32 resultados para niacin


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Micronutrients play an important role in biological processes for wastewater treatment. Many industrial wastewaters lack in nutrients required for microbial growth, and this is one of the problems at many activated sludge plants treating them. In this study, the effects of the micronutrient niacin on the COD removal rates of textile wastewater, together with the effect of Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) on niacin, were studied. Certain improvement effects were found on the removal rates of COD, when 0.5 similar to 2.0 mg/L niacin was added to the textile wastewater. The optimal concentration of niacin was 1.0 mg/L, which was continuously added during textile wastewater treatment, and removal rates were 1.31 times compared to those of the control system. The concentration of MLSS was probably one of the factors influencing treatment efficiency, and the biological performance of treatment system could be optimized through micronutrient niacin supplements.

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We previously found high carotenoid levels in Karat and other Micronesian bananas, indicating potential importance for alleviating vitamin A deficiency and other nutritionally related health problems in the Federated States of Micronesia. Past work focused on carotenoid and mineral analyses, whereas here we investigated 16 cultivars (most not previously analysed) for a broader micronutrient profile, including seven vitamins. Karat carotenoid levels were higher than in previous analyses, confirming Karat as exceptionally carotenoid-rich. We identified an additional 10 carotenoid-rich cultivars, expanding the range having potential for alleviating vitamin A deficiency. A striking finding is the high riboflavin level in Karat, including high levels of uncharacterized flavonoids. Niacin and α-tocopherol are at levels that may contribute importantly to dietary intake within normal patterns of consumption. These data present a more complete basis for promoting the nutritional benefits of these banana cultivars where they are consumed in the Pacific, and potential benefits for promoting elsewhere.

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Vitamins are organic substances which are present in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs and which are essential for normal physiological functions. The short review gives an overview on the vitamin content in fish and discusses the influence of industrial production and household cooking. The vitamin contents in fish depend on the species and vary considerably. Fish is a rich source of vitamin D and B12. Some species contain also considerable amounts of niacin, vitamin B6 and vitamin E.

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The object of this study was to determine the value of physical, bacteriological and chemical tests used to find out and compare the indices of quality of prawns stored at 0°C and at 18°C. pH value, nature of drip, the total bacterial count, presence or absence of tryptophan, trimethylamine content, glycogen, lactic acid, vitamins such as thiamin, riboflavin and niacin were estimated periodically to evaluate the quality of prawns stored at 0°C, whereas in addition to organoleptic changes, pH, bacterial count, nature of growth in peptone water, soluble protein in salt solution and loss of moisture, glycogen, lactic acid, and changes in vitamin B contents were noted periodically for prawns stored at -l8°C. Riboflavin and niacin were not affected appreciably but the retention of thiamin in prawns was very low.

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The changes occurring in moisture, thiamine, riboflavin niacin, phosphorus, iron and calcium in pomfret, surmai and frozen mackerel, glazed with ascorbic acid, citric acid, sodium chloride, glucose, sodium nitrite and kept under frozen storage were studied up to 6 months and results reported.

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Micronutrients play a very important role in biological processes for wastewater treatment. Many industrial wastewaters lack in nutrients (macronutrients and micronutrients) required for microbial growth, and this is one of the main problems at many activated sludge plants treating industrial wastewater. The microbial community structure is one of the important factors controlling the pollutant-degrading capacity of biological wastewater treatment system. In this study, the concentrations of micronutrients of the textile wastewater discharged from a textile plant were determined, and the effects of micronutrients on treatment efficiency and microorganism community structure of the biological treatment system were studied. The results showed that the optimal concentrations of magnesium, molybdenum, zinc, thiamine and niacin in the textile wastewater were 5.0, 2.0, 1.0, 1.0 and 1.0mg/L, respectively. The COD removal rates when magnesium, molybdenum, zinc, thiamine and niacin were added individually to the wastewater in their optimal concentrations were 1.8, 1.4, 1.3, 1.6 and 2.2 times of that of the control, respectively. The improving effects of combinations of zinc and thiamine, zinc and niacin, thiamine and niacin were better than single micronutrient. The diversity of quinones (DQ) changed significantly after the micronutrient was added into the wastewater treatment system. This indicated that there was probably a feasibility of optimizing the biological treatment performances and microorganism community structure of textile wastewater treatment system through micronutrient supplement.

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Nicotinic acid is one of the most effective agents for both lowering triglycerides and raising HDL. However, the side effect of cutaneous flushing severely limits patient compliance. As nicotinic acid stimulates the GPCR GPR109A and Gi/Go proteins, here we dissected the roles of G proteins and the adaptor proteins, beta-arrestins, in nicotinic acid-induced signaling and physiological responses. In a human cell line-based signaling assay, nicotinic acid stimulation led to pertussis toxin-sensitive lowering of cAMP, recruitment of beta-arrestins to the cell membrane, an activating conformational change in beta-arrestin, and beta-arrestin-dependent signaling to ERK MAPK. In addition, we found that nicotinic acid promoted the binding of beta-arrestin1 to activated cytosolic phospholipase A2 as well as beta-arrestin1-dependent activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and release of arachidonate, the precursor of prostaglandin D2 and the vasodilator responsible for the flushing response. Moreover, beta-arrestin1-null mice displayed reduced cutaneous flushing in response to nicotinic acid, although the improvement in serum free fatty acid levels was similar to that observed in wild-type mice. These data suggest that the adverse side effect of cutaneous flushing is mediated by beta-arrestin1, but lowering of serum free fatty acid levels is not. Furthermore, G protein-biased ligands that activate GPR109A in a beta-arrestin-independent fashion may represent an improved therapeutic option for the treatment of dyslipidemia.

