Influence of polymorphisms of the human glutathione transferases and cytochrome P450 2E1 enzyme on the metabolism and toxicity of ethylene oxide and acrylonitrile

A cohort of 59 persons with industrial handling of low levels of acrylonitrile is being studied as part of a medical surveillance programme. Previously, an extended haemoglobin adduct monitoring (N-(cyanoethyl)valine and N-(hydroxyethyl)-valine) was performed regarding the glutathione transferases hGSTM1 and hGSTT1 polymorphisms but no influence of hGSTM1 or hGSTT1 polymorphisms on specific adduct levels was found. A compilation of case reports of human accidental poisonings had pointed to significant individual differences in human acrylonitrile metabolism and toxicity. Therefore, a re-evaluation of the industrial cohort included known polymorphisms of the glutathione transferases hGSTM3 and hGSTP1 as well as of the cytochrome P450 CYP2E1. A detailed statistical analysis revealed that exposed carriers of the allelic variants of hGSTP1, hGSTP1*B/hGSTP1*C, characterized by a single nucleotide polymorphism at nucleotide 313 which results in a change from Ile to Val at codon 104, had higher levels of the acrylonitrile-specific haemoglobin adduct N-(cyanoethyl)valine compared to the carriers of the codon 113 alleles hGSTP1*A and hGSTP1*D. The single nucleotide polymorphism at codon 113 of hGSTP1 (hGSTP1*A/hGSTP1*B versus hGSTP1*C/hGSTP1*D) did not show an effect, and also no influence was seen on specific haemoglobin adduct levels of the polymorphisms of hGSTM3 or CYP2E1. The data, therefore, point to a possible influence of a human enzyme polymorphism of the GSTP1 gene at codon 104 on the detoxication of acrylonitrile which calls for experimental toxicological investigation. The study also confirmed the impact of GSTT1 polymorphism on background N-(hydroxyethyl)-valine adduct levels in haemoglobin which are caused by endogenous ethylene oxide.

Morbilidad laboral en el sector agrícola en trabajadores afiliados a una administradora de riesgos laborales (ARL) de Colombia, durante el periodo 2011-2012.

Este estudio muestra la prevalencia por enfermedad laboral de un grupo de trabajadores afiliados a una ARL en Colombia. Compara la morbilidad laboral entre dos grupo de trabajadores expuestos y no expuestos al trabajo agrícola y al interior del grupo de trabajadores agrícolas agrupados en las actividades de corte de caña, cultivo de banano y flores. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal durante el periodo 2011-2012, mediante la revisión de una base de datos de morbilidad laboral. Se realizó un análisis uni-variado y Bi-variado y se comparó la morbilidad con datos sociodemográficos, grupos de trabajadores agrícolas y no agrícolas, y actividad productiva del sector agrícola. Se revisaron 3129 diagnósticos de enfermedad profesional durante el periodo de estudio, 433 diagnósticos fueron trabajadores agrícolas y 2696 pertenecieron a otros grupos de trabajadores. Los desórdenes Osteomusculares fueron los diagnósticos más prevalentes en el grupo Agro 92% y No Agro 86% y en las actividades de corte de caña, cultivo de banano y flores. Entre el grupo Agrícola y no agrícola se encontraron diferencias significativas en los siguientes diagnósticos: Síndrome del túnel del carpo, Síndrome de manguito rotador, Otras sinovitis y tenosinovitis, Lumbago no Especificado, Hipoacusia Neurosensorial Bilateral y epicondilitis lateral; de igual manera se encontraron diferencias entre las actividades de corte de caña y cultivo de banano y flores en los diagnósticos de: Epicondilitis, Sinovitis, Síndrome del túnel del Carpo y Trastorno lumbar. El factor de riesgo más prevalente en el grupo agrícola fue el Ergonómico con el 92.8% de los casos

Gli infortuni sul lavoro in Brasile. Studio nello Stato di San Paolo del Brasile, regione di Botucatu, utilizzando il metodo dell'albero delle cause

This paper discusses, within the prevaling Brazilian situation, the possibility of applying 'Causal Tree' (CT) method in investigating occupational accidents by safety personnel in the public health services and workers' unions. The method was developed during the seventies in France, for use by plant safety personnel. The authors used this method in Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in order to investigate 40 serious occupational accidents that occurred in industrial plants during the second half of 1993, that had been registered by Social Security. In these cases, the predominance of situations in which the lack of safety measures were identified by inspection indicates that in most instances, the use of CT is unnecessary. However, the authors discuss its use by safety personnel from the public health services and workers' unions to investigate certain accidents to contribute to the knowledge base and help overcome the cultural based guilt which, in Brazil, has turned the victim into the person responsible for the accident.

