Electroanalytical Method for the Analysis of Methyldopa In Pharmaceutical Tablets Using a Crude Extract of Laccase from Pycnoporus sanguineus as Oxidizing Agent

Several colorimetric and chromatographic methods have been used for the identification and quantification of methyldopa (MA) in pharmaceutical formulations and clinical samples. However, these methods are time- and reagent-consuming, which stimulated our efforts to develop a simple, fast, and low-cost alternative method. We carried out an electroanalytical method for the determination of MA in pharmaceutical formulations using the crude enzymatic extract of laccase from Pycnoporus sanguineus as oxidizing agent. This method is based on the biochemical oxidation of MA by laccase (LAC), both in solution, followed by electrochemical reduction on glassy carbon electrode surface. This method was employed for the determination of MA in pure and pharmaceutical formulations and compared with the results obtained using the official method. A wide linear curve from 23 x 10(-5) to 1 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) was found with a detection limit calculated from 43 x 10(-6) mol L(-1).

Flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of tetracycline and doxycycline in pharmaceutical formulations using chloramine-T as oxidizing agent

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influence of the coloring agent concentration on bleaching gel and pulp chamber temperatures during dental bleaching

This study evaluated the Influence of the coloring agent concentration on the temperature of the gel layer and pulp chamber during dental bleaching with an LED/laser light source. Ten human incisors and a digital thermometer with K-type thermocouples were used. Using a high-speed spherical diamond bur, endodontic access was gained through openings on the lingual faces until pulp chamber was exposed. One end of the thermocouple was placed on the labial surface (immersed in bleaching gel) and the other end in the pulp chamber. The same 10 specimens were used in the 12 groups, according to the type and concentration of bleaching gel. Each bleaching gel was used in four different concentrations: manipulated without coloring, with normal quantity recommended by the manufacturer, with double the recommended amount of coloring, and with triple the recommended amount of coloring. The temperature rise was measured every 30 seconds for three minutes with a K-type thermocouple. The data were analyzed by ANOVA to examine the concentration and type of bleaching gel. This test was followed by Tukey's test, which was performed Independently for the gel at the labial surface and the pulp chamber (a = 5%). For both surfaces, values of p = 0.00 were obtained for all factors and for the Interaction between them. The varying concentrations of coloring agent produced statistically significant differences in terms of temperature increase for both the gel layer and the pulp chamber during activation.

Photoinduced DNA and Protein Cleavage Activity of Ferrocene-Conjugated Ternary Copper(II) Complexes

Ferrocene-conjugated ternary copper(II) complexes [Cu(L)(B)](ClO4)(2), where L is FcCH(2)N(CH2Py)(2) (Fc = (eta(5)-C5H4)Fe-II(eta(5)-C5H5)) and B is a phenanthroline base, viz., 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, 1), 1, 10-phenanthroline (phen, 2), dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq, 3), and dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz, 4), have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The bpy complex 1, as its hexafluorophosphate salt, has been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The molecular structure shows the copper(II) center having an essentially square-pyramidal coordination geometry in which L with a pendant ferrocenyl (Fc) moiety and bpy show respective tridentate and bidentate modes of binding to the metal center. The complexes are redox active, showing a reversible cyclic voltammetric response of the Fc(+)-Fc couple near 0.5 V vs SCE and a quasi-reversible Cu(II)-Cu(I) couple near 0.0 V. Complexes 2-4 show binding affinity to calf thymus (CT) DNA, giving binding constant (K-b) values in the range of 4.2 x 10(4) to 2.5 x 10(5) M-1. Thermal denaturation and viscometric titration data suggest groove binding and/or a partial intercalative mode of binding of the complexes to CT DNA. The complexes show good binding propensity to the bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein, giving K-BSA values of similar to 10(4) M-1 for the bpy and phen complexes and similar to 10(5) M-1 for the dpq and dppz complexes. Complexes 2-4 exhibit efficient chemical nuclease activity in the presence of 3-mercapto-propionic acid (MPA) as a reducing agent or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidizing agent. Mechanistic studies reveal formation of hydroxyl radicals as the reactive species. The dpq and dppz complexes are active in cleaving supercoiled (SC) pUC19 DNA on photoexposure to visible light of different wavelengths including red light using an argon-krypton mixed gas ion laser. Mechanistic investigations using various inhibitors reveal the fort-nation of hydroxyl radicals in the DNA photocleavage reactions. The dppz complex 4, which shows efficient photoioduced BSA cleavage activity, is a potent multifunctional model nuclease and protease in the chemistry of photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer.

