Effects of desflurane, sevoflurane and isoflurane on pulmonary shunt in dogs during spontaneous ventilation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Right-to-left shunt determination in dog lungs under inhalation anesthesia with rebreathing and non-rebreathing system

OBJETIVO: Comparar a formação de shunt venoso-arterial em pulmões de cães submetidos a anestesia geral inalatória utilizando-se sistemas de anestesia com e sem reinalação, com fração inspirada de oxigênio de 0,4 e 0,9, respectivamente. MÉTODOS: Empregaram-se 20 cães induzidos com tiopental sódico (30mg/kg) e mantidos com sevoflurano (3%) e alocados em dois grupos (n=10); os animais de GI foram ventilados com modalidade controlada em sistema semifechado, sem reinalação, F I O2 = 0,9, e os de GII, com modalidade controlada, sistema semifechado, com reinalação e F I O2 = 0,4. Os atributos analisados durante o experimento foram: freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial média, shunt pulmonar venoso-arterial, hematócrito, hemoglobina, pressão parcial de oxigênio arterial, pressão parcial de oxigênio no sangue venoso misto, saturação de oxigênio no sangue venoso misto, pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono arterial e pressão de vapor de água nos alvéolos (P VA). RESULTADOS: A P VA foi significativamente maior em GII. A análise estatística dos valores encontrados de shunt mostrou que GI e GII apresentaram diferenças significativas, sendo que os resultados de GI são maiores que os de GII em todos os momentos avaliados. Já a análise de momentos dentro de um mesmo grupo não demonstrou diferenças. CONCLUSÃO: O sistema de anestesia sem reinalação com F I O2 = 0,9 desenvolveu maior grau de shunt pulmonar venoso-arterial que o sistema de anestesia com reinalação e F I O2 = 0,4. A umidificação dos gases em GII contribuiu para diminuir o shunt.

Quantificação de Shunt intrapulmonar por cintilografia e gasometria arterial com 02 a 100% em candidatos a transplante hepático com diferentes graus de dilatação vascular intrapulmonar

As dilatações vasculares intrapulmonares (DVIP) constituem a anormalidade vascular pulmonar mais freqüente e a principal causa de hipoxemia grave em hepatopatas. A associação de doença hepática, aumento do gradiente alvéoloarterial de oxigênio e DVIP é chamada de "síndrome hepatopulmonar". O objetivo principal deste estudo foi verificar se os níveis de DVIP aferidos por ecocardiografia com contraste estão relacionados à intensidade de shunt intrapulmonar, medida por dois diferentes métodos: cintilografia com 99mTc-MAA e gasometria com O2 a 100%. Foram estudados 28 candidatos a transplante hepático portadores com DVIP identificadas e graduadas por ecocardiografia conforme escala semi-quantitativa (graus I a IV). A idade média foi de 47,5 anos, e a doença hepática foi classificada como Child-Pugh B na maioria dos casos (60,7%). A intensidade das DVIP foi classificada como I, II, III e IV em 13 (46,4%), 9 (32,1%), 2 (7,1%) e 4 (14,3%) casos, respectivamente. Dos 28 pacientes, 21 (75%) tiveram quantificação de shunt pelo método cintigráfico e gasométrico, 6 (21,4%) apenas pelo método cintigráfico e 1 caso (3,6%) pelo método gasométrico apenas. A PaO2 média entre os pacientes com DVIP graus I e II por ecocardiografia foi 89,1 ± 11,0mmHg, enquanto naqueles com DVIP classificadas como graus III e IV foi 74,7 ± 13,2mmHg (p = 0,01). A média dos valores de shunt por cintilografia nos 27 pacientes submetidos ao exame foi 14,9 ± 9,0% do débito cardíaco (mínimo 6,9% e máximo 39%), sendo 11,7 ± 3,8% nos pacientes com DVIP graus I e II, e 26,3 ± 9,7% nos pacientes com DVIP graus III e IV (p = 0,01). A média dos valores de shunt pelo teste com O2a 100% foi 9,8 ± 3,9%, sendo 8,3 ± 2,3% nos pacientes com DVIP graus I e II, e 16,3 ± 2,6% nos pacientes com DVIP graus III e IV (p < 0,001). Observou-se uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre a graduação de DVIP por ecocardiografia e o valor de shunt aferido por gasometria com O2 a 100% (rs = 0,609, p < 0,01) e por cintilografia (rs = 0,567, p < 0,001). Observou-se relação estatisticamente significativa entre os valores de shunt medidos por cintilografia e aqueles medidos por gasometria com O2 a 100% nos 21 pacientes que se submeteram à quantificação de shunt pelos 2 métodos (rs = 0,666, p < 0,001). A avaliação semi-quantitativa do grau de DVIP por ecocardiografia apresentou correlação moderada a boa com os valores de shunt aferidos pelos dois outros métodos estudados, sendo que a melhor correlação foi observada com o teste com O2 a 100%.

Atelectasia pulmonar em cães durante anestesia geral

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência do controle vagal na resistência vascular pulmonar e desvio intracardíaco em Crotalus durissus (Squamata: Viperidae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

A database ATP simulated waveforms of shunt reactor switching cases with vacuum breakers on motor circuits

This paper presents a database ATP (Alternative Transient Program) simulated waveforms for shunt reactor switching cases with vacuum breakers in motor circuits following interruption of the starting current. The targeted objective is to provide multiple reignition simulated data for diagnostic and prognostic algorithms development, but also to help ATP users with practical study cases and component data compilation for shunt reactor switching. This method can be easily applied with different data for the different dielectric curves of circuit-breakers and networks. This paper presents design details, discusses some of the available cases and the advantages of such simulated data.

