi observado em amostras de 13/34 (38,24%; CI95% 23.87-55.08%) animais, e confirmados pela Reação em Cadeia pela Polimerase (PCR) e seqüenciamento para somente duas amostras renais de dois animais. Assim, o tratamento e vacinação dos ovinos, além do controle de roedores, pode ser útil na prevenção da infecção na região estudada, visto que os ovinos são importantes carreadores de Leptospira spp. para o homem, e sua transmissão aos trabalhadores de abatedouros ocorre principalmente pela manipulação das vísceras.

Soropositividade para brucelose em suínos em abatedouros

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

First identification of Sarcocystis tenella (Railliet, 1886) Moule, 1886 (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) by PCR in naturally infected sheep from Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Genotypic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep from Brazilian slaughterhouses: New atypical genotypes and the clonal type II strain identified

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Prevalência de lesões em carcaças de bovinos de corte abatidos no Pantanal Sul Mato-Grossense transportados por vias fluviais

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do transporte fluvial na incidência de lesões tissulares em carcaças de bovinos abatidos no Pantanal Sul Mato-Grossense, por meio da quantificação do número e tamanho das lesões, bem como a identificação e determinação da idade das lesões em função do tempo ocorrido e a localização dessas lesões nos principais cortes comerciais brasileiros. Apurou-se que, do total de 88 carcaças avaliadas, 83 (94,3%) tiveram uma ou mais lesões, totalizando 253 lesões que resultaram na remoção de 39,988 kg de carne, com média geral de 0,454 kg por animal. Com relação ao tamanho das lesões, as maiores médias foram encontradas em animais oriundos das condições I e II. Foi encontrada a maior média em bovinos procedentes da condição II para a idade de lesões em carcaças. Foi constituída diferença na freqüência de lesões nos cortes comerciais nas condições avaliadas. Conclui-se que o sistema de transporte dos bovinos no Pantanal influenciou a incidência de lesões. O aumento do tempo de transporte, associado à longa distância e ao jejum, durante o manejo da fazenda até o frigorífico, provocaram maior número de lesões, porém de menor tamanho.

New Nanostructured Silica Adjuvant (SBA-15) Employed to Produce Antivenom in Young Sheep Using Crotalus durissus terrificus and Apis mellifera Venoms Detoxified by Cobalt-60

Equine antivenom is considered the only treatment for animal-generated envenomations, but it is costly. The study aimed to produce Apis mellifera (Africanized honeybee) and Crotalus durissus terrificus (C.d.t.) antivenoms using nanostructured silica (SBA-15) as adjuvant and cobalt-60 (60Co)-detoxified venoms utilizing young sheep. Natural and 60Co-irradiated venoms were employed in four different hyperimmunization protocols. Thus, 8 groups of 60- to 90-d-old sheep were hyperimmunized, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serum titers collected every 14 d were assessed clinically daily, and individual weight were measured, until d 84. Incomplete Freund's (IFA) and nanostructured silica (SBA15) adjuvants were compared. The lethal dose (LD50) for both venoms was determined following intraperitoneal (ip) administration to mice. High-performance liquid chromatography on reversed phase (HPLC-RP) was used also to measure the 60Co irradiation effects on Apis venom. At the end of the study, sheep were killed in a slaughterhouse. Kidneys were histologically analyzed. LD50 was 5.97 mg/kg Apis and 0.07 mg/kg C.d.t. for native compared to 13.44 mg/kg Apis and 0.35 mg/kg C.d.t. for irradiated venoms. HPLC revealed significant differences in chromatographic profiles between native and irradiated Apis venoms. Native venom plus IFA compared with SBA-15 showed significantly higher antibody titers for both venoms. Apis-irradiated venom plus IFA or SBA-15 displayed similar antibody titers but were significantly lower when compared with native venom plus IFA. Weight gain did not differ significantly among all groups. 60Co irradiation decreased toxicity and maintained venom immunogenic capacity, while IFA produced higher antibody titers. SBA-15 was able to act as an adjuvant without producing adverse effects. Hyperimmunization did not affect sheep weight gain, which would considerably reduce the cost of antiserum production, as these sheep were still approved for human consumption even after being subjected to hyperimmunization.

