A closer look beneath the surface: Various facets of the think-manager-think-male stereotype

Previous research has indicated that successful managers are perceived as possessing characteristics that belong to a global masculine stereotype. This study was designed to compare the gender-stereotypical perception of leadership by investigating global and leadership-specific gender stereotypes and contrasting self-perception and the perceptionby others. Descriptive and prescriptive norms were analyzed and abilities studied in a leadership context. The sample consists of 215 management students, and the results indicate an impact of gender stereotypes on the perception of leadership by women and men. Ratings of the importance of leadership characteristics yielded a less gender-stereotypic view, especially by female participants. In their self-evaluations women and men did not differ in the degree in which they possess person- and task-oriented skills. They also did not differ in their ratings of the importance of possessing these skills themselves. Finally, women reported that they possess task-oriented abilities more seldom than such abilities were attributed to leaders-in-general.

Das deutsche Volk an die sogenannte deutsche Bundes-Versammlung: Zum ersten Male seit mehr denn 30 Jahren vernimmt mit billigem Erstaunen das deutsche Volk die Stimme der Bundes-Versammlung ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Zurückweisung des Aufrufs der Bundesversammlung zur Eintracht und Beachtung der Gesetze vom 1. März 1848. "Das deutsche Volk erkennt ... keinen Bundestag und keine ... seiner Beschlüsse mehr an." Sollten die Forderungen des Volkes nach Pressefreiheit, einem 'allgemeinen' Parlament, Aufhebung der stehenden Heere und allgemeiner Volksbewaffnung nicht unverzüglich bewilligt werden, "so wird die Zukunft beweisen, daß es [das Volk] auf anderm Wege noch mehr zu bekommen versteht." Aufruf zur Einheit Deutschlands unter den schwarz-rot-goldenen Farben. (Inhaltlich identisch mit Sf 16/106, Nr. 2b u. 2c)

Das deutsche Volk an die sogenannte deutsche Bundesversammlung: Zum ersten Male seit mehr denn 30 Jahren vernimmt mit billigem Erstaunen das deutsche Volk die Stimme der Bundesversammlung ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Zurückweisung des Aufrufs der Bundesversammlung zur Eintracht und Beachtung der Gesetze vom 1. März 1848. "Das deutsche Volk erkennt ... keinen Bundestag und keine ... seiner Beschlüsse mehr an." Sollten die Forderungen des Volkes nach Pressefreiheit, einem 'allgemeinen' Parlament, Aufhebung der stehenden Heere und allgemeiner Volksbewaffnung nicht unverzüglich bewilligt werden, "so wird die Zukunft beweisen, daß es [das Volk] auf anderm Wege noch mehr zu bekommen versteht." Aufruf zur Einheit Deutschlands unter den schwarz-rot-goldenen Farben. (Inhaltlich identisch mit Sf 16/106, Nr. 2a u. 2c)

EMAS position statement: Testosterone replacement therapy in the aging male‏.

INTRODUCTION Late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) represents a common clinical entity in aging males, characterized by the presence of symptoms (most usually of a sexual nature, such as decreased libido, decreased spontaneous erections and erectile dysfunction) and signs, in combination with low serum testosterone concentrations. Whether testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) should be offered to those individuals is still under extensive debate. AIMS The aim of this position statement is to provide and critically appraise evidence on TRT in the aging male, focusing on pathophysiology and characteristics of LOH, indications for TRT, available therapeutic agents, monitoring and treatment-associated risks. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature review and consensus of expert opinion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Diagnosis and treatment of LOH is justified, if a combination of symptoms of testosterone deficiency and low testosterone is present. Patients receiving TRT could profit with regard to obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, sexual function and osteoporosis and should undergo scheduled testing for adverse events regularly. Potential adverse effects of TRT on cardiovascular disease, prostate cancer and sleep apnea are as yet unclear and remain to be investigated in large-scale prospective studies. Management of aging men with LOH should include individual evaluation of co-morbidities and careful risk versus benefit assessment.

