Automatic classification of scientific records using the German Subject Heading Authority File (SWD)

The following paper deals with an automatic text classification method which does not require training documents. For this method the German Subject Heading Authority File (SWD), provided by the linked data service of the German National Library is used. Recently the SWD was enriched with notations of the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC). In consequence it became possible to utilize the subject headings as textual representations for the notations of the DDC. Basically, we we derive the classification of a text from the classification of the words in the text given by the thesaurus. The method was tested by classifying 3826 OAI-Records from 7 different repositories. Mean reciprocal rank and recall were chosen as evaluation measure. Direct comparison to a machine learning method has shown that this method is definitely competitive. Thus we can conclude that the enriched version of the SWD provides high quality information with a broad coverage for classification of German scientific articles.

On the health and wellbeing of single working women without children : an analysis of scientific and lay discourse

Cette thèse examine la façon dont on interprète la santé et le bien-être des travailleuses célibataires et sans enfant au sein de deux types de récits : ceux provenant d’études publiées dans des périodiques (récits scientifiques) et ceux provenant d’entrevues qualitatives avec des membres de ce groupe (récits profanes). Sur le plan démographique, leur nombre est significatif; elles représentent 28% des employées canadiennes. Par contre, leur santé/bien-être est peu visible dans les écrits de recherche. Dans les sciences sociales, plusieurs études portent sur l’expérience parfois éprouvante d’être un adulte célibataire vivant dans une culture orientée sur le couple et la famille. Elles mettent l’accent sur le stigma associé à ce statut. Certains suggèrent même que les pratiques de recherche peuvent contribuer à la perpétuation de représentations négatives à l’égard des célibataires. En ayant un profil qui pourrait être symbolique d’une déviation vis-à-vis des attentes normatives entourant la vie de couple ou de famille, les travailleuses célibataires et sans enfant semblent un point de repère utile pour évaluer cette dernière possibilité. S’attarder autant aux récits scientifiques que profanes permettrait d’explorer les tensions et convergences entre eux. Suivant cet objectif, un échantillon de 32 articles scientifiques et de 22 retranscriptions d’entrevues ont été analysés selon une approche d’analyse de discours guidée par les concepts de répertoire interprétatif (une façon cohérente d’aborder un sujet donné) et de position du sujet (une identité mise en évidence par une façon de parler ou d’écrire). Trois articles ont émergé de cette recherche. Suite à une analyse des thèmes communs utilisés dans l’interprétation de la santé/du bien-être du groupe en question, un répertoire interprétatif surnommé la famille comme référence a été identifié. Ce répertoire expliquerait notamment la tendance observée d’expliquer leur santé/bien-être en référant aux états et aux charactéristiques d’être parent ou partenaire. Cette pratique peut avoir l’effet de voiler leur vie privée ou de la construire comme étant relativement appauvrie. L’article 2 examine comment les membres de ce groupe construisent leur propre bien-être. Il identifie la notion d’équilibre entre plusieurs sphères de vie et une identité de femme dynamique comme éléments centraux aux récits sur leur bien-être. Ces derniers vont à l’encontre de la perception des célibataires ou des personnes sans enfant comme ayant des vies moins épanouies ou enrichies et qui ne sont pas touchées par des questions de conciliation travail-vie personnelle. Le troisième article rassemble les deux types de récits autour des sujets de l’emploi et du statut de célibataire en lien avec le bien-être. Il met en évidence de nombreuses similarités et divergences, et théorise la fonction de ces diverses constructions. En conclusion, j’avance qu’une perspective plus critique face au statut de couple ou familial et de ses aspects normatifs pourrait offrir à la recherche en santé publique un point de réflexivité à développer davantage.

