Ganho compensatório em cordeiras na fase de recria: desempenho e medidas biométricas

Objetivou-se estudar o ganho compensatório de cordeiras submetidas a restrição alimentar e, posteriormente, a realimentação à vontade. Foram adotados dois períodos de 60 dias, de modo que, no primeiro, 18 cordeiras 7/8 Ile de France 1/8 Ideal foram distribuídas em três tratamentos, em delineamento inteiramente casualisado: sem restrição = alimentação à vontade por todo o experimento; restrição 30% = restrição alimentar de 30% em relação ao consumo do grupo sem restrição; e restrição 60% = restrição alimentar de 60% em relação ao consumo do grupo sem restrição. No segundo período, todas as cordeiras receberam alimentação à vontade. Ao final do primeiro período, as cordeiras alimentadas à vontade e aquelas sob restrição alimentar de 30%, tiveram ganho de peso corporal de 18 e 0,8%, respectivamente, enquanto aquelas sob restrição alimentar de 60% perderam 15% de peso corporal. No segundo período, todas as cordeiras ganharam peso, observando-se maior ganho naquelas sob restrição 30% (196,24 g/dia) em relação às sem restrição (116,20 g/dia). O ganho de peso desses dois grupos, no entanto, não diferiu do grupo restrição 60% (178,03 g/dia). A conversão alimentar das cordeiras alimentadas à vontade foi 10,09 e a daquelas com restrição alimentar de 30% foi de 5,97. As medidas biométricas foram semelhantes no início do experimento, mas, ao final da restrição alimentar, houve diminuição de 16% na largura do ombro, de 21% na largura da garupa, de 6,9% no perímetro torácico e de 39% na condição corporal das cordeiras do grupo restrição 60% em relação às medidas iniciais. A restrição alimentar de 60% resultou em menor consumo de MS e em peso corporal final mais baixo, ocasionando prejuízos na maioria das medidas corporais. A restrição alimentar de 30%, no entanto, pode ser indicada como alternativa de manejo alimentar para melhorar a conversão alimentar e reduzir o consumo total de alimento.

Características produtivas de novilhas submetidas à restrição alimentar e dieta suplementada com vitaminas D e E

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da restrição alimentar e de dieta de suplementação com vitaminas D e E sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça de novilhas Canchim. Vinte e quatro fêmeas, com peso vivo inicial médio de 251,95±18,49 kg, foram distribuídas em quatro tratamentos: alimentação em quantidade restrita e não restrita, com e sem suplementação de vitaminas D e E. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x2, com seis repetições. Os animais com alimentação restrita receberam, por 48 dias, 70% da dieta fornecida ao grupo de alimentação não restrita. Após o período de restrição (peso médio de 300,10 kg), eles voltaram a receber ração à vontade por mais 77 dias, até atingirem peso de abate de 380 kg. As avaliações foram feitas ao final dos períodos de restrição e de realimentação. Não foi observado efeito da restrição alimentar sobre o desempenho animal. Novilhas que não receberam suplementação vitamínica apresentaram maiores índices de fragmentação miofibrilar, luminosidade e mastigabilidade, e menor força de cisalhamento. A restrição alimentar não afeta o desempenho nem as características de carcaça das novilhas Canchim, e a suplementação com vitaminas D e E não melhora a qualidade da carne.

Performance, incidence of metabolic disturbances and endocrine variables of food-restricted male broiler chickens

1. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the productive and physiological consequences of a slight but long term food restriction of male broiler chickens from 2 commercial strains.2. Cobb-500 and Ross chickens were submitted to a 20% food restriction from 8 to 21 d of age. Strain, food programme and their interactive effects were analysed in terms of consequences upon performance, mortality, incidence of sudden death syndrome (SDS) and ascites syndrome (AS), index of right cardiac hypertrophy and plasma concentrations of hormones related to metabolism and growth (T-3, T-4, T-3:T-4 ratio, IGF-I and GH).3. Although some catch-up growth was observed by refeeding previously restricted birds after 22 d of rearing, food restriction decreased (P less than or equal to 0.05) body weight at market age (42 d) irrespective of the strain, but improved (P less than or equal to 0.05) food conversion.4. The incidence of mortality was not high in non-restricted birds but SDS and AS caused more than 50% of deaths. Hypertrophic cardiac index was observed in chickens of both strains after 4 weeks of age and was higher in ad libitum fed birds.5. During the period of food restriction, plasma T-3 and IGF-I concentrations decreased whereas plasma T-4 and GH concentrations increased compared to those of the age-matched ad libitum fed counterparts. During the subsequent ad libitum feeding period, few differences in circulating hormone concentrations were observed, except for the higher mean CH litres in previously food-restricted chickens at 35 d of age.6. These results indicate that even a non-severe food restriction negatively affects body weight of 42-d-old male broilers but these are benefits with improved food efficiency and diminished mortality from metabolic disturbances. The hormone results suggest that the degree of food restriction applied was not severe because there was a very fast adaptive response with small and transient alterations in T-3, T-4 and GH plasma concentrations during the period of compensatory growth.

Correlations Between Pre- and Post-Fasting Growth in Nile Tilapia

We tested the correlation between growth rate before and after a food deprivation phase in twelve single held Nile tilapias, Oreochromis niloticus. The experiment was divided into three phases: before food deprivation (phase 1: 15 d), food deprivation (phase 2: 12 d) and refeeding (phase 3: 15 d). The specific growth rate - SGR, food conversion efficiency - FCE and feed ingestion increased significantly during phase 3. Positive and significant correlations were found either to SGR or to feed ingestion between Phase 1 and 3 but not for FCE. The SGR on phase 3, moreover, were positively correlated to FCE and feed ingestion, while on phase 1 SGR was positively correlated to FCE only. Thus, high pre-fasting SGR or feed ingestion reflects in likewise high post-fasting SGR or feed ingestion values. Moreover, since SGR and FCE are correlated to each other in both phase 1 and 3, but phase 3 SGR is also correlated to feed ingestion; we could suppose that hyperphagic behaviour could be the main compensatory mechanism. Accordingly, we suggest that a fish with an elevated growth performance shall display a proportionally raised post-fasting growth response in order to normalize its predetermined growth trajectory and resume its normal growth rate.

Sex-specific compensatory growth in food-deprived Nile tilapia

Female Nile tilapia incubate fertilized eggs in their mouth until they are released as alevins. Consequently, the female may not eat during this period. Thus, it would be expected that female Nile tilapia are more adapted to recovering from fasting than males, which do not display this behavior. To test this hypothesis we conducted an experiment with two groups of fish consisting of 7 males and 7 females each, with one fish per aquarium. The experiment was divided into three phases involving adjustment of the animals to experimental aquaria (0-15th day), fasting (16th-27th day), and refeeding (27th-42nd day). Compensatory growth performance was assessed by specific growth rate, weight, food conversion efficiency and food intake. Food conversion efficiency increased after fasting with a similar rate for both sexes. However, specific growth rate, food intake and weight gain (%) were significantly higher in males than in females in the refeeding phase. Thus, we conclude that male Nile tilapia can compensate for a fasting period more efficiently than females, refuting our hypothesis. A possible mechanism involved in the greater male compensation is that they presented greater hyperphagia than females, concomitantly with a similar rate of food conversion efficiency for both sexes during refeeding, which would probably be provoking greater growth in males.