A People's History of Modern Europe /

From the monarchical terror of the Middle Ages to the mangled Europe of the Twenty-first Century, A People's History of Modern Europe tracks the history of the continent through the deeds of those whom mainstream history tries to forget. Europe provided the perfect conditions for a great number of political revolutions from below. The German peasant wars of Thomas Müntzer, the bourgeoisie revolutions of the eighteenth century through to the rise of the industrial worker in England and the turbulent journey of the Russian Soviets, the role of the European working class throughout the Cold War, students in 1968 and through to the present day, where we continue to fight to forge an alternative to the barbaric economic system. With sections focusing on the role of women, this history sweeps away the tired platitudes of the privileged which our current understanding is based upon, and provides an opportunity to see our history differently.

The implications of de‐collectivist industrial relations laws and associated developments for worker health and safety in Australia, 1996–2007

The institutional and regulatory interlinkages between industrial relations (IR) and occupational health and safety (OHS) are seldom explored in the IR literature. This article begins to address this gap by examining regulatory initiatives in Australia during a period of neoliberal government. It examines the laws enacted by the federal government during this period and events and cases arising from these laws that go some way to illustrating their effects. Evidence is also drawn from detailed research on a number of state OHS inspectorates between 2004 and 2006. It is argued that de-collectivist changes to IR laws exacerbated problems posed by the growth of flexible work arrangements and a drop in union density, weakening participatory provisions in OHS laws and promoting work arrangements that undermined OHS standards. The study provides evidence of the implications of a divergence in the trajectory of IR and OHS laws and the importance of better integrating worker protection laws.

Study of expenditures of retail worker[s] outside of New York City, earning minimum wage ($21 per week) Official report of Cornell University students to Industrial Commissioner Edward Corsi.

Seven students, charter members of NEw York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, conducted this study in the summer of 1946.

Progress & the Scientific Worker, Scientific, Social, Educational, Industrial

Mode of access: Internet.

Filming the Post-Fordist Worker: From Industrial Hollywood to Digital Biopolitics

Article co-authored with Dr Halligan on post-fordist work in cinema from Hollywood and 1980s films like Secret of my Success to Boss of it All and The Social Network. This article argues that new approaches to film and post-fordist work are needed and draws upon the post-autonomist thought of Hardt, Negri, Lazzarato and Virno.

Employer evasion of worker entitlements 1986-95 : what and whose?

Employer non-compliance with workers’ entitlements is an area seldom explored in Australian industrial relations, generally considered uncommon or the province of ‘rogue’ employers. This paper provides a picture of the categories of entitlements against which complaints of evasion were made in the federal industrial relations jurisdiction in Australia, between 1986 and 1995 and the characteristics of complainants. The “top 30” awards ranked by extent of underpayment recovered by the federal enforcement agency (1987-95) are also explored to support arguments that intense competition, reduced union density, precarious employment, youth and being female are strongly associated with employer evasion. The increasing prevalence of these factors in the labour market suggests that employer compliance should be more carefully explored in the Australian context.

WorkChoices, ImageChoices and the marketing of new industrial relations legislation

This article takes a critical discourse approach to one aspect of the Australian WorkChoices industrial relations legislation: the government’s major advertisement published in national newspapers in late 2005 and released simultaneously as a 16-page booklet. This strategic move was the initial stage of one of the largest ‘information’ campaigns ever mounted by an Australian government, costing more than $AUD137 million. This article analyse the semiotic (visual and graphic) elements of the advertisement to uncover what these elements contribute to the message, particularly through their construction of both an image of the legislation and a portrayal of the Australian worker. We argue for the need to fuse approaches from critical discourse studies and social semiotics to deepen understanding of industrial relations phenomena such as the ‘hard sell’ to win the hearts and minds of citizens regarding unpopular new legislation.

The cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme CYP2E1 in the biological processing of industrial chemicals : consequences for occupational and environmental medicine

The importance of the isoform CYP2E1 of the human cytochrome P-450 superfamily of enzymes for occupational and environmental medicine is derived from its unique substrate spectrum that includes a number of highly important high-production chemicals, such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, solvents and industrial monomers (i.a. alkanes, alkenes, aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons). Many polymorphic genes, such as CYP2E1, show considerable differences in allelic distribution between different human populations. The polymorphic nature of the human CYP2E1 gene is significant for inter-individual differences in toxicity of its substrates. Since the substrate spectrum of CYP2E1 includes many compounds of basic relevance to industrial toxicology, a rationale for metabolic interactions of different CYP2E1 substrates is provided. In-depth research into the inter-individual phenotypic differences of human CYP2E1 enzyme activities was enabled by the recognition that the 6-hydroxylation of the drug chlorzoxazone is mediated by CYP2E1. Studies on CYP2E1 phenotyping have pointed to inter-individual variations in enzyme activities. There are consistent ethnic differences in CYP2E1 enzyme expression, mostly demonstrated between European and Japanese populations, which point to a major impact of genetic factors. The most frequently studied genetic polymorphisms are the restriction fragment length polymorphisms PstI/RsaI (mutant allele: CYP2E1*5B) located in the 5′-flanking region of the gene, as well as the DraI polymorphism (mutant allele: CYP2E1*6) located in intron 6. These polymorphisms are partly related, as they form the common allele designated CYP2E1*5A. Striking inter-ethnic differences between Europeans and Asians appear with respect to the frequencies of the CYP2E1*5A allele (only approximately 5% of Europeans are heterozygous, but 37% of Asians are, whilst 6% of Asians are homozygous). Available studies indicate a wide variation in human CYP2E1 expression, which are very likely based on complex gene-environment interactions. Major inter-ethnic differences are apparent on the genotyping and the phenotyping levels. Selected cases are presented where inter-ethnic variations of CYP2E1 may provide likely explanations for unexplained findings concerning industrial chemicals that are CYP2E1 substrates. Possible consequences of differential inter-individual and inter-ethnic susceptibilities are related to individual expressions of clinical symptoms of chemical toxicity, to results of biological monitoring of exposed workers, and to the interpretation of results of epidemiological or molecular-epidemiological studies.

Common hazards and their mitigating measures in work zones : a qualitative study of worker perceptions

Road construction and maintenance activities present challenges for ensuring the safety of workers and the traveling public alike. Hazards in work zones are typically studied using historical crash records but the current study took a qualitative approach by interviewing 66 workers from various work zones in Queensland, Australia. This supplemented and enhanced the limited available data regarding the frequency and nature of work zone crashes in Australia, provided worker insights into contributing factors, and assessed their opinions on the likely effectiveness of current or future approaches to hazard mitigation. Workers may not be aware of objective data regarding effectiveness, but their attitudes and consequent levels of compliance can influence both the likelihood of implementation and the outcomes of safety measures. Despite the potential importance of worker perceptions, they have not been studied comprehensively to date, and thus this study fills a significant gap in the literature. Excessive vehicle speeds, driver distraction and aggression towards roadworkers, working in wet weather, at night and close to traffic stream were among the most common hazards noted by workers. The safety measures perceived to be most effective included police presence, active enforcement, and improving driver awareness and education about work zones. Worker perceptions differed according to their level of exposure to hazards.

Angiosarcoma, porphyria cutanea tarda, and probable chloracne in a worker exposed to waste oil contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

A worker developed angiosarcoma, porphyria cutanea tarda, and skin lesions characteristic of mild chloracne. About 10 years earlier he had been employed at a truck terminal in Saint Louis, Missouri, at a time when it was sprayed with waste oil contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The occurrence of these three rare conditions in a single exposed worker supports the aetiological relation between environmental exposure to TCDD and the subsequent development of soft tissue sarcoma and porphyria cutanea tarda.