Phénomène de biohype dans des articles scientifiques rapportant des résultats issus de recherches cliniques en nutrigénétique/nutrigénomique : caractérisation et perception des chercheurs

Le développement de la nutrigénétique/nutrigénomique (NGx) a suscité de nombreuses attentes puisque les retombées qui lui sont associées s’avèrent potentiellement bénéfiques autant pour les individus en santé que pour les individus malades. De grandes attentes avaient également été associées au Projet de décryptage du Génome Humain (PGH). Aujourd’hui, seules quelques attentes de celles envisagées se sont concrétisées. Le PGH a donc évolué dans un contexte marqué par du biohype, soit la promotion d’attentes exagérées, voir irréalistes. Étant donné l’importance des attentes associées avec le développement de la NGx et des limites méthodologiques auxquelles fait encore face la recherche clinique conduite dans ce domaine, l’objectif principal de cette thèse est de déterminer si les publications scientifiques rapportant des résultats de recherches cliniques effectuées en NGx contribuent à l’émergence d’un phénomène de biohype. Plus spécifiquement, il s’agira également de documenter la perception des chercheurs oeuvrant dans le domaine de la NGx du phénomène de biohype, d’identifier certains facteurs qui pourraient expliquer son émergence dans la littérature scientifique propre à ce domaine et de proposer des pistes d’actions pour limiter les risques associés à ce phénomène. Nous avons tout d’abord procédé à une analyse documentaire d’articles scientifiques rapportant des résultats issus de recherches cliniques en NGx. Celle-ci nous a révélé que plusieurs bénéfices étaient promus dans cette littérature alors même que les limites méthodologiques n’étaient pas d’emblée présentées et discutées. Cette observation nous portait à croire que ces bénéfices étant potentiellement prématurés. Nous avons ensuite voulu valider notre constat auprès des chercheurs œuvrant principalement dans le domaine de la NGx. Cette enquête nous a permis de constater que les chercheurs étaient généralement en accord avec les bénéfices que nous avons recensés dans les articles scientifiques. Toutefois, ils n’envisageaient pas leur concrétisation à moyen terme. Par ailleurs, cette enquête nous a également révélé que les limitations méthodologiques actuellement rencontrées dans la conduite de recherches cliniques soulevaient des doutes quant à la faisabilité des bénéfices promut dans les articles scientifiques. Ces données viennent confirmer notre observation à savoir qu’un phénomène de biohype serait réellement en émergence dans les articles scientifiques rapportant des résultats de recherches cliniques en NGx. Outre des informations concernant les publics ciblés par les chercheurs et les éléments que doivent contenir un article scientifique, cette enquête nous a également aidés à mieux comprendre les avantages associés à la promotion de bénéfices. Selon la majorité des chercheurs interrogés, la promotion de bénéfices dans un article scientifique augmenterait les chances d’un manuscrit d’être publié et favoriserait la continuité du financement du domaine de recherche. Cette activité étant caractérisée par un environnement compétitif, la promotion de bénéfices semble être une avenue à envisager pour se démarquer. Quoique la promotion de bénéfices prématurés ou exagérés ne soit pas considérée comme de l’inconduite scientifique, elle peut causer entre autres un affaiblissement du sentiment de confiance entre le public et les chercheurs et ultimement, contrevenir à la continuité d’une saine activité de recherche. À la lumière de ces données, nous croyons qu’une des stratégies qui permettrait de prévenir l’apparition des risques associés au phénomène de biohype serait de sensibiliser les chercheurs et les éditeurs de journaux scientifiques à ces derniers. Plus particulièrement, nous encourageons l’intégration de lignes directrices portant sur la gestion du biohype dans les codes de conduites qui ont été mis en place pour favoriser les bonnes pratiques en recherche.

Qui fait quoi? Analyse des libellés de contribution dans les articles savants

Qui fait quoi au sein d’une équipe de recherche scientifique? Ce mémoire propose de définir les rôles de chacun des auteurs à l’aide d’une méthodologie originale. L’ordre des auteurs est un indicateur utile de l’importance relative de chacun des co-auteurs, mais il ne révèle pas la nature précise de leur rôle au sein de l’équipe. Ainsi, notre recherche démontre que l’utilisation des libellés de contributions aux articles scientifiques à des fins bibliométriques est possible et ce, même à grande échelle. Nos résultats montrent qu’il existe des différences dans les contributions apportées aux articles scientifiques et que ces différences s’appliquent aussi à la répartition du travail au sein des équipes de recherche selon le sexe des auteurs.

