Motion Sickness

Over 2000 years ago the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote, “sailing on the sea proves that motion disorders the body.” Indeed, the word “nausea” derives from the Greek root word naus, hence “nautical,” meaning a ship. The primary signs and symptoms of motion sickness are nausea and vomiting. Motion sickness can be provoked by a wide variety of transport environments, including land, sea, air, and space. The recent introduction of new visual technologies may expose more of the population to visually induced motion sickness. This chapter describes the signs and symptoms of motion sickness and different types of provocative stimuli. The “how” of motion sickness (i.e., the mechanism) is generally accepted to involve sensory conflict, for which the evidence is reviewed. New observations concern the identification of putative “sensory conflict” neurons and the underlying brain mechanisms. But what reason or purpose does motion sickness serve, if any? This is the “why” of motion sickness, which is analyzed from both evolutionary and nonfunctional maladaptive theoretic perspectives. Individual differences in susceptibility are great in the normal population and predictors are reviewed. Motion sickness susceptibility also varies dramatically between special groups of patients, including those with different types of vestibular disease and in migraineurs. Finally, the efficacy and relative advantages and disadvantages of various behavioral and pharmacologic countermeasures are evaluated.

A Phase II Biomarker-Embedded Study of Lapatinib plus Capecitabine as First-line Therapy in Patients with Advanced or Metastatic Gastric Cancer

An exploratory phase II biomarker-embedded trial (LPT109747; NCT00526669) designed to determine the association of lapatinib-induced fluoropyrimidine gene changes with efficacy of lapatinib plus capecitabine as first-line treatment for advanced gastric cancer or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma independent of tumor HER2 status. Tumor biopsies obtained before and after 7-day lapatinib (1,250 mg) to analyze changes in gene expression, followed by a 14-day course of capecitabine (1,000 mg/m(2) twice daily, 14/21 days) plus lapatinib 1,250 mg daily. Blood samples were acquired for pharmacokinetic analysis. Primary clinical objectives were response rate (RR) and 5-month progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary objectives were overall survival (OS), PFS, time to response, duration of response, toxicity, and identification of associations between lapatinib pharmacokinetics and biomarker endpoints. Primary biomarker objectives were modulation of 5-FU-pathway genes by lapatinib, effects of germline SNPs on treatment outcome, and trough steady-state plasma lapatinib concentrations. Sixty-eight patients were enrolled; (75% gastric cancer, 25% gastroesophageal junction). Twelve patients (17.9%) had confirmed partial response, 31 (46.3%) had stable disease, and 16 (23.9%) had progressive disease. Median PFS and OS were 3.3 and 6.3 months, respectively. Frequent adverse events included diarrhea (45%), decreased appetite (39%), nausea (36%), and fatigue (36%). Lapatinib induced no changes in gene expression from baseline and no significant associations were found for SNPs analyzed. Elevated baseline HER3 mRNA expression was associated with a higher RR (33% vs. 0%; P = 0.008). Lapatinib plus capecitabine was well tolerated, demonstrating modest antitumor activity in patients with advanced gastric cancer. The association of elevated HER3 and RR warrants further investigation as an important player for HER-targeted regimens in combination with capecitabine

Symptom Clusters and Survival in Portuguese Patients with Advanced Cancer

This study aimed to identify clusters of symptoms, to determine the patient characteristics associated with identified, and determine their strength of association with survival in patients with advanced cancer (ACPs). Consecutively eligible ACPs not receiving cancer-specific treatment, and referred to a Tertiary Palliative Care Clinic, were enrolled in a prospective cohort study. At first consultation, patients rated 9 symptoms through the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (0-10 scale) and 10 others using a Likert scale (1-5). Principal component analysis was used in an exploratory factor analysis to identify. Of 318 ACPs, 301 met eligibility criteria with a median (range) age of 69 (37-94) years. Three SCs were identified: neuro-psycho-metabolic (NPM) (tiredness, lack of appetite, lack of well-being, dyspnea, depression, and anxiety); gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, constipation, hiccups, and dry mouth) and sleep impairment (insomnia and sleep disturbance). Exploratory factor analysis accounted for 40% of variance of observed variables in all SCs. Shorter survival was observed for patients with the NPM cluster (58 vs. 23, P < 0.001), as well as for patients with two or more SCs (45 vs. 21, P = 0.005). In a multivariable model for survival at 30-days, age (HR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.97-0.99; P = 0.008), hospitalization at inclusion (HR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.47-3.51; P < 0.001), poorer performance status (HR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.24-2.89; P = 0.003), and NPM (HR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.17-2.31; P = 0.005), were associated with worse survival. Three clinically meaningful SC in patients with advanced cancer were identifiable. The NPM cluster and the presence of two or more SCs, had prognostic value in relation to survival.

