Análise comparativa da expressão protéica em glândulas pós-faríngeas de saúva-limão, Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) submetidas à suplementação lipídica

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Celular e Molecular) - IBRC

Comportamento de cuidado da prole da saúva-limão Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 (Hymenoptera, formicidae)

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - IBRC

Influências dos ninhos de saúva (Formicidae: Attini) na nutrição, crescimento e proteção da vegetação contra o fogo, em uma floresta de transição Amazônia-Cerrado

Os ninhos de saúva são importantes perturbações naturais capazes de gerar mosaicos de determinados tipos de vegetação e afetar a estrutura e composição dos ecossistemas neotropicais. Nesse sentido, este estudo avaliou os efeitos dos ninhos de saúva (Atta spp.) na dinâmica de crescimento da vegetação de uma floresta de transição Amazônia-Cerrado submetida a um regime de incêndios periódicos, ao sul da bacia amazônica, Estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Especificamente, avaliou-se os efeitos dos ninhos: (1) na nutrição e crescimento da vegetação; (2) na proteção da vegetação contra o fogo e (3) na regeneração florestal pós-fogo. Para determinar tais efeitos, ninhos e vegetação associada (em um raio de até 10 m dos ninhos) estabelecidos em áreas de 150 ha da floresta de transição, foram mapeados e monitorados. Tais áreas subdivididas em parcelas de 50 ha com diferentes tratamentos: incêndios tri-anuais; incêndios anuais e proteção do fogo (controle) fazem parte do Projeto “Savanização” sob a coordenação do Instituto de Pesquisas Ambiental da Amazônia, IPAM. Os experimentos sobre os efeitos dos ninhos na nutrição e crescimento da vegetação indicaram que plantas estabelecidas próximas aos ninhos têm a absorção de nutriente facilitada e por isso apresentaram uma maior concentração foliar de Fósforo. Como conseqüência, foi registrado um maior crescimento em diâmetro do caule para estas plantas quando comparadas com aquelas distantes dos ninhos. Os ninhos funcionaram como aceiros (devido ao acúmulo de terra sobre os murundus resultante das escavações das saúvas) reduzindo a área total queimada em seu entorno, principalmente nos locais de bordas (local de maior incidência de ninhos) e protegendo a vegetação circundante da mortalidade pelo fogo. Em oposição a estes benefícios, foi constatado maior herbivoria de plântulas e remoção de sementes por saúvas nas áreas de alta densidade de colônias ativas, um resultado que compromete os estágios iniciais de sucessão florestal pós-fogo. Este estudo revela a importância das saúvas na redistribuição e reciclagem de nutrientes, e revela, pela primeira vez, a proteção da vegetação contra o fogo, por seus ninhos. Por outro lado, também mostra que perturbações antrópicas, como o fogo, aumentam as populações de saúva, o que pode tornar-se uma barreira ao sucesso da regeneração florestal pós-fogo. Com base nesse estudo, pode-se prever que ambientes naturais podem ter o crescimento da vegetação acelerado pela presença dos ninhos de saúva, mas em ambientes sob perturbação, a ação das saúvas pode ser a principal ameaça a regeneração da vegetação original. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que os efeitos (benéficos ou deletérios) das saúvas dependem do nível de perturbação ou maturidade do bioma no qual seus ninhos se estabelecem.

Anotação de 500 ESTs da saúva Atta laevigata

Leaf-cutting ants belonging to the genus Atta occur from the tropical to subtropical regions of the Americas. These insects are considered pests because they cause serious damage in agricultural areas. Among these, stands out Atta laevigata, species which the colony requires a huge amount of leaves to grow its symbiotic fungus which is the main food source of the nest. Thus, the study of the transcriptome of these ants becomes a useful tool, because it is possible to identify proteins potentially involved with their skills as insect pests and also those related to differences between the varieties present in the nests. In the present study we described results of the partial analysis of the transcriptome of the leaf-cutting ant pest A. laevigata, from cDNA sequences previously generated in the Laboratory of Evolution and Molecular (LEM). The results may also be used for molecular, ecological, metabolic and evolutionary studies about ants, and heterologous expression of important proteins as molecular targets for the control of some leafcutting agricultural pests.