Ultrasonic Degradation of Poly(acrylic acid)

The ultrasonic degradation of poly(acrylic acid), a water-soluble polymer, was studied in the presence of persulfates at different temperatures in binary solvent Mixtures of methanol and water. The degraded samples were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography for the time evolution of the molecular weight distributions. A continuous distribution kinetics model based on midpoint chain scission was developed, and the degradation rate coefficients were determined. The decline in the rate of degradation of poly(acrylic acid) with increasing temperature and with an increment in the methanol content in the binary solvent mixture of methanol and water was attributed to the increased vapor pressure of the solutions. The experimental data showed an augmentation of the degradation rate of the polymer with increasing oxidizing agent (persulfate) concentrations. Different concentrations of three persulfates-potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, and sodium persulfate-were used. It was found that the ratio of the polymer degradation rate coefficient to the dissociation rate constant of the persulfate was constant. This implies that the ultrasonic degradation rate of poly(acrylic acid) can be determined a priori in the presence of any initiator.

Macroporous metal oxide foams through self-sustained combustion reactions

A number of macroporous metal oxide foams were prepared through self-sustained combustion reactions starting from dough made of the corresponding metal nitrate, urea and starch. The nitrate ion acts as an oxidizing agent, urea as fuel and starch as an organic binder. The metal oxide foams are characterized by scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction.

Efficient synthesis of carbonyl compounds: oxidation of azides and alcohols catalyzed by vanadium pentoxide in water using tert-butylhydroperoxide

Catalytic amount of vanadium reagent with tert-butylhydroperoxide as the oxidant was found to be an excellent oxidizing agent in aqueous medium. Vanadium pentoxide with aq tert-butylhydroperoxide readily oxidizes primary benzylic azides to the corresponding acids and secondary benzylic azides to the corresponding ketones in excellent yields. Further, vanadium pentoxide and aq tert-butylhydroperoxide combination turned out to be an effective catalyst for the oxidation of alcohols. Using vanadium pentoxide and aq tert-butylhydroperoxide primary alcohols were oxidized to the corresponding acids, whereas secondary alcohols underwent a smooth transformation to furnish corresponding ketones in excellent yields. All the oxidations are performed in water. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes on Electrical and Structural Properties of Polyaniline

Polyaniline (PANI) and PANI/CNT (multiwall carbon nanotubes, CNT) composites were prepared using an oxidative chemical polymerization method with ammonium persulfate and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid as the oxidizing agent and surfactant, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectra illustrate the presence of PANI in the composite and show that some interaction exists between PANI and CNT. Embedding of CNT in the PANI matrix is confirmed by scanning electron micrography. Conductivity of the PANI/CNT composites was higher than that of pure PANI, and the maximum conductivity obtained was 4.44 S/cm at 20 wt.% CNT.

Particle fluid mechanics in shear flows, acoustic waves, and shock waves

Three different categories of flow problems of a fluid containing small particles are being considered here. They are: (i) a fluid containing small, non-reacting particles (Parts I and II); (ii) a fluid containing reacting particles (Parts III and IV); and (iii) a fluid containing particles of two distinct sizes with collisions between two groups of particles (Part V).

Part I

A numerical solution is obtained for a fluid containing small particles flowing over an infinite disc rotating at a constant angular velocity. It is a boundary layer type flow, and the boundary layer thickness for the mixture is estimated. For large Reynolds number, the solution suggests the boundary layer approximation of a fluid-particle mixture by assuming W = W_p. The error introduced is consistent with the Prandtl’s boundary layer approximation. Outside the boundary layer, the flow field has to satisfy the “inviscid equation” in which the viscous stress terms are absent while the drag force between the particle cloud and the fluid is still important. Increase of particle concentration reduces the boundary layer thickness and the amount of mixture being transported outwardly is reduced. A new parameter, β = 1/Ω τ_v, is introduced which is also proportional to μ. The secondary flow of the particle cloud depends very much on β. For small values of β, the particle cloud velocity attains its maximum value on the surface of the disc, and for infinitely large values of β, both the radial and axial particle velocity components vanish on the surface of the disc.

