Repeated sequences as genetic markers in pooled tissue samples

We show, using the PDR1 element of pea, that dispersed repeated sequences of moderate copy number can be used simply and efficiently to generate markers linked to a trait of interest. Inspection of hybridization patterns of repeated sequences to DNA mixtures of pooled genotypes is a sensitive way of detecting such markers. The large number of bands in tracks of digests of these mixtures allows the simultaneous sampling of loci at many places in the genome, and the many unlinked loci serve as internal controls. It is also shown that intensity ratios calculated from these band differences can be used to give a rough estimate of linkage distance.

A copia-like element in Pisum demonstrates the uses of dispersed repeated sequences in genetic analysis

A DNA sequence between two legumin genes in Pisum is a member of the copia-like class of retrotransposons and represents one member of a polymorphic and heterogeneous dispersed repeated sequence family in Pisum. This sequence can be exploited in genetic studies either by RFLP analysis where several markers can be scored together, or the segregation of individual elements can be followed after PCR amplification of specific members.

Chromosome Evolution in African Cichlid Fish: Contributions from the Physical Mapping of Repeated DNAs

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Precise sequence complementarity between yeast chromosome ends and two classes of just-subtelomeric sequences

The terminal regions (last 20 kb) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes universally contain blocks of precise sequence similarity to other chromosome terminal regions. The left and right terminal regions are distinct in the sense that the sequence similarities between them are reverse complements. Direct sequence similarity occurs between the left terminal regions and also between the right terminal regions, but not between any left ends and right ends. With minor exceptions the relationships range from 80% to 100% match within blocks. The regions of similarity are composites of familiar and unfamiliar repeated sequences as well as what could be considered “single-copy” (or better “two-copy”) sequences. All terminal regions were compared with all other chromosomes, forward and reverse complement, and 768 comparisons are diagrammed. It appears there has been an extensive history of sequence exchange or copying between terminal regions. The subtelomeric sequences fall into two classes. Seventeen of the chromosome ends terminate with the Y′ repeat, while 15 end with the 800-nt “X2” repeats just adjacent to the telomerase simple repeats. The just-subterminal repeats are very similar to each other except that chromosome 1 right end is more divergent.

The waddlia genome: A window into chlamydial biology

Growing evidence suggests that a novel member of the Chlamydiales order, Waddlia chondrophila, is a potential agent of miscarriage in humans and abortion in ruminants. Due to the lack of genetic tools to manipulate chlamydia, genomic analysis is proving to be the most incisive tool in stimulating investigations into the biology of these obligate intracellular bacteria. 454/Roche and Solexa/Illumina technologies were thus used to sequence and assemble de novo the full genome of the first representative of the Waddliaceae family, W. chondrophila. The bacteria possesses a 2′116′312bp chromosome and a 15′593 bp low-copy number plasmid that might integrate into the bacterial chromosome. The Waddlia genome displays numerous repeated sequences indicating different genome dynamics from classical chlamydia which almost completely lack repetitive elements. Moreover, W. chondrophila exhibits many virulence factors also present in classical chlamydia, including a functional type III secretion system, but also a large complement of specific factors for resistance to host or environmental stresses. Large families of outer membrane proteins were identified indicating that these highly immunogenic proteins are not Chlamydiaceae specific and might have been present in their last common ancestor. Enhanced metabolic capability for the synthesis of nucleotides, amino acids, lipids and other co-factors suggests that the common ancestor of the modern Chlamydiales may have been less dependent on their eukaryotic host. The fine-detailed analysis of biosynthetic pathways brings us closer to possibly developing a synthetic medium to grow W. chondrophila, a critical step in the development of genetic tools. As a whole, the availability of the W. chondrophila genome opens new possibilities in Chlamydiales research, providing new insights into the evolution of members of the order Chlamydiales and the biology of the Waddliaceae.

Using IRAP markers for analysis of genetic variability in populations of resource and rare species of plants

Species specific LTR retrotransposons were first cloned in five rare relic species of drug plants located in the Perm’ region. Sequences of LTR retrotransposons were used for PCR analysis based on amplification of repeated sequences from LTR or other sites of retrotransposons (IRAP). Genetic diversity was studied in six populations of rare relic species of plants Adonis vernalis L. by means of the IRAP method; 125 polymorphic IRAP markers were analyzed. Parameters for DNA polymorphism and genetic diversity of A. vernalis populations were determined.