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Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular complications in persons with diabetes. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is the 'cornerstone' for assessment of lipoprotein-associated risk. However, LDL-C levels do not reflect the classic 'diabetic dyslipidemia' of hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Measurements of plasma apolipoprotein B100 concentrations and non-HDL-C may improve the definition of dyslipidemia. Statins, nicotinic acid and fibrates have roles in treating dyslipidemia in diabetes. Residual risk (i.e. risk that persists after correction of 'conventional' plasma lipoprotein abnormalities) is a new concept in the role of dyslipidemia in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. For example, regardless of plasma levels, lipoprotein extravasation through a leaking retinal blood barrier and subsequent modification may be crucial in the development of diabetic retinopathy. The current approach to the management of dyslipidemia in diabetes is briefly summarized, followed by a discussion of new concepts of residual risk and emerging lipoprotein-related mechanisms for vascular disease in diabetes.

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Ce projet découle du Canadian Sport Centre Dietary Study qui avait pour objectif d’évaluer les habitudes de consommation de suppléments alimentaires chez les athlètes canadiens et de déterminer si des différences régionales existaient. Un nombre de sujets était prédéterminé pour chaque province en considération du nombre d’athlètes identifiés comme Excellence, Élite ou Relève par les Centres d’entraînement nationaux et les organismes gouvernementaux. Pour ce mémoire, seules les données associées aux athlètes du Québec ont été considérées. Quarante-trois athlètes ont répondu à un questionnaire sur l’utilisation des suppléments alimentaires, 71 ont fourni un journal alimentaire de trois jours et 42 parmi ces derniers ont remis les deux documents. La prévalence d’utilisation des suppléments alimentaires était de 90,7%. Les utilisateurs consommaient en moyenne 3,35 produits différents, particulièrement des boissons énergétiques (48,8%), des multivitamines-minéraux (37,2%), des produits de santé naturels (37,2%) et des suppléments de protéines en poudre (34,9%). Les athlètes souhaitaient maintenir leur santé (27,9%) et améliorer leur niveau d’énergie (27,9%) ou leur récupération (25,6%). Les sources d’information citées étaient les entraîneurs physiques (25,6%), la famille ou les amis (16,3%) et les coéquipiers (16,3%). Les sujets se procuraient ces produits dans les épiceries (16,3%), les pharmacies (14,0%) et les magasins spécialisés (9,3%). Soixante-dix pour cent des sujets croyaient que l’arrêt de l’utilisation des suppléments alimentaires n’aurait aucun impact sur leurs performances ou ne savaient pas comment cela les influencerait. Ils démontraient un vif intérêt au sujet de l’efficacité (69,8%), la légalité (55,8%) et la sécurité (53,5%) de ces produits. Des sujets qui utilisaient un supplément de protéines, 81% présentaient un apport alimentaire supérieur à leurs besoins. L’utilisation de suppléments de multivitaminesminéraux permettait de combler l’apport insuffisant en calcium et en folate, mais pas en potassium. Nos résultats soulignent que ces utilisateurs présentaient des apports dépassant l’apport maximal tolérable pour le sodium, le magnésium, la niacine, le folate, la vitamine A et le fer. Nous pouvons donc conclure que ces deux types de suppléments alimentaires n’étaient pas utilisés d’une façon pertinente.

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The role of low-density lipoprotein in the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) is well recognised. There is also growing evidence that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a powerful inverse predictor for premature CHD and that maintaining a high HDL-C level may guard against atherosclerosis. Patients with low HDL-C levels often also have central obesity, insulin resistance and other features of the metabolic syndrome. This syndrome is both increasingly common and strongly implicated in the growing worldwide epidemic of type 2 diabetes. HDL-C may be increased by lifestyle changes, e.g. weight loss, physical activity and smoking cessation. Pharmacological agents such as fibrates, niacin and statins have also been shown significantly to elevate HDL-C. Although current guidelines are beginning to recognise the protective role of HDL-C level in preventing coronary events, HDL-C should be adopted soon as a target for intervention in its own right.