Energy systems analysis of transboundary river basins in a nexus approach: the Sava river basin study case

Resource management policies are frequently designed and planned to target specific needs of particular sectors, without taking into account the interests of other sectors who share the same resources. In a climate of resource depletion, population growth, increase in energy demand and climate change awareness, it is of great importance to promote the assessment of intersectoral linkages and, by doing so, understand their effects and implications. This need is further augmented when common use of resources might not be solely relevant at national level, but also when the distribution of resources ranges over different nations. This dissertation focuses on the study of the energy systems of five south eastern European countries, which share the Sava River Basin, using a water-food(agriculture)-energy nexus approach. In the case of the electricity generation sector, the use of water is essential for the integrity of the energy systems, as the electricity production in the riparian countries relies on two major technologies dependent on water resources: hydro and thermal power plants. For example, in 2012, an average of 37% of the electricity production in the SRB countries was generated by hydropower and 61% in thermal power plants. Focusing on the SRB, in terms of existing installed capacities, the basin accommodates close to a tenth of all hydropower capacity while providing water for cooling to 42% of the net capacity of thermal power currently in operation in the basin. This energy-oriented nexus study explores the dependency on the basin’s water resources of the energy systems in the region for the period between 2015 and 2030. To do so, a multi-country electricity model was developed to provide a quantification ground to the analysis, using the open-source software modelling tool OSeMOSYS. Three main areas are subject to analysis: first, the impact of energy efficiency and renewable energy strategies in the electricity generation mix; secondly, the potential impacts of climate change under a moderate climate change projection scenario; and finally, deriving from the latter point, the cumulative impact of an increase in water demand in the agriculture sector, for irrigation. Additionally, electricity trade dynamics are compared across the different scenarios under scrutiny, as an effort to investigate the implications of the aforementioned factors in the electricity markets in the region.

Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago

The Late Cretaceous was a time of tremendous global change, as the final stages of the Age of Dinosaurs were shaped by climate and sea level fluctuations and witness to marked paleogeographic and faunal changes, before the end-Cretaceous bolide impact. The terrestrial fossil record of Late Cretaceous Europe is becoming increasingly better understood, based largely on intensive fieldwork over the past two decades, promising new insights into latest Cretaceous faunal evolution. We review the terrestrial Late Cretaceous record from Europe and discuss its importance for understanding the paleogeography, ecology, evolution, and extinction of land-dwelling vertebrates. We review the major Late Cretaceous faunas from Austria, Hungary, France, Spain, Portugal, and Romania, as well as more fragmentary records from elsewhere in Europe. We discuss the paleogeographic background and history of assembly of these faunas, and argue that they are comprised of an endemic 'core' supplemented with various immigration waves. These faunas lived on an island archipelago, and we describe how this insular setting led to ecological peculiarities such as low diversity, a preponderance of primitive taxa, and marked changes in morphology (particularly body size dwarfing). We conclude by discussing the importance of the European record in understanding the end-Cretaceous extinction and show that there is no clear evidence that dinosaurs or other groups were undergoing long-term declines in Europe prior to the bolide impact.

Probing Ferroelectrics Using Optical Second Harmonic Generation

Nonlinear optics is an essential component of modern laser systems and optoelectronic devices. It has also emerged as an important tool in probing the electronic, vibrational, magnetic, and crystallographic structure of materials ranging from oxides and metals, to polymers and biological samples. This review focuses on the specific technique of optical second harmonic generation (SHG), and its application in probing ferroelectric complex oxide crystals and thin films. As the dominant SHG interaction mechanism exists only in materials that lack inversion symmetry, SHG is a sensitive probe of broken inversion symmetry, and thus also of bulk polar phenomena in materials. By performing in-situ SHG polarimetry experiments in different experimental conditions such as sample orientation, applied electric field, and temperature, one can probe ferroelectric hysteresis loops and phase transitions. Careful modeling of the polarimetry data allows for the determination of the point group symmetry of the crystal. In epitaxial thin films with a two-dimensional arrangement of well-defined domain orientations, one can extract information about intrinsic material properties such as nonlinear coefficients, as well as microstructural information such as the local statistics of the different domain variants being probed. This review presents several detailed examples of ferroelectric systems where such measurements and modeling are performed. The use of SHG microscopic imaging is discussed, and its ability to reveal domain structures and phases not normally visible with linear optics is illustrated.