Does the nasogastric tube has a role in elective colo-rectal surgery?

Introduction. Routine use of nasogastric tubes (NGT) after abdominal operations is intended to hasten the return of bowel function, diminish the risk of anastomotic leakage and prevent pulmonary complications. The aim of our study was to prospectively assess the tolerability and the safety of the non use of NGT after elective colorectal open operations. Patients and methods. Between March 2009 and December 2010, 110 consecutive patients underwent colo-rectal elective open surgery for neoplasm without nasogastric decompression. We analyzed the incidence of nausea and vomiting, the pulmonary complications, the return of bowel function the deep wound breakdown (fascial dehiscence) and the anastomotic leakage. Results. Only 15 patients (13,6%) reported nausea without vomiting immediately after surgery and 9 cases of vomiting were observed (8%), requiring the insertion of the NGT (nasogastric tube) in 5 (4,5%). A total of 105 patients (96,3%) were NGT free. No deep wound dehiscence was observed and only one real pneumonia occurred. Anastomotic dehiscence occured in 4 patients (3,6%) and a second surgical procedure was needed in three cases. The return of bowel function, except in the last four patients, occurred in 3,8 days average (range 2-7 days). Conclusion. We confirm the uselessness of the NGT in the framework of fast track program adopted in elective open colo-rectal surgery.

Laparoscopic treatment of mucinous adenocarcinoma of jejunum associated with celiac disease. Case report

Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the small bowel is very rare, and only few cases have been described in the literature. Association of this tumor with celiac disease has never been published. The authors report a unique case of jejunal mucinous adenocarcinoma in which a concomitant celiac disease has been histologically recognized. The difficult diagnosis, the role of laparoscopic surgery and the relationship between small bowel tumors and celiac disease are discussed. A 49-year-old man presented with recurrent melena, nausea, vomiting and anemia. A stenosis of the jejunum was documented by means of CT scan and video capsule enteroscopy. A laparoscopy was scheduled. A tumor, found in the first jejunal loop, was removed by laparoscopic surgery. Histopathology revealed a rare mucinous adenocarcinoma associated with epithelial changes secondary to celiac disease. Although small bowel tumors are rare entity, in patients with celiac disease complaining of symptoms related to altered intestinal transit or occult bleeding, an appropriate work-up should be planned for diagnosis. Mucinous type intestinal adenocarcinoma, even if never published before, could be observed. Laparoscopic surgery is often essential for the diagnosis and treatment.

Variaciones de tensión arterial, frecuencia cardíaca, oximetría de pulso e incidencia de náusea y vómito postoperatorios producidos por la asociación propofol + fentanil vs. tiopental + fentanil en legrado uterino instrumental, Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso, Cuenca 2007

Especialista en Anestesiología

Predictores de náusea y vómitos postoperatorios, Hospitales Vicente Corral Moscoso, José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca 2010

Determinar la incidencia de PONV e identificar los factores predictores en pacientes operados bajo AGB. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Con un diseño descriptivo de corte transversal se incluyeron 299 pacientes, de ambos sexos, de 18 a 70 años, ASA I, II, IIIsometidos a anestesia general balanceada para identificar los facores predictores de PONV.RESULTADOS: Se encontró una incidencia de 23.7% de pacientes que presentaron vómito luego de recibir anestesia general balanceada. La población de estudio estuvo representada por un 59.9% de mujeres, de instrucción en su mayoría secundaria 58.5%, que no tienen hábito de fumar 84.6%, sin antecedentes de PONV 88.3%,la cirugía laparoscópica fue el tipo de cirugía más frecuente 33.8%,en su gran mayoría 71.9% los pacientes fueron menores de 30 años y mayor de 40 años, y la duración de la cirugía en su mayoría tuvo un tiempo superior a los 90 minutos en 62.5%. La cirugía ginecológica, el antecedente de PONV, la cirugía ortopédica, la condición de no fumar, el sexo, la duración de la cirugía fueron los predictores más significativos, analizados aisladamente, con un OR entre 2.1 y 46.1 y una P altamente significativa. La edad, y el tipo de cirugía laparoscópica tienen un OR mayor a la unidad pero una P no significativa. La cirugía abdominal, neurocirugía y resto de cirugías consideradas sin riesgo tienen un OR menor a la unidad. Cabe recalcar que en nuestro estudio se encontró que la instrucción superior tiene un OR mayor a 1 y una P altamente significativa, siendo este un hallazgo de nuestro trabajo. En un análisis de regresión logística los factores fueron: Cirugía ginecológica OR 46.1(IC 95%:5.88-362.2) P 0.001, Antecedente de PONV OR 34.8 (IC:95%10.5-115)P 0.001, cirugía ortopédica OR 8.1 (IC 95%: 2.55-25.7) P 0.001, duración de la cirugía OR 2.9 (IC 95%: 1.1-7.2)P0.02.au