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Objective: To estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake among adolescents and the association between socio-economic variables and nutritional status. Design: Cross-sectional study with a population-based sample. Settings: The usual nutrient intake distribution was estimated using the Iowa State University method. The Estimated Average Requirement cut-off point method was used to determine the proportion of adolescents with inadequate intake for each nutrient, according to sex, income, parental educational level and nutritional status. Subjects: Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were applied in 525 male and female Brazilian adolescents aged 14-18 years. Results: The highest prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake was observed for vitamin E (99% in both sexes). For male and female adolescents, the prevalence of inadequate intake was: Mg, 89% and 84%; vitamin A, 78% and 71 %; vitamin C, 79% and 53%; and vitamin B(6), 21% and 33%, respectively. The prevalence of inadequate intake for niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, Se, Cu and vitamin B(12) was <15 %. Individuals in the lower income and lower parental educational level strata had the highest risk of having inadequate intake for P, riboflavin and vitamins A, B(6) and B(12). Compared with non-overweight individuals, overweight individuals had a higher risk of inadequate intake for Mg, vitamin A, P, thiamin and riboflavin. Conclusions: The present study found a high prevalence of inadequate intake of nutrients that are recognised as being protective against chronic diseases. Adolescents in the lower income and lower parental educational level strata were less likely to have their nutrient intake requirements met.

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A carnitina, uma amina quaternária (3-hidroxi-4-N-trimetilamino-butirato), é sintetizada no organismo (fígado, rins e cérebro) a partir de dois aminoácidos essenciais: lisina e metionina, exigindo para sua síntese a presença de ferro, ácido ascórbico, niacina e vitamina B6. Tem função fundamental na geração de energia pela célula, pois age nas reações transferidoras de ácidos graxos livres do citosol para mitocôndrias, facilitando sua oxidação e geração de adenosina Trifosfato. A concentração orgânica de carnitina é resultado de processos metabólicos - como ingestão, biossíntese, transporte dentro e fora dos tecidos e excreção - que, quando alterados em função de diversas doenças, levam a um estado carencial de carnitina com prejuízos relacionados ao metabolismo de lipídeos. A suplementação de L-carnitina pode aumentar o fluxo sangüíneo aos músculos devido também ao seu efeito vasodilatador e antioxidante, reduzindo algumas complicações de doenças isquêmicas, como a doença arterial coronariana, e as conseqüências da neuropatia diabética. Por esse motivo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever possíveis benefícios da suplementação de carnitina nos indivíduos com necessidades especiais e susceptíveis a carências de carnitina, como os portadores de doenças renais, neuropatia diabética, síndrome da imunodefeciência adquirida e doenças cardiovasculares.

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Origin and importance. Acerola, or Malpighia emarginata D. C., is native to the Caribbean islands, Central America and the Amazonian region. More recently, it has been introduced in subtropical areas (Asia, India and South America). The vitamin C produced by acerola is better absorbed by the human organism than synthetic ascorbic acid. Exportation of acerola crops is a potential alternative source of income in agricultural businesses. In Brazil, the commercial farming of acerola is quite recent. Climatic conditions. Acerola is a rustic plant. It can resist temperatures close to 0 degrees C, but it is well adapted to temperatures around 26 degrees C with rainfall between (1200 and 1600) mm per year. Fruit characteristics. Acerola fruit is drupaceous, whose form can vary from round to conic. When ripe, it can be red, purple or yellow. The fruit weight varies between (3 and 16) g. Maturation. Acerola fruit presents fast metabolic activity and its maturation occurs rapidly. When commercialised in ambient conditions, it requires fast transportation or the use of refrigerated containers to retard its respiration and metabolism partially. Production and productivity. Flowering and fruiting are typically in cycles associated with rain. Usually, they take place in 25-day cycles, up to 8 times per year. The plant can be propagated by cuttings, grafting or seedlings. Harvest. Fruits produced for markets needs to be harvested at its optimal maturation stage. For distant markets, they need to be packed in boxes and piled up in low layers; transportation should be done in refrigerated trucks in relatively high humid conditions. Biochemical constituents. Acerola is the most important natural source of vitamin C [(1000 to 4500) mg.100(-1) g of pulp], but it is also rich in pectin and pectolytic enzymes, carotenoids, plant fibre, vitamin B, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, proteins and mineral salts. It has also shown active anti-fungal properties. Products and market. Acerola is used in the production of juice, soft drinks, gums and liqueurs. The USA and Europe are great potential markets. In Europe, acerola extracts are used to enrich pear or apple juices. In the USA, they are used in the pharmaceutical industry. Conclusions. The demand for acerola has increased significantly in recent years because of the relevance of vitamin C in human health, coupled with the use of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant in food and feed. Acerola fruit contains other significant components, which are likely to lead to a further increase in its production and trade all over the world.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of combined and single monensin and niacin on the productive performance of crossbred young bulls (european/zebu) aged 11 months and initial average liveweight of 248 kg. The experimental design was a factorial randomized arrangement. The treatments were: T1-check, T2-niacin, T3-monensin and T4-niacin+monensin. All the treatments were isoproteic (11 %CP) and isoenergetic (78% TDN), composed of 57.3% roughage and 42.7% concentrate (soybean meal, maize, minerals and buffer). Data was collected over a period of 85 days, with liveweight measured every 28 days. It was conclued that, for this diet, the single supplementation of niacin does not increase the performance of bulls, and therefor it is not recommended. However, the ionophore monensin, single or on in combination with niacin, improves the performance of the animals up to 56 days of feedlot.