Ovarian morphometric characterization and in vitro maturation of oocytes obtained from buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) ovaries - partial results

Buffalo ovaries were collected from a slaughterhouse (Frigol, Brazil) and transported to the laboratory in saline solution at 36 degrees C. The ovaries were dissected to realize the evaluations (weight, length, width and height of the ovary; corpus luteum and dominant follicle diameters). The Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were recovered by aspiration of 2-8 mm follicles. Selected COCs were matured in TCM 199 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, sodium pyruvate, LH, FSH, estradiol and gentamicin. In vitro maturation was carried out at 38.5 degrees C for 22-24 h and 34-36 h. For the evaluation of the nuclear maturation the oocytes were placed in TCM 199 medium added with type v hialuronidase where the granulosa cells were extracted. The denuded oocytes were transferred to 10 mu l of Hoescht 33342 and the chromosomic configuration was evaluated. The oocytes were classified according to meiosis stage in: Germinal Vesicle, Germinal Vesicle Breakdown, Metaphase I, Metaphase II and Degenerated. The means of weight, length, width and height of the ovary were 3.83 g, 2.27 cm, 1.08 cm and 1.56 cm, respectively. The means of corpus luteum and dominant follicle diameters were 1.40 cm and 7.77 mm. The proportion of oocytes that reached metaphase II stage was: 36.68%.

Structural and ultrastructural characterization of buffalo fetus (Bubalus bubalis) ovarian germinative cells

The objective of the present study was to characterize ovogones, primary oocytes and preantral follicles of buffalo fetus in different ages of gestation. For this, 29 fetuses were collected from a slaughterhouse (Frigol, Brazil) and crown-rump lengths were measured to estimate the fetal age (0-3, 4-6, 7-10 months of gestation). The ovaries were removed and ovarian tissue was processed for classic histology and transmission eletron microscopy examination. The structural evaluation demonstrated that in the first period of the gestation (0-3 months) the buffalo fetus showed ovogones (in mitotic division) and in some cases, the primary oocytes surrounded by somatic cells. In the second period (4-6 months), it was verified that the preantral follicles were completely formed. In the last period (70 month to the end of gestation) the ovaries contained a large amount of preantral follicles, and in some fetuses, antral follicles were observed. The ultrastructural analysis of the ovogones, primary oocytes and preantral follicles showed that these cells have few organelles and the quantity of mitochondria, endoplasmatic reticulum and apparatus Golgi complex is increased as the germinative cells passing from one stage to another.

Morphologic and quantitative evaluation of preantral follicles of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in different reproductive phases

The objectives of the present study were to estimate the population of the normal and degenerated preantral follicles of buffaloes in different reproductive phases and to classify the different types of degeneration of ovarian preantral follicles. For this, 18 ovaries were divided in three groups: prepubertal, non pregnat and pregnant adult females. The ovaries were collected from a slaughterhouse (Frigol - Brazil) and processed for classic histological examination. The follicular population was estimated according to Cahill et al. (1979) and calculated according to Gougeon & Chainy (1987). Young buffaloes, pregnant and non pregnat adults presented an average number of 15.5, 3.7 and 8.9 preantral follicles with normal morphology and type I (the degeneration was observed just in oocyte) and II (oocyte and granulosa cells were degenerated) degeneration, respectively. This experiment demonstrated that the proportions of primordial, primary and secondary follicles were affected by reproductive phase. A significant difference was observed considering the proportions of preantral follicles with normal morphology and Type I degeneration in all reproductive phases evaluated. The primary follicles presented more percentage of Type I degeneration that the others follicles and the primordial and primary follicles presented more percentage of Type II degeneration in three reproductive phases evaluated.

The use of transmission electron microscopy and oocyte transfer to evaluate in vitro maturation of equine oocytes in different culture conditions

The current study evaluates the ability of equine oocytes matured in different conditions to undergo nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation.. After oocyte transfer, embryonic development was diagnosed at 1.5 and 90 days of gestation. For each group, immature oocytes obtained from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured in vitro (5 replicates). In experiment I, three different media were tested. HTF:BME, SOFaa, and TCM 199. In experiment 11, the HTF:BME was chosen as maturation medium containing pFSH, eFSH, or eFSH + eGH. Nuclear maturation was estimated after stripping the oocytes and staining with Hoechst 33342. The evaluation of cytoplasmic maturation was performed by transmission electron microscopy. For oocyte transfer, six non-cycling recipient mares were used, and 8 to 15 oocytes were transferred in each mare. In experiment I, the results showed no differences (P > .05) in nuclear maturation (MII) among experimental groups. The percentage of MII was 29.3 ( +/- 9.6), 23.4 ( +/- 8.4), and 13.5 ( +/- 12.4) for HTF:BME, SOF, and TCM, respectively. In experiment II, all media tested were efficient in inducing metaphase II. Also, no statistical differences (P > .05) were observed in percentages of nuclear maturation rates when porcine (37.1 +/- 22.4) or equine (25.8 +/- 8.2) FSH were used, or when eFSH + eGH was added to HTF:BME (29.4 +/- 12.3). The analysis of cytoplasmic morphology of oocytes cultured in TCM 199 and SOFaa showed signs of incomplete cytoplasmic maturation and premature cortical reaction. Meanwhile, oocytes cultured in HTF:BME medium presented cytoplasmic characteristics similar to those described by others for in vivo-matured oocytes. The addition of eFSH to the HTF:BME medium resulted in an improvement of cytoplasmic morphology. After oocyte transfer, two mares became pregnant, one from pFSH group and one from eFSH+eGH group. These results indicate that although in vitro matured equine oocytes are capable of fertilization and embryonic development, the percentage of competent oocytes is still low.