Dexametasona para el tratamiento de la náusea y vómito postoperatorio (PONV), Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso, Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca 2010 /

Objetivo: Determinar los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que acuden a la Fundación DONUM, de la ciudad de Cuenca 2011. Métodos y materiales: Es un estudio descriptivo, en el que se valoró el impacto de una intervención educativa sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en el cuidado integral del cuerpo, alimentación, ejercicio y tratamiento que poseen un grupo de personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que asisten a la Fundación DONUM. Se trabajó con los pacientes que acuden al control en el año 2010-2011de la Fundación DONUM de la ciudad de Cuenca. Como técnicas se utilizó la entrevista a través de una encuesta y observación directa e indirecta, y como instrumentos contaremos con un formulario de observación previamente validado. Los datos fueron procesados en los programas Excel y se presentó mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Mediante esta investigación se identificó que el 20% de los pacientes diabéticos desconocen sobre la diabetes, los cuidados y las complicaciones, lo cual influye directamente en la evolución de la enfermedad. Según la investigación realizada es importante recalcar que los conocimientos que tengan los pacientes sobre la diabetes mellitus, permitirá prevenir complicaciones y mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Conclusión: Según los resultados obtenidos a través de las encuestas podemos decir que los pacientes diabéticos que asisten a la Fundación Donum tienen un alto déficit de conocimientos de lo que es la diabetes, cuidados, y complicaciones, por lo que es de gran importancia realizar charlas educativas con más frecuencia para de esta forma mejorar sus conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas.au

Guillain-Barré Syndrome with Absent Brainstem Reflexes: a Case Report

A 41-year-old man was admitted to an intensive care unit following respiratory arrest. One day prior to admission, he had complaints of nausea and pain involving lower limbs. On the night of admission he developed diplopia, dysphagia, and rapidly progressive quadriparesis. He developed respiratory failure requiring mechanical lung ventilation 24 hours later. On the fifth day of hospital stay the patient became comatose with absent brainstem reflexes and appeared to be brain dead. The cerebrospinal fluid showed albuminocytological dissociation. The electroencephalogram revealed an alpha rhythmical activity. The electrophysiological evaluation revealed an inexcitability of all nerves. Guillain-Barré syndrome was suspected. With supportive treatment the patient had a remarkable recovery and now is able to independently conduct his daily activities.

Ancient Bruises: a Case of Skin Lesions due to Vitamin C Deficiency

Scurvy was a common 18th century disease caused by vitamin C deficiency. It presents with multiple non-specific symptoms and can lead to capillary fragility due to impaired collagen synthesis. We report the case of a 63-year-old woman who presented with fatigue, nausea and progressive skin lesions consisting of multiple ecchymoses on the legs as also described in the diary drawings of a navy doctor in the 19th century. The ascorbic acid level was undetectable low in the patient’s serum. However, treatment with 500 mg ascorbic acid daily dramatically improved the skin lesions within 5 days.

Efficacy and safety of patisiran for familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy: a phase II multi-dose study

BACKGROUND: Transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis is an inherited, progressively debilitating disease caused by mutations in the transthyretin gene. This study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of multiple doses of patisiran (ALN-TTR02), a small interfering RNA encapsulated within lipid nanoparticles, in patients with transthyretin-mediated familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP).

Acute Cholecystitis as a Complication After Colonoscopy: A Case Report and Literature Review

Acute cholecystitis after colonoscopy is a rare event, with less than 10 cases described in the literature. We report the case of a male patient with silent gallstones who underwent colonoscopy for follow-up of his Crohn’s disease. The colonoscopy revealed erosions in the terminal ileum, from which biopsies were taken. A sessile polyp 4 mm in diameter at the recto-sigmoid junction was also removed. Less than 24 h after the colonoscopy, the patient complained of upper right quadrant pain, nausea and vomiting. Based on the clinical findings, laboratory data and ultrasonography, we diagnosed acute cholecystitis and excluded any complication after the colonoscopy. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed and the patient was discharged.