Part II

The “inviscid” equation for a gas-particle mixture is linearized to describe the flow over a wavy wall. Corresponding to the Prandtl-Glauert equation for pure gas, a fourth order partial differential equation in terms of the velocity potential ϕ is obtained for the mixture. The solution is obtained for the flow over a periodic wavy wall. For equilibrium flows where λ_v and λ_T approach zero and frozen flows in which λ_v and λ_T become infinitely large, the flow problem is basically similar to that obtained by Ackeret for a pure gas. For finite values of λ_v and λ_T, all quantities except v are not in phase with the wavy wall. Thus the drag coefficient C_D is present even in the subsonic case, and similarly, all quantities decay exponentially for supersonic flows. The phase shift and the attenuation factor increase for increasing particle concentration.

Part III

Using the boundary layer approximation, the initial development of the combustion zone between the laminar mixing of two parallel streams of oxidizing agent and small, solid, combustible particles suspended in an inert gas is investigated. For the special case when the two streams are moving at the same speed, a Green’s function exists for the differential equations describing first order gas temperature and oxidizer concentration. Solutions in terms of error functions and exponential integrals are obtained. Reactions occur within a relatively thin region of the order of λ_D. Thus, it seems advantageous in the general study of two-dimensional laminar flame problems to introduce a chemical boundary layer of thickness λ_D within which reactions take place. Outside this chemical boundary layer, the flow field corresponds to the ordinary fluid dynamics without chemical reaction.

Part IV

The shock wave structure in a condensing medium of small liquid droplets suspended in a homogeneous gas-vapor mixture consists of the conventional compressive wave followed by a relaxation region in which the particle cloud and gas mixture attain momentum and thermal equilibrium. Immediately following the compressive wave, the partial pressure corresponding to the vapor concentration in the gas mixture is higher than the vapor pressure of the liquid droplets and condensation sets in. Farther downstream of the shock, evaporation appears when the particle temperature is raised by the hot surrounding gas mixture. The thickness of the condensation region depends very much on the latent heat. For relatively high latent heat, the condensation zone is small compared with Ʌ_D.

For solid particles suspended initially in an inert gas, the relaxation zone immediately following the compression wave consists of a region where the particle temperature is first being raised to its melting point. When the particles are totally melted as the particle temperature is further increased, evaporation of the particles also plays a role.

The equilibrium condition downstream of the shock can be calculated and is independent of the model of the particle-gas mixture interaction.

Part V

For a gas containing particles of two distinct sizes and satisfying certain conditions, momentum transfer due to collisions between the two groups of particles can be taken into consideration using the classical elastic spherical ball model. Both in the relatively simple problem of normal shock wave and the perturbation solutions for the nozzle flow, the transfer of momentum due to collisions which decreases the velocity difference between the two groups of particles is clearly demonstrated. The difference in temperature as compared with the collisionless case is quite negligible.

Resposta adaptativa e efeitos das substâncias oxidantes - K2TeO3, H2O2 e paraquate - na produção de biofilme de amostras de Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolados de origens diversas

A difteria é uma doença imunoprevinível que permanece endêmica em diversas regiões do mundo. Além dos casos de difteria clássica, doenças invasivas como endocardite, osteomielite, pneumonia e infecções relacionadas à cateter, tem acometido indivíduos adultos parcialmente imunizados. A natureza multifatorial dos fatores de virulência que favorecem a formação de biofilme e sobrevivência em macrófagos tem sido evidenciada para o Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Entretanto, escassos são os trabalhos que investigaram a influência de condições ambientais na virulência do patógeno. Uma vez que agentes oxidantes são capazes de gerar radicais livres e levar ao estresse oxidativo que, consequentemente, podem resultar em resposta adaptativa e influenciar na formação do biofilme e na virulência bacteriana, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar os efeitos do peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), paraquate e telurito de potássio (K2TeO3) em propriedades biológicas de cepas de C. diphtheriae de origens diversas. Os resultados demonstraram que as amostras de C. diphtheriae apresentaram níveis de resistência ao K2TeO3, H2O2 e paraquate, porém em intensidades variadas e independentes da capacidade de produção da toxina diftérica. Algumas amostras, toxinogênicas ou não, isoladas do trato respiratório superior demonstraram resposta adaptativa para H2O2 passando, portanto, a expressar resistência aumentada após uma prévia exposição ao referido agente oxidante. C. diphtheriae não exibiu respostas adaptativas para o K2TeO3 e paraquate. C. diphtheriae foi capaz de produzir biofilme na superfície de substratos abióticos de natureza hidrofílica (vidro) e hidrofóbica (poliestireno) na presença de agentes oxidantes K2TeO3, H2O2 e paraquate. A presença dos agentes oxidantes influenciou na formação de biofilme de algumas amostras. O paraquate inibiu a produção de biofilme de todas amostras. A amostra TR241 teve a produçao de biofilme inibida na presença dos três agentes oxidantes analisados. Por outro lado, a presença de H2O2 e do K2TeO3 estimulou a produção de biofilme de algumas amostras. Para todas as amostras de C. diphtheriae testadas, independentes das origens, biotipos e da capacidade de produção de toxina diftérica, os ensaios moleculares indicaram a presença de sequências gênicas cromossômicas homólogas, codificadores da proteína DIP 0906 (TeR) e da proteína DIP 1421 (OxyR), envolvidos na resistência ao telurito e na proteção contra o estresse oxidativo, respectivamente. Não foi observada correlação da suscetibilidade e a resposta adaptativa aos agentes oxidantes com as diferentes características bacterianas: origem, sítio de isolamento, produção de toxina diftérica, metabolização de sacarose e produção de biofilme. Em conclusão, o estresse oxidativo foi capaz de influenciar fatores de virulência do C. diphtheriae, como a capacidade de produçao de biofilme, que podem estar contribuindo para a patogenia da difteria clássica assim como de doenças invasivas causadas por cepas atoxinogênicas.