Using IRAP markers for analysis of genetic variability in populations of resource and rare species of plants

Species specific LTR retrotransposons were first cloned in five rare relic species of drug plants located in the Perm’ region. Sequences of LTR retrotransposons were used for PCR analysis based on amplification of repeated sequences from LTR or other sites of retrotransposons (IRAP). Genetic diversity was studied in six populations of rare relic species of plants Adonis vernalis L. by means of the IRAP method; 125 polymorphic IRAP markers were analyzed. Parameters for DNA polymorphism and genetic diversity of A. vernalis populations were determined.

Bead-probe complex capture a couple of SINE and LINE family from genomes of two closely related species of East Asian cyprinid directly using magnetic separation

Background: Short and long interspersed elements (SINEs and LINEs, respectively), two types of retroposons, are active in shaping the architecture of genomes and powerful tools for studies of phylogeny and population biology. Here we developed special protocol to apply biotin-streptavidin bead system into isolation of interspersed repeated sequences rapidly and efficiently, in which SINEs and LINEs were captured directly from digested genomic DNA by hybridization to bead-probe complex in solution instead of traditional strategy including genomic library construction and screening. Results: A new couple of SINEs and LINEs that shared an almost identical 3'tail was isolated and characterized in silver carp and bighead carp of two closely related species. These SINEs (34 members), designated HAmo SINE family, were little divergent in sequence and flanked by obvious TSD indicated that HAmo SINE was very young family. The copy numbers of this family was estimated to 2 x 10(5) and 1.7 x 10(5) per haploid genome by Real-Time qPCR, respectively. The LINEs, identified as the homologs of LINE2 in other fishes, had a conserved primary sequence and secondary structures of the 3'tail region that was almost identical to that of HAmo SINE. These evidences suggest that HAmo SINEs are active and amplified recently utilizing the enzymatic machinery for retroposition of HAmoL2 through the recognition of higher-order structures of the conserved 42-tail region. We analyzed the possible structures of HAmo SINE that lead to successful amplification in genome and then deduced that HAmo SINE, SmaI SINE and FokI SINE that were similar in sequence each other, were probably generated independently and created by LINE family within the same lineage of a LINE phylogeny in the genomes of different hosts. Conclusion: The presented results show the advantage of the novel method for retroposons isolation and a pair of young SINE family and its partner LINE family in two carp fishes, which strengthened the hypotheses containing the slippage model for initiation of reverse transcription, retropositional parasitism of SINEs on LINEs, the formation of the stem loop structure in 3'tail region of some SINEs and LINEs and the mechanism of template switching in generating new SINE family.

Complete genome sequence of lymphocystis disease virus isolated from China

Lymphocystis diseases in fish throughout the world have been extensively described. Here we report the complete genome sequence of lymphocystis disease virus isolated in China (LCDV-C), an LCDV isolated from cultured flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) with lymphocystis disease in China. The LCDV-C genome is 186,250 bp, with a base composition of 27.25% G+C. Computer-assisted analysis revealed 240 potential open reading frames (ORFs) and 176 nonoverlapping putative viral genes, which encode polypeptides ranging from 40 to 1,193 amino acids. The percent coding density is 67%, and the average length of each ORF is 702 bp. A search of the GenBank database using the 176 individual putative genes revealed 103 homologues to the corresponding ORFs of LCDV-1 and 73 potential genes that were not found in LCDV-1 and other iridoviruses. Among the 73 genes, there are 8 genes that contain conserved domains of cellular genes and 65 novel genes that do not show any significant homology with the sequences in public databases. Although a certain extent of similarity between putative gene products of LCDV-C and corresponding proteins of LCDV-1 was revealed, no colinearity was detected when their ORF arrangements and coding strategies were compared to each other, suggesting that a high degree of genetic rearrangements between them has occurred. And a large number of tandem and overlapping repeated sequences were observed in the LCDV-C genome. The deduced amino acid sequence of the major capsid protein (MCP) presents the highest identity to those of LCDV-1 and other iridoviruses among the LCDV-C gene products. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the multiple alignments of nine MCP amino acid sequences. Interestingly, LCDV-C and LCDV-1 were clustered together, but their amino acid identity is much less than that in other clusters. The unexpected levels of divergence between their genomes in size, gene organization, and gene product identity suggest that LCDV-C and LCDV-1 shouldn't belong to a same species and that LCDV-C should be considered a species different from LCDV-1.