Clinical research on new drugs (Phase I). Profile of scientific publications: data from the pre-clinical phase and bioethical aspects

OBJETIVO: Traçar o perfil das publicações científicas de fase I e procurar saber se a publicação oferece dados da fase pré-clínica com ênfase nos aspectos bioéticos. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 61 artigos científicos publicados no ano de 2007, que relatam pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos com novos fármacos, medicamentos ou vacinas em fase I. Foi elaborado um roteiro para coleta de dados, com o qual fosse possível analisar e avaliar os artigos científicos. O roteiro contempla itens referentes à fase pré-clínica (associados à fase clínica) e itens referentes às características da amostra. RESULTADOS: Nos artigos analisados, a maioria das pesquisas foi realizada nos EUA. Devido ao grande número de publicações destinadas às doenças oncológicas a maioria delas foi realizada com voluntários doentes. Quanto às informações sobre a fase pré-clínica presente nas publicações de fase I observamos que são pobres ou inexistentes. Mesmo que os autores julguem a pesquisa fase I como promissora e sugiram estudos futuros de fase II, ao leitor não é possível este mesmo julgamento pela escassez de informações da fase pré-clínica. CONCLUSÃO: O perfil das publicações levanta dados que merecem reflexão e análise para melhor avaliação do que está ocorrendo com as publicações de fase I.

SCIENTIFIC LANGUAGE RHETORIC: FROM THE THEORETICAL BASIS TO THE PRODUCTION OF DIDACTIC MATERIAL FOR UNDERGRADUATE CHEMISTRY TEACHING

This work is part of a study that focused on analyzing the contributions of didactic activities related to scientific language rhetoric characteristics aimed at developing students' abilities to identify such characteristics in chemistry scientific texts and critical reading of those texts. In this study, we present the theoretical basis adopted to determine the scientific discourse characteristics and for the production of the didactic material used in those activities. Latour, Coracini and Campanario studies on persuasive rhetorical strategies present in scientific articles aided the production of such material.

Summarization of scientific documents by detecting common facts in citations

Reading scientific articles is more time-consuming than reading news because readers need to search and read many citations. This paper proposes a citation guided method for summarizing multiple scientific papers. A phenomenon we can observe is that citation sentences in one paragraph or section usually talk about a common fact, which is usually represented as a set of noun phrases co-occurring in citation texts and it is usually discussed from different aspects. We design a multi-document summarization system based on common fact detection. One challenge is that citations may not use the same terms to refer to a common fact. We thus use term association discovering algorithm to expand terms based on a large set of scientific article abstracts. Then, citations can be clustered based on common facts. The common fact is used as a salient term set to get relevant sentences from the corresponding cited articles to form a summary. Experiments show that our method outperforms three baseline methods by ROUGE metric.©2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Shock acceleration in the solar corona