Composite beta-AgVO3@V5+1.6V4+0.4O4.8 hydrogels and xerogels for catalytic applications

Comunicación (Poster) en panel del congreso: Designing New Heterogeneous Catalysts, Faraday Discussion, 4–6 April 2016. London, United Kingdom.

Microcalorimetric investigation of the toxic action of Cr(VI) on the metabolism of Tetrahymena thermophila BF5 during growth

Tetrahymena thermophila BF5 produce heat by metabolism and movement. Using a TAM air isothermal microcalorimeter, the power-time curves of the metabolism of T thermophila BF5 during growth were obtained and the action on them by the addition of Cr(VI) were studied. The morphological change with Cr(VI) coexisted and biomass change during the process of T thermophila BF5 growth were studied by light microscope. Chromium has been regarded as an essential trace element for life. However, hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen, mutagen, cytotoxicant and strong oxidizing agent. Cr(VI) of different concentration have different effects on T thermophila BF5 growth with the phenomenon of low dose stimulation (0-3 x 10(-5) mol L-1) and high dose inhibition (3 x 10(-5) to 2.4 x 10(-4) mol L-1). The relationship between the growth rate constant (k) and c is a typical U-shaped curve, which is a characteristic of hormesis. T thermophila BF5 cannot grow at all when the concentration of Cr(VI) is up to 2.4 x 10(-4) mol L-1. The microscopic observations agree well with the results obtained by means of microcalorimetry. And T thermophila BF5 had obviously morphological changes by the addition of Cr(VI). (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Síntese e aplicações catalíticas na funcionalização de alcanos de novos compostos com polioxometalatos e catiões orgânicos

A presente dissertação, que no seu conjunto se propõe apresentar o estudo de oxidação de compostos orgânicos com peróxido de hidrogénio na presença dos aniões do tipo Keggin, mono-substituídos por MnIII e FeIII, sob a forma de sais de tetra-n-butilamónio (TBA) e suportados em matriz de sílica funcionalizada, enquanto vital método de obtenção de importante precursores de síntese orgânica, tem na sua base o trabalho de Doutoramento desenvolvido no Departamento de Química da Universidade de Aveiro. Os compostos preparados e testados em sistema homogéneo foram os sais de TBA dos aniões de Keggin, de fórmula geral [XW11M(H2O)O39]n-, onde X = P, Si ou B e M = MnIII e FeIII. Em sistema heterogéneo foram testados diferentes materiais, que diferem entre si na matriz de sílica. Assim, fez-se a heterogeneização de [PW11Fe(H2O)O39]4- em sílica funcionalizada com catiões de césio e grupos propilamónio; [BW11Fe(H2O)O39]6- e [SiW11Fe(H2O)O39]5- foram imobilizados em sílica contendo grupos aminopropilo e o anião [PW11Mn(H2O)O39]4- foi suportado em sílica quimicamente modificada com grupos alquilamónio. Os substratos orgânicos estudados incluem o 1H-indeno, 1,2-di-hidronaftaleno, etilbenzeno, cumeno, p-cimeno, sec-butilbenzeno, 1- e 2-etilnaftaleno, cis-cicloocteno e ciclooctano. Paralelamente usaram-se alguns outros substratos, quando necessário obter esclarecimentos mecanísticos. A tese assenta numa estrutura composta por 7 capítulos. Na primeira, faz-se uma abordagem aos polioxometalatos e às reacções de oxidação de hidrocarbonetos, com particular destaque no uso de polioxometalatos em catálise oxidativa e também no uso de peróxido de hidrogénio como oxidante. A eficiência catalítica dos aniões de Keggin mono substituídos por MnIII e FeIII, em sistema homogéneo foi avaliada na oxidação de compostos orgânicos característicos, nomeadamente de ciclo-alcenilbenzenos, alquilbenzenos, ciclo-alquilbenzenos e hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos com H2O2, em acetonitrilo. Os resultados destes estudos encontram-se descritos nos capítulos dois, três e quatro desta tese. Estes compostos mostraram-se catalisadores eficientes e selectivos para a oxidação de alcanos e alcenos. O quinto capítulo da tese prossegue com a síntese, caracterização e eficiência catalítica dos polioxotungstatos referidos anteriormente imobilizados numa matriz de sílica funcionalizada com iões césio (SiO2-Cs), grupos aminopropilo (SiO2–(CH2)3NH2) ou trietilpropilamónio (SiO2-(CH2)3N(Et)3). A actividade catalítica destes compostos foi estudada utilizando o cis-cicloocteno e ciclooctano como substratos padrão. A oxidação de cis-clicoocteno originou o epóxido com 100% de selectividade e o catalisador foi reutilizado durante 4 ciclos com elevada eficiência. No sexto capítulo, são descritas as metodologias experimentais de síntese dos novos compostos, as condições catalíticas, a instrumentação e demais métodos e procedimentos usados. No sétimo e último capítulo, tecem-se as conclusões finais e apresentam-se algumas perspectivas de trabalho futuro utilizando o sistema, POM/H2O2, usado neste trabalho.