Messenger ribonucleic acid abundance of intestinal enzymes and transporters in feed-restricted and refed chickens at different ages

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Effects of a leucine-rich diet on body composition during nutritional recovery in rats

OBJECTIVE: Protein malnutrition is characterized by a number of morphologic and physiologic alterations, including intestinal mucosal atrophy and impaired nutrient absorption. Impaired absorption accentuates nutritional deficiency and accelerates body weight loss and changes in body chemistry. Because leucine is a ketogenic and oxidative amino acid and stimulates the protein synthesis, we examined the ability of young rats to recover from protein malnutrition by feeding them a control balanced or a leucine-rich diet for 60 d.METHODS: At the end of the 60-d period, body, liver, and muscle weights; glucose, methionine, and leucine intestinal absorption; and carcass chemical composition were evaluated.RESULTS: Body weight gain was higher in the control balanced and leucine-rich groups than in control rats, indicating that adequate refeeding allows body weight to recover in these groups. Methionine and glucose absorptions were impaired in malnourished rats but were restored after nutritional recovery. The leucine-rich diet resulted in an increase in carcass collagen nitrogen but maintained the carcass structural nitrogen.CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that leucine supplementation during nutritional recovery from protein malnutrition improves protein carcass restoration. However, the precise mechanism of the leucine effects involved in this response remains to be elucidated.

Long-term starvation effects on Mus musculus hepatocyte nuclear phenotypes

Starvation is a physiologic stress and can significantly alter the structure of hepatic cells. This work aims to detect morphological changes in mice hepatocyte under starvation physiologic stress, based on silver staining technique. Fourteen 21 day old male mice (Mus musculus) were used, 5 as control, 5 submitted to 72 hours of starvation, and 4 were refed during 72 hours after 72 hours of starvation. After liver imprint, 15 nuclei per mouse and their respective nucleoli were outlined in millimetric paper and their areas were obtained. The results, in mm2, were transformed into μm2. The number of nucleoli per nuclei were also counted. After starvation, a statistically significant rise in nuclear and nucleolar areas occurred and no significant increase in the number of nucleoli was observed. The refeeding caused a partial recovery of the nuclear area, no significant change in the nucleolar area and a statistically significant increase in the number of nucleoli. Therefore, starvation can be considered as a modifier agent of the chromatinic structure, leading to an increase of the nuclear and nucleolar areas probably due to an increment of RNA and protein synthesis. The recovery of the stress (refeeding) did not presented a decrease of nucleolar area and evidenced a nucleoli fragmentation, probably to increase more the protein synthesis and/or due to its cycle during the interphase.

Efeito da restrição alimentar inicial e da temperatura ambiente sobre o desenvolvimento de vísceras e ganho compensatório em frangos de corte

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Composição corporal e índices biométricos do pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Osteichthyes, Characidae) submetido a ciclos alternados de restrição alimentar e realimentação

The present paper evaluated, through hepatosomatic/mesenteric fat indexes and body composition, the pacu energy utilization when submitted to alternated food restriction/refeeding cycles during the growout period. Juveniles were distributed in three pounds and submitted to different feeding programs: A (ad libitum daily feeding), B (4-week feeding restriction and 9-week refeeding) and C (6-week feeding restrictions and 7-week refeeding), totaling 13 weeks for each cycle (4 experimental cycles). At the end of the periods, fish were sampled to obtain biometrics and biochemical data. The results showed that, during the first two cycles, C treatment obtained the best compensatory growth. Carcass lipid and water contents were inversely related, with body fat decrease. Fishes under B and C treatment during food restriction utilized liver and mesentery energy stores. These parameters were re-established in the refeeding phase, in all cycles.

Parâmetros produtivos, fisiológicos e imunológicos de juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) submetidos à restrição alimentar e estresse de manejo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Expressão de genes relacionados ao crescimento muscular durante a restrição alimentar e relacionamento em juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Efeito do jejum e da realimentação sobre as funções metabólicas da tartaruga Kinosternon scorpioides (LINNAEUS, 1776) criada em cativeiro

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estratégia alimentar, teores de carboidratos dietéticos, desempenho e respostas fisiológicas do pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Digestive enzymatic responses of chickens feed-restricted and refed as affected by age

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)