In this thesis acceleration of energetic particles at collisionless shock waves in space plasmas is studied using numerical simulations, with an emphasis on physical conditions applicable to the solar corona. The thesis consists of four research articles and an introductory part that summarises the main findings reached in the articles and discusses them with respect to theory of diffusive shock acceleration and observations. This thesis gives a brief review of observational properties of solar energetic particles and discusses a few open questions that are currently under active research. For example, in a few large gradual solar energetic particle events the heavy ion abundance ratios and average charge states show characteristics at high energies that are typically associated with flare-accelerated particles, i.e. impulsive events. The role of flare-accelerated particles in these and other gradual events has been discussed a lot in the scientific community, and it has been questioned if and how the observed features can be explained in terms of diffusive shock acceleration at shock waves driven by coronal mass ejections. The most extreme solar energetic particle events are the so-called ground level enhancements where particle receive so high energies that they can penetrate all the way through Earth's atmosphere and increase radiation levels at the surface. It is not known what conditions are required for acceleration into GeV/nuc energies, and the presence of both very fast coronal mass ejections and X-class solar flares makes it difficult to determine what is the role of these two accelerators in ground level enhancements. The theory of diffusive shock acceleration is reviewed and its predictions discussed with respect to the observed particle characteristics. We discuss how shock waves can be modeled and describe in detail the numerical model developed by the author. The main part of this thesis consists of the four scientific articles that are based on results of the numerical shock acceleration model developed by the author. The novel feature of this model is that it can handle complex magnetic geometries which are found, for example, near active regions in the solar corona. We show that, according to our simulations, diffusive shock acceleration can explain the observed variations in abundance ratios and average charge states, provided that suitable seed particles and magnetic geometry are available for the acceleration process in the solar corona. We also derive an injection threshold for diffusive shock acceleration that agrees with our simulation results very well, and which is valid under weakly turbulent conditions. Finally, we show that diffusive shock acceleration can produce GeV/nuc energies under suitable coronal conditions, which include the presence of energetic seed particles, a favourable magnetic geometry, and an enhanced level of ambient turbulence.

Hybrid Modelling of Titan's Interaction with the Magnetosphere of Saturn

In this dissertation we study the interaction between Saturn's moon Titan and the magnetospheric plasma and magnetic field. The method of research is a three-dimensional computer simulation model, that is used to simulate this interaction. The simulation model used is a hybrid model. Hybrid models enable individual tracking or tracing of ions and also take into account the particle motion in the propagation of the electromagnetic fields. The hybrid model has been developed at the Finnish Meteorological Institute. This thesis gives a general description of the effects that the solar wind has on Earth and other planets of our solar system. Planetary satellites can also have similar interactions with the solar wind but also with the plasma flows of planetary magnetospheres. Titan is clearly the largest among the satellites of Saturn and also the only known satellite with a dense atmosphere. It is the atmosphere that makes Titan's plasma interaction with the magnetosphere of Saturn so unique. Nevertheless, comparisons with the plasma interactions of other solar system bodies are valuable. Detecting charged plasma particles requires in situ measurements obtainable through scientific spacecraft. The Cassini mission has been one of the most remarkable international efforts in space science. Since 2004 the measurements and images obtained from instruments onboard the Cassini spacecraft have increased the scientific knowledge of Saturn as well as its satellites and magnetosphere in a way no one was probably able to predict. The current level of science on Titan is practically unthinkable without the Cassini mission. Many of the observations by Cassini instrument teams have influenced this research both the direct measurements of Titan as well as observations of its plasma environment. The theoretical principles of the hybrid modelling approach are presented in connection to the broader context of plasma simulations. The developed hybrid model is described in detail: e.g. the way the equations of the hybrid model are solved is shown explicitly. Several simulation techniques, such as the grid structure and various boundary conditions, are discussed in detail as well. The testing and monitoring of simulation runs is presented as an essential routine when running sophisticated and complex models. Several significant improvements of the model, that are in preparation, are also discussed. A main part of this dissertation are four scientific articles based on the results of the Titan model. The Titan model developed during the course of the Ph.D. research has been shown to be an important tool to understand Titan's plasma interaction. One reason for this is that the structures of the magnetic field around Titan are very much three-dimensional. The simulation results give a general picture of the magnetic fields in the vicinity of Titan. The magnetic fine structure of Titan's wake as seen in the simulations seems connected to Alfvén waves an important wave mode in space plasmas. The particle escape from Titan is also a major part of these studies. Our simulations show a bending or turning of Titan's ionotail that we have shown to be a direct result of the basic principles in plasma physics. Furthermore, the ion flux from the magnetosphere of Saturn into Titan's upper atmosphere has been studied. The modelled ion flux has asymmetries that would likely have a large impact in the heating in different parts of Titan's upper atmosphere.

Construing and Defining the Out of Control : Addiction in the Media 1968-2008.