Caracterización clínico - epidemiológicas de los pacientes con cáncer gástrico en el Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social

El cáncer gástrico es una de las neoplasias malignas más frecuentes a nivel mundial, la segunda causa de muerte por cáncer a nivel mundial, y la octava causa de muerte en los Estados Unidos debido a neoplasias, es por tanto, un problema que afecta tanto a los países desarrollados como a los países en vías de desarrollo. A nivel mundial es más frecuente en la sexta década de la vida, con una incidencia mayor en el sexo femenino, además se han descrito diversos factores de riesgo asociados a la aparición de dicha neoplasia. Dentro de la presentación clínica podemos encontrar la pérdida de peso y el dolor abdominal como las presentaciones clínicas más frecuentes del cáncer gástrico. La mayoría de pacientes son diagnosticados en estadios avanzados de la enfermedad. Con el presente estudio se determinó el comportamiento de los pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer gástrico del Hospital Oncológico del ISSS en el período enero de 2012 a diciembre de 2013, mediante un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, tomando como población a todos los pacientes con cáncer gástrico del ISSS diagnosticados en dicho periodo. Con los datos obtenidos se concluyó que la edad media de los pacientes con cáncer gástrico es de 63.4 años, los síntomas más frecuentes en pacientes con cáncer gástrico en orden decreciente de frecuencia son dolor abdominal, pérdida de peso, nausea, vómito, melenas y saciedad temprana; al examen físico los hallazgos más frecuentemente reportados son palidez y presencia de masa abdominal palpable; los datos más frecuentemente observados en exámenes de laboratorio son anemia (normo-normo) y alteraciones de AST y ALT. Se diagnostican en un estadio 0= 0%, IA= 1.41%; IB= 5.63%; IIA=14.08%; IIB= 11.27%; IIIA= 18.31%; IIIB= 7.04%; IIIC= 4.23% y IV=38.03%. Además el adenocarcinoma tubular, seguido del carcinoma de células en anillo de sello son los tipos histológicos más frecuentes.

Despertar anestésico con remifentanilo versus sin remifentanilo en los pacientes del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso. Cuenca, 2013

OBJETIVO: Comparar el despertar anestésico con remifentanilo y sin remifentanilo en los pacientes sometidos a anestesia general. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio clínico aleatorizado simple ciego de 140 pacientes sometidos a anestesia general balanceada. Se dividieron en dos grupos iguales, al grupo A (n=70) se le retiró el remifentanilo 10 minutos antes y el grupo B (n=70) recibió remifentanilo en infusión continua a dosis de 0.05 ug/kg/min hasta la extubación. RESULTADOS: Las variables edad, peso, talla, presión arterial media y frecuencia cardíaca basales entre ambos grupos no tuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas, con una p>0.05. En el grupo “A” durante el despertar anestésico, la presión arterial media en la extubación y 5 minutos después fueron mayores con respecto al grupo “B”, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0.009 y p=0.01). La náusea fue el efecto adverso que presentó diferencia significativa en el grupo que recibió remifentanilo, con una p=0.023. El grupo que presentó con más frecuencia y más intensidad la tos fue el grupo “A”, con una p=0.047 y p=0.005 respectivamente. En cuanto a la frecuencia cardíaca y al tiempo del despertar no tuvieron diferencia en los grupos. CONCLUSIONES: El grupo que recibió remifentanilo tuvo una menor presión arterial media, frecuencia e intensidad de la tos, que el grupo que no recibió remifentanilo, con igual tiempo en el despertar y escasos efectos adversos

Acute Psychosis as Major Clinical Presentation of Legionnaires’ Disease

We report a case of a 61-year-old woman who presented with acute psychosis as a major manifestation of Legionnaires’ disease in the absence of other neuropsychiatric symptoms. Clinical history revealed dry cough and nausea. Observation showed fever and auscultation crackles in the lower lobe of the right lung. Laboratory testing demonstrated elevated C-reactive protein and lung chest radiograph showed patchy peribronchial and right lower lobe consolidation. Soon after admission, she started producing purulent sputum. Epidemiological data suggested Legionella pneumophila as possible cause of the clinical picture that was confirmed by urinary antigen detection and polymerase chain reaction of the sputum. She was treated with levofloxacin 750 mg/day for 10 days with complete remission of pulmonary and psychiatric symptoms. She has not had further psychotic symptoms.