Characterization of IS2112, a new insertion sequence from Rhodococcus, and its relationship with mobile elements belonging to the IS110 family

A new insertion sequence (IS2112) was identified in the genome of the 1-haloalkane-utilizing bacterium Rhodococcus rhodochrous NCIMB 13064. The insertion element is 1415 bp long, does not contain terminal inverted repeats, and is not flanked by directly repeated sequences. IS2112 belongs to the IS110 family of transposable elements, and forms a separate subfamily, along with IS116, Two copies of IS2112 were found in R, rhodochrous NCIMB 13064 and one, two or three copies of a similar sequence were detected in five other 1-haloalkane-degrading Rhodococcus strains. There were no sequences homologous to IS2112 found in the l-haloalkane-degrading 'Pseudomonas pavonaceae' 170 and Rhodococcus sp, HA1 or in several Rhodococcus strains which do not utilize haloalkanes, IS2112 was originally found in plasmid pRTL1 of R. rhodochrous NCIMB 13064 which harbours genes encoding utilization of l-haloalkanes, and was located 5 kbp upstream of the haloalkane dehalogenase gene (dhaA), Although the second copy of IS2112 in strain NCIMB 13064 was also present on the pRTL1 plasmid, these sequences do not apparently comprise a single composite transposon encoding haloalkane utilization. An analysis of derivatives of NCIMB 13064 revealed that IS2112 was involved in genome rearrangements. IS2112 appeared to change its location as a result of transposition and as a result of other rearrangements of the NCIMB 13064 genome.

Small RNA-mediated chromatin silencing directed to the 3' region of the Arabidopsis gene encoding the developmental regulator, FLC.

Small RNA-mediated chromatin silencing is well characterized for repeated sequences and transposons, but its role in regulating single-copy endogenous genes is unclear. We have identified two small RNAs (30 and 24 nucleotides) corresponding to the reverse strand 3' to the canonical poly(A) site of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), an Arabidopsis gene encoding a repressor of flowering. Genome searches suggest that these RNAs originate from the FLC locus in a genomic region lacking repeats. The 24-nt small RNA, which is most abundant in developing fruits, is absent in mutants defective in RNA polymerase IVa, RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2, and DICER-LIKE 3, components required for RNAi-mediated chromatin silencing. The corresponding genomic region shows histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation, which was reduced in a dcl2,3,4 triple mutant. Investigations into the origins of the small RNAs revealed a polymerase IVa-dependent spliced, antisense transcript covering the 3' FLC region. Mutation of this genomic region by T-DNA insertion led to FLC misexpression and delayed flowering, suggesting that RNAi-mediated chromatin modification is an important component of endogenous pathways that function to suppress FLC expression.

Étude structurale du mode de liaison des protéines Whirly de plantes à l’ADN monocaténaire