DIRECT EFFECT OF MELATONIN UPON THE RELEASE OF GONADOTROPINS FROM THE SUPERFUSED PITUITARY GLAND OF THE MALE GOLDEN HAMSTER

The pineal gland is known to be light sensitive and to be involved in the seasonal reproduction of male golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus. In general, the pineal gland has been demonstrated to be inhibitory to the reproductive system of the male golden hamster. Melatonin is a pineal hormone which can mimic the action of the pineal gland upon the reproductive system. However, the actual site(s) of melatonin action in the hamster has not been demonstrated. In this study a direct effect of melatonin on the release of FSH and LH from superfused hamster pituitary glands was investigated.^ The superfused pituitary glands showed a stable in vitro basal release of FSH and LH for up to 10 hours. The superfused pituitaries demonstrated reproducible responses to repeated pulses of 10('-8) M LHRH, and a dose-dependent response to stimulation with different concentrations of LHRH.^ Melatonin inhibited the basal release of FSH and LH from superfused hamster pituitary glands. This effect of melatonin was specific and not a general indolamine or catecholamine effect.^ The superfused pituitaries had a diurnal differential responsiveness to physiological concentrations of melatonin with respect to FSH and LH release which were related to the light cycle used to maintain the experimental animals. A LD 14:10 photoperiod cycle was used with light on from 5 a.m. till 7 p.m.. With pituitary glands obtained at 8:30 a.m., the basal release of FSH exhibited an initial inhibition, a gradual rebound at approximately two hours after the beginning of melatonin superfusion, and a significant overshoot of FSH release after the cessation of infusion with melatonin (Morning Response). If the pituitary glands were obtained from hamsters which were sacrificed at 3:30 p.m., the release rate of FSH exhibited an inhibition during the entire period of melatonin infusion with a rebound effect appearing only after melatonin infusion was discontinued (Afternoon Response). There was no significant difference in the responsiveness of the pituitary gland to infusion with melatonin at either 8:30 a.m. or 3:30 p.m. with respect to LH release. Also, melatonin could not inhibit the gonadotropins response to continuous superfusion with 10('-9) M LHRH in pituitaries obtained at either 8:30 a.m. or 3:30 p.m., nor inhibit the stimulatory effect of pulsatile 10('-9) M LHRH. . . . (Author's abstract exceeds stipulated maximum length. Discontinued here with permission of author.) UMI^

Children's Perceptions of Male and Female Athletes as Presented in Sports Illustrated for Kids

Despite gains made by Title IX in the past 36 years, including increased female participation in high school and collegiate sport, there is evidence that gender equity in sport is not fully achieved. Researchers target the media because they tend to shape social values and disseminate information to the masses (Kane, 1978, in Fink & Kensicki, 2002). As sports become more pervasive, framing theory has become particularly relevant. The purpose of this study is to build on the Hardin et al. (2002) study by examining the relationship among media sports coverage, gender equity in sport and the perceptions young sports fans begin to form about gender and sport based on media consumption. The researcher hypothesized that since women face discrimination in sport starting from the time that they choose to participate, children will perceive male athletes and their sports as more legitimate. Additionally, the media play a major role in shaping the views of audiences, so the way that they represent male and female athletes, including juxtaposing them, may have an impact on children. The researcher conducted a content analysis of 24 Sports Illustrated for Kids issues from 1996 to 1999 and 24 issues from 2006 to 2007. The researcher analyzed the content of photographs (N=3219) and of headlines (N=762) by using the definitions determined by Hardin et al. (2002). We found that there is a disproportionate amount of coverage devoted to male athletes and that the discrepancy between media representation between men and women in sport has grown since the mid-1990s. This study also includes a focus group conducted with three children from a community swimming program in a northeastern town and found that those children were acutely aware of the differences between men and women in sport based on the discussion. The researcher does not attempt to find a causal relationship between these children’s perceptions and the way media represents them, but rather uses the focus group to complement the content analysis. As children become sports consumers in later life, future research exploring the relationship between children’s perceptions and the media’s representations need to be done before causality and the significance of media effects are determined.

Zwei alte arabische Übersetzungen des Buches Ruth : zum ersten Male herausgegeben und mit Anmerkungen versehen

Moritz Peritz

Zwei alte arabische Übersetzungen des Buches Ruth : zum ersten Male herausgegeben und mit Anmerkungen versehen

Moritz Peritz

Zwei alte arabische Übersetzungen des Buches Ruth : zum ersten Male herausgegeben und mit Anmerkungen versehen

Moritz Peritz

Zwei alte arabische Übersetzungen des Buches Ruth : zum ersten Male herausgegeben und mit Anmerkungen versehen

Moritz Peritz

Zwei alte arabische Übersezungen des Buches Ruth : zum ersten Male herausgegeben und mit Anmerkungen versehen

Moritz Peritz

Zwei alte arabische Übersetzungen des Buches Ruth : zum ersten Male herausgegeben und mit Anmerkungen versehen

Moritz Peritz

Zwei alte arabische Übersetzungen des Buches Ruth : zum ersten Male herausgegeben und mit Anmerkungen versehen

Moritz Peritz

Der Jerusalemische Talmud in seinen haggadischen Bestandtheilen ; zum ersten Male ins Deutsche übertr.

von Aug. Wünsche