The four scientific articles comprising this doctoral dissertation offer new information on the presentation and construction of addiction in the mass media during the period 1968 - 2008. Diachronic surveys as well as quantitative and qualitative content analyses were undertaken to discern trends during the period in question and to investigate underlying conceptions of the problems in contemporary media presentations. The research material for the first three articles consists of a sample of 200 texts from Finland s biggest daily newspaper, Helsingin Sanomat, from the period 1968 - 2006. The fourth study examines English-language tabloid material published on the Internet in 2005 - 2008. A number of principal trends are identified. In addition to a significant increase in addiction reporting over time, the study shows that an internalisation of addiction problems took place in the media presentations under study. The phenomenon is portrayed and tackled from within the problems themselves, often from the viewpoint of the individuals concerned. The tone becomes more personal, and technical and detailed accounts are more and more frequent. Secondly, the concept of addiction is broadened. This can be dated to the 1990s. The concept undergoes a conventionalisation: it is used more frequently in a manner that is not thought to require explanation. The word riippuvuus (the closest equivalent to addiction in Finnish) was adopted more commonly in the reporting at the same time, in the 1990s. Thirdly, the results highlight individual self-governance as a superordinate principle in contemporary descriptions of addiction. If the principal demarcation in earlier texts was between us and them , it is now focused primarily on the individual s competence and ability to govern the self, to restrain and master one's behaviour. Finally, in the fourth study investigating textual constructions of female celebrities (Amy Winehouse, Britney Spears and Kate Moss) in Internet tabloids, various relations and functions of addiction problems, intoxication, body and gender were observed to function as cultural symbols. Addiction becomes a sign, or a style, that represents different significations in relation to the main characters in the tabloid stories. Tabloids, as a genre, play an important role by introducing other images of the problems than those featured in mainstream media. The study is positioned within the framework of modernity theory and its views on the need for self-reflexivity and biographies as tools for the creation and definition of the self. Traditional institutions such as the church, occupation, family etc. no longer play an important role in self-definition. This circumstance creates a need for a culture conveying stories of success and failure in relation to which the individual can position their own behaviour and life content. I propose that addiction , as a theme in media reporting, resolves the conflict that emanates from the ambivalence between the accessibility and the individualisation of consumer society, on the one hand, and the problematic behavioural patterns (addictions) that they may induce, on the other.

O Colégio de Líderes : surgimento e evolução

Discute o funcionamento do Colégio de Líderes e seus efeitos sobre a atividade legislativa da Câmara dos Deputados. Para isso, a pesquisa se baseou em artigos científicos sobre o tema e documentos que demonstram o que motivou a criação do colegiado, como ele se reúne e de que modo ele colabora para a definição da pauta de votações do Plenário. Inclui entrevistas com figuras que participaram ativamente da criação e da evolução do Colégio de Líderes no cenário político. Descreve, ainda, de que forma a sua atuação limita a representatividade parlamentar e que soluções poderiam ser adotadas para amenizar esse conflito, já que, apesar de colaborar para a concentração de poderes no Congresso Nacional, esse órgão se tornou indispensável para a organização e agilidade dos trabalhos legislativos. Para ilustrar como se dá na prática a atuação do colegiado, procedeu-se a uma análise das reuniões realizadas no primeiro período da sessão legislativa ordinária de 2009, tudo com base em dados fornecidos pela Secretaria-Geral da Mesa da Câmara dos Deputados e em notícias da Agência Câmara divulgadas naquele semestre.