Effect of photodynamic therapy on the virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus are Gram-positive bacteria who integrate the human microbiota. Nevertheless, these bacteria can be pathogenic to the humans. Due to the increasing occurrence of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus new approaches to control this pathogen are necessary. The antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation process (PDI) is based in the combined use of a light source, an oxidizing agent like oxygen and an intermediary agent (a photosensitizer). These three components interact to form cytotoxic reactive oxygen species that irreversibly damage vital constituents of the microbial cells and ultimately lead to cell death. In fact, PDI is being shown to be a promising alternative to the antibiotic approach in the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms. However, information on effects of photosensitization on particular virulence factors is strikingly scarce. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of PDI on virulence factors of S. aureus. For this, as photosensitizer the 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin tetra-iodide (Tetra-Py+-Me) and six strains of S. aureus (one reference strain, one strain with 1 enterotoxin, two strains with 3 enterotoxins and two strains resistant to methicillin, MRSA – one with 5 enterotoxins and the other without enterotoxins) were used. The effect of photosensitization on catalase activity, beta hemolysis, lipases, thermonuclease, enterotoxins, coagulase production and resistance to methicillin was assessed. The results indicate that the expression of some virulence factors in the cells subjected to this therapy is affected. Additionally the susceptibility of the strains to PDI did not decrease upon successive treatments.

The fourth extracellular loop of the alpha subunit of Na,K-ATPase. Functional evidence for close proximity with the second extracellular loop.

Na,K-ATPase is the main active transport system that maintains the large gradients of Na(+) and K(+) across the plasma membrane of animal cells. The crystal structure of a K(+)-occluding conformation of this protein has been recently published, but the movements of its different domains allowing for the cation pumping mechanism are not yet known. The structure of many more conformations is known for the related calcium ATPase SERCA, but the reliability of homology modeling is poor for several domains with low sequence identity, in particular the extracellular loops. To better define the structure of the large fourth extracellular loop between the seventh and eighth transmembrane segments of the alpha subunit, we have studied the formation of a disulfide bond between pairs of cysteine residues introduced by site-directed mutagenesis in the second and the fourth extracellular loop. We found a specific pair of cysteine positions (Y308C and D884C) for which extracellular treatment with an oxidizing agent inhibited the Na,K pump function, which could be rapidly restored by a reducing agent. The formation of the disulfide bond occurred preferentially under the E2-P conformation of Na,K-ATPase, in the absence of extracellular cations. Using recently published crystal structure and a distance constraint reproducing the existence of disulfide bond, we performed an extensive conformational space search using simulated annealing and showed that the Tyr(308) and Asp(884) residues can be in close proximity, and simultaneously, the SYGQ motif of the fourth extracellular loop, known to interact with the extracellular domain of the beta subunit, can be exposed to the exterior of the protein and can easily interact with the beta subunit.