An optimization-based algorithm for shunt active filter under distorted supply voltages

When the supply voltages are balanced and sinusoidal, load compensation can give both unity power factor (UPF) and perfect harmonic cancellation (PHC) source currents. But under distorted supply voltages, achieving both UPF and PHC currents are not possible and contradictory to each other. Hence there should be an optimal performance between these two important compensation goals. This paper presents an optimal control algorithm for load compensation under unbalanced and distorted supply voltages. In this algorithm source currents are compensated for reactive, imbalance components and harmonic distortions set by the limits. By satisfying the harmonic distortion limits and power balance, this algorithm gives the source currents which will provide the maximum achievable power factor. The detailed simulation results using MATLAB are presented to support the performance of the proposed optimal control algorithm.

Control schemes for equalization of capacitor voltages in neutral clamped shunt compensator

Voltage imbalance in capacitors is a well-known problem in compensator topologies which use two or more capacitors. This imbalance may exist even if the load does not contain any DC component, due to practical factors. However, when the load contains a DC part, the voltage imbalance problem becomes critical. In this paper, a two-quadrant chopper has been used to regulate the capacitor voltages in a two-capacitor compensator structure. Two different control strategies for the two-quadrant chopper to equalize the voltage of the capacitors have been proposed. The strategies are validated through detailed simulation studies. Experiments have also been carried out to validate the hysteresis control of chopper.

Static shunt and series compensations of an SMIB system using flying capacitor multilevel inverter

The flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI) is a multiple voltage level inverter topology intended for high-power and high-voltage operations at low distortion. It uses capacitors, called flying capacitors, to clamp the voltage across the power semiconductor devices. A method for controlling the FCMLI is proposed which ensures that the flying capacitor voltages remain nearly constant using the preferential charging and discharging of these capacitors. A static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) based on five-level flying capacitor inverters are proposed. Control schemes for both the FACTS controllers are developed and verified in terms of voltage control, power flow control, and power oscillation damping when installed in a single-machine infinite bus (SMIB) system. Simulation studies are performed using PSCAD/EMTDC to validate the efficacy of the control scheme and the FCMLI-based flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) controllers.

Performance comparison of VSC-based shunt and series compensators used for load voltage control in distribution systems

In this paper, the performance of voltage-source converter-based shunt and series compensators used for load voltage control in electrical power distribution systems has been analyzed and compared, when a nonlinear load is connected across the load bus. The comparison has been made based on the closed-loop frequency resopnse characteristics of the compensated distribution system. A distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) as a shunt device and a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) as a series device are considered in the voltage-control mode for the comparison. The power-quality problems which these compensator address include voltage sags/swells, load voltage harmonic distortions, and unbalancing. The effect of various system parameters on the control performance of the compensator can be studied using the proposed analysis. In particular, the performance of the two compensators are compared with the strong ac supply (stiff source) and weak ac-supply (non-still source) distribution system. The experimental verification of the analytical results derived has been obtained using a laboratory model of the single-phase DSTATCOM and DVR. A generalized converter topology using a cascaded multilevel inverter has been proposed for the medium-voltage distribution system. Simulation studies have been performed in the PSCAD/EMTDC software to verify the results in the three-phase system.

A restrike waveform predictive model for shunt capacitor bank switching with point-on-wave recommendation

Circuit-breakers (CBs) are subject to electrical stresses with restrikes during capacitor bank operation. Stresses are caused by the overvoltages across CBs, the interrupting currents and the rate of rise of recovery voltage (RRRV). Such electrical stresses also depend on the types of system grounding and the types of dielectric strength curves. The aim of this study is to demonstrate a restrike waveform predictive model for a SF6 CB that considered the types of system grounding: grounded and non-grounded and the computation accuracy comparison on the application of the cold withstand dielectric strength and the hot recovery dielectric strength curve including the POW (point-on-wave) recommendations to make an assessment of increasing the CB remaining life. The simulation of SF6 CB stresses in a typical 400 kV system was undertaken and the results in the applications are presented. The simulated restrike waveforms produced with the identified features using wavelet transform can be used for restrike diagnostic algorithm development with wavelet transform to locate a substation with breaker restrikes. This study found that the hot withstand dielectric strength curve has less magnitude than the cold withstand dielectric strength curve for restrike simulation results. Computation accuracy improved with the hot withstand dielectric strength and POW controlled switching can increase the life for a SF6 CB.

Performance issues of distance relays for shunt FACTS compensated transmission lines

In this paper, the performance of distance relays when applied to transmission system equipped with shunt FACTS device, Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is described. The aim of the proposed study is to evaluate the performance of distance relays when STATCOM is incorporated at the mid point of transmission lines for voltage control. A detailed model of STATCOM and its control strategy is presented. The presence of these devices significantly affects apparent impedance seen by the distance relays due to their rapid response to different power system configurations. The distance relay is evaluated for different loading conditions and for different fault locations. The faults are created during various pre-fault loading conditions. The studies are performed on 400KV and 132KV systems and the results are presented. Simulation studies are carried out using transient simulation software, PSCAD/EMTDC.

Ground-fault-arc suppression on series-and shunt-compensated lines

An extension of Rizk's analysis to cover any type of switching is presented for calculating the residual current and recovery voltage in a singlephase switched transmission system. Equations for the determination of the current and voltage are shown, and the method has been used for the analysis of a series- and shunt-compensated line.Three possible switching methods for the effective control of the recovery voltage and residual current are discussed: normal switching, switching at the ends of the line and switching of the series capacitors.