O colégio de líderes : surgimento e evolução

Discute o funcionamento do Colégio de Líderes e seus efeitos sobre a atividade legislativa da Câmara dos Deputados. Para isso, a pesquisa se baseou em artigos científicos sobre o tema e documentos que demonstram o que motivou a criação do colegiado, como ele se reúne e de que modo ele colabora para a definição da pauta de votações do plenário. Incluindo entrevistas com figuras que participaram ativamente da criação e da evolução do Colégio de Líderes no cenário político, este trabalho descreve de que forma a sua atuação limita a representatividade parlamentar e que soluções poderiam ser adotadas para amenizar esse conflito, já que, apesar de colaborar para a concentração de poderes no Congresso Nacional, esse órgão se tornou indispensável para a organização e agilidade dos trabalhos legislativos. Para ilustrar como se dá, na prática, a atuação do colegiado, procedeu-se a uma análise acerca das reuniões realizadas no primeiro período da sessão legislativa ordinária de 2009, tudo com base em dados fornecidos pela Secretaria-Geral da Mesa e em notícias da Agência Câmara divulgadas naquele semestre.

Coleta seletiva e compostagem na Vila do Abraão (Ilha Grande, RJ): aspectos e recomendações

Muitos programas de coleta seletiva e Usinas de Triagem e Compostagem (UTC) brasileiras tem se mostrado problemáticos, ineficientes ou, até mesmo, inviáveis. Apesar disso, continua a ser uma solução visada por parte de órgãos gestores e da população. Observando que a coleta seletiva e a instalação e operação de UTC são peças importantes para a prática da reciclagem, dentro do contexto de Gerenciamento Integrado de Resíduos Sólidos (GIRS), verifica-se a necessidade de melhor entendimento dos problemas a elas associados para que haja um melhor planejamento e minimização destes problemas. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo principal a recomendação de diretrizes para um estudo de viabilidade e implantação de coleta seletiva e Unidade de Triagem e Compostagem na Vila do Abraão (Angra dos Reis, RJ), observando as características locais e as dificuldades normalmente existentes em programas de coleta seletiva e em operações de UTCs. A análise, que foi feita através de revisão bibliográfica de artigos científicos sobre estudos de casos brasileiros acerca de coleta seletiva, UTC e compostagem, mostrou que as principais dificuldades associadas a estes programas estão relacionadas: aos custos de operação e manutenção dos programas e das UTCs; às falhas administrativas e operacionais das UTCs; à capacitação inadequada dos trabalhadores; à falta de conscientização ambiental da população; ao desenvolvimento de soluções isoladas (fora do contexto de gerenciamento integrado) e que desconsideram os fatores locais. Também foi feito um levantamento das características locais da Vila através de observações in loco, entrevistas e trabalhos de campo. Sobre a Vila do Abraão constatou-se que ainda são necessários entendimentos entre os gestores locais (subprefeitura, Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande), a população e a municipalidade em Angra dos Reis, assim como, faz-se necessário um estudo mais aprofundado sobre a operação da UTC, incluindo aí as parcerias necessárias (cooperativas, catadores, prefeitura, ONGs etc) e sobre um programa de educação ambiental, para a efetiva participação da comunidade local. Além das recomendações feitas aos gestores locais, são indicados estudos que podem complementar o presente trabalho

Normas Tradutórias: o caso dos Artigos Científicos e suas Condicionantes Culturais

Esta dissertação investiga o gênero artigo científico e suas condicionantes culturais, ou seja, as marcas textuais que podem apresentar determinada dificuldade para o tradutor por problemas de interculturalidade, a partir da perspectiva do conceito de normas nos estudos da tradução e da descrição do gênero artigo científico. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar estas condicionantes em artigos científicos da área de Geriatria e Gerontologia, exemplificando partes deste universo de condicionantes através do levantamento das características desse gênero, assim como da comparação das traduções. Demonstrar através da reflexão teórica, de exemplos práticos e de análises comparativas, como a tradução se beneficia do estudo de gêneros, das normas e do levantamento das condicionantes culturais para auxiliar a tarefa tradutória de artigos científicos. Os procedimentos de análise dos corpora foram baseados no modelo de Lambert e Van Gorp (1985) para a análise da tradução literária, adaptado aqui à tradução técnica. Finalmente, analisando as condicionantes culturais levantadas nesta pesquisa, assim como as características do gênero, o estudo culmina com reflexões a respeito da tradução de artigos científicos

Advanced Reaction Systems for Hydrogen Production

[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.