Les plantes doivent assurer la protection de trois génomes localisés dans le noyau, les chloroplastes et les mitochondries. Si les mécanismes assurant la réparation de l’ADN nucléaire sont relativement bien compris, il n’en va pas de même pour celui des chloroplastes et des mitochondries. Or il est important de bien comprendre ces mécanismes puisque des dommages à l’ADN non ou mal réparés peuvent entraîner des réarrangements dans les génomes. Chez les plantes, de tels réarrangements dans l’ADN mitochondrial ou dans l’ADN chloroplastique peuvent conduire à une perte de vigueur ou à un ralentissement de la croissance. Récemment, notre laboratoire a identifié une famille de protéines, les Whirly, dont les membres se localisent au niveau des mitochondries et des chloroplastes. Ces protéines forment des tétramères qui lient l’ADN monocaténaire et qui accomplissent de nombreuses fonctions associées au métabolisme de l’ADN. Chez Arabidopsis, deux de ces protéines ont été associées au maintien de la stabilité du génome du chloroplaste. On ignore cependant si ces protéines sont impliquées dans la réparation de l’ADN. Notre étude chez Arabidopsis démontre que des cassures bicaténaires de l’ADN sont prises en charge dans les mitochondries et les chloroplastes par une voie de réparation dépendant de très courtes séquences répétées (de cinq à cinquante paires de bases) d’ADN. Nous avons également montré que les protéines Whirly modulent cette voie de réparation. Plus précisément, leur rôle serait de promouvoir une réparation fidèle de l’ADN en empêchant la formation de réarrangements dans les génomes de ces organites. Pour comprendre comment les protéines Whirly sont impliquées dans ce processus, nous avons élucidé la structure cristalline d’un complexe Whirly-ADN. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que les Whirly lient et protègent l’ADN monocaténaire sans spécificité de séquence. La liaison de l’ADN s’effectue entre les feuillets β de sous-unités contiguës du tétramère. Cette configuration maintient l’ADN sous une forme monocaténaire et empêche son appariement avec des acides nucléiques de séquence complémentaire. Ainsi, les protéines Whirly peuvent empêcher la formation de réarrangements et favoriser une réparation fidèle de l’ADN. Nous avons également montré que, lors de la liaison de très longues séquences d’ADN, les protéines Whirly peuvent s’agencer en superstructures d’hexamères de tétramères, formant ainsi des particules sphériques de douze nanomètres de diamètre. En particulier, nous avons pu démontrer l’importance d’un résidu lysine conservé chez les Whirly de plantes dans le maintien de la stabilité de ces superstructures, dans la liaison coopérative de l’ADN, ainsi que dans la réparation de l’ADN chez Arabidopsis. Globalement, notre étude amène de nouvelles connaissances quant aux mécanismes de réparation de l’ADN dans les organites de plantes ainsi que le rôle des protéines Whirly dans ce processus.

Régions de susceptibilité dans les remaniements du chromosome Y et mosaïcisme : facteurs de risque du développement sexuel anormal

Le développement sexuel est un processus complexe qui dépend de nombreux gènes, une mutation pouvant entraîner un développement sexuel anormal. Par ailleurs, des anomalies chromosomiques peuvent avoir des répercussions importantes sur la détermination gonadique, surtout lorsqu'il s'agit du chromosome Y puisqu'il porte le gène clé du développement sexuel masculin. Premièrement, nous avons identifié par cytogénétique moléculaire le point de cassure chez 5 patients avec une translocation X;Y et 10 patients avec un chromosome Y isodicentrique. Nous avons ainsi démontré que certaines régions sont plus à risque d'être remaniées, notamment lorsqu'elles contiennent des palindromes ou d'autres séquences répétées. Nous avons également établi une relation entre la distance séparant le centromère et le point de cassure et l'instabilité des chromosomes Y isodicentriques lors des divisions cellulaires. Deuxièmement, nous avons étudié en cytogénétique les gonades de 22 patients avec un chromosome Y normal ou remanié et présentant un développement sexuel anormal. Nous avons mis en évidence la perte du chromosome Y remanié dans une majorité de cellules gonadiques des 10 patients étudiés, expliquant leur phénotype sexuel anormal. Cependant, chez 11 des 12 patients avec un chromosome Y normal, aucun mosaïcisme expliquant clairement leur détermination gonadique anormale n'a été retrouvé. Finalement, nous avons analysé par immunohistochimie les gonades dysgénésiques de 30 patients avec une anomalie du développement sexuel et un chromosome Y normal ou remanié. Nos travaux ont montré la présence de cellules germinales immatures au sein de cordons sexuels primitifs sous forme de tissu gonadique indifférencié dans 15 gonades, dont 9 ont évolué en tumeur gonadique. Dans 13 autres gonades, ces cellules germinales immatures avaient disparues par apoptose. Dans l'ensemble, notre recherche met en évidence la susceptibilité du chromosome Y à subir des remaniements et à être instable lors des divisions cellulaires, et indique que le mosaïcisme peut avoir des répercussions sur la détermination gonadique. Nos travaux montrent également que le tissu gonadique indifférencié peut évoluer vers deux entités, une tumeur gonadique ou une bandelette suite à l'apoptose des cellules germinales, mettant en lumière la nécessité d'analyser le tissu gonadique des patients XY avec dysgénésie gonadique dont les gonades sont laissées en place.