Using care plans to better manage multimorbidity

BACKGROUND: The health care for patients having two or more long-term medical conditions is fragmented between specialists, allied health professionals, and general practitioners (GPs), each keeping separate medical records. There are separate guidelines for each disease, making it difficult for the GP to coordinate care. The TrueBlue model of collaborative care to address key problems in managing patients with multimorbidity in general practice previously reported outcomes on the management of multimorbidities. We report on the care plan for patients with depression, diabetes, and/or coronary heart disease that was embedded in the TrueBlue study. METHODS: A care plan was designed around diabetes, coronary heart disease, and depression management guidelines to prompt implementation of best practices and to provide a single document for information from multiple sources. It was used in the TrueBlue trial undertaken by 400 patients (206 intervention and 194 control) from 11 Australian general practices in regional and metropolitan areas. RESULTS: Practice nurses and GPs successfully used the care plan to achieve the guideline-recommended checks for almost all patients, and successfully monitored depression scores and risk factors, kept pathology results up to date, and identified patient priorities and goals. Clinical outcomes improved compared with usual care. CONCLUSION: The care plan was used successfully to manage and prioritise multimorbidity. Downstream implications include improving efficiency in patient management, and better health outcomes for patients with complex multimorbidities.

Cardiovascular alterations and management

This chapter reviews the support of cardiovascular function in the face of
many compromises to the system. It focuses on two of the most prevalent and fatal diseases