Comparison of conventional PCR, quantitative PCR, bacteriological culture and the Warthin Starry technique to detect Leptospira spp. in kidney and liver samples from naturally infected sheep from Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Tratamento de efluente de abatedouro de tilápia com adição de manipueira na fase anóxica

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a desnitrificação de efluente de abatedouro de tilápia, em reator em batelada. Para isto, foi avaliado o efluente gerado por uma indústria processadora de mandioca (manipueira) como fonte de carbono. Também foram avaliadas as condições de agitação do sistema. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em escala de laboratório, em que foram testados cinco níveis de agitação (20; 32; 60; 88 e 100 rpm) e cinco níveis de relação DQO/N (0,1; 1,0; 3,2; 5,4 e 6,3), configurando-se um planejamento do tipo Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR), com quatro ensaios nos níveis +1 e - 1; quatro ensaios nos níveis dos pontos axiais (-1,414 e +1,414) e mais uma triplicata no ponto central (0), totalizando 11 ensaios. Avaliaram-se o desempenho da desnitrificação através da remoção de nitrato (%) e a remoção de nitrito (%). Durante o processo, também foram monitorados temperatura (ºC), pH e alcalinidade (mgCaCO3.L-1). Os resultados mostraram que a relação DQO/N teve influência significativa, com intervalo de confiança de 95%, sobre o processo de remoção de nitrato e nitrito, com faixa ótima de operação entre 3,2 e 5,4, cujas eficiências de remoção de nitrogênio foram de 100%.

Bactérias do gênero Aeromonas em abatedouro de frangos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Angioarquitetura venosa do órgão genital da fêmea bovina

Investigou-se a angioarquitetura venosa da genitália de fêmeas bovinas não prenhes, para avaliar a presença de possíveis anastomoses dos vasos provenientes da região da vulva e da vagina com a veia útero-ovariana, usando-se cinco peças obtidas em abatedouros. No laboratório, um ramo da veia vaginal caudal, infundido com contraste radiográfico intravascular, foi submetido à radiografia. Observou-se que a veia vaginal forma intensa rede de anastomoses na superfície ventral do útero, entre os antímeros direito e esquerdo. As genitálias apresentaram anastomoses dos vasos vulvares e vaginais com vasos da cérvice, corpo e cornos uterinos, sugerindo que parte de um agente luteolítico administrado via intravulvosubmucosa pode ser transportado diretamente aos ovários por uma rota local, sem atingir a circulação sistêmica.

Pesos, rendimentos e perdas da carcaça de cordeiros Corriedale e mestiços Ile de France x Corriedale, terminados em confinamento

O experimento teve por objetivo comparar os cordeiros da raça Corriedale com mestiços (F1) Ile de France x Corriedale, quanto às variáveis: peso da carcaça, porcentagem de quebra ao resfriamento e rendimentos de carcaça. Trabalhou-se com 18 cordeiros de cada genótipo, desmamados aos 60 dias de idade, com 10 a 12kg de peso vivo e terminados em regime de confinamento total, onde dispunham à vontade de uma ração com 15% PB e 70% NDT. Foram abatidos com peso vivo entre 30 e 32kg. Não houve diferenças entre os grupos genéticos para as variáveis estudadas, embora estas estejam dentro das requisições do mercado regional atual. Observou-se valor médio de 4% de perda no peso de sacrifício, em relação ao peso de origem. O peso elevado de alguns componentes não constituintes da carcaça (cabeça, pele, sangue e fígado) representou 20,9% do peso vivo médio ao sacrifício e afetou negativamente o rendimento da carcaça. Os resultados obtidos não invalidam por si só, a utilização deste cruzamento em circunstâncias semelhantes, tendo em vista que outras variáveis envolvidas com a eficiência global do sistema de produção não foram estudadas e mostram que, a pesos vivos semelhantes, não existe diferença de genótipo sobre as perdas por transporte e resfriamento, e sobre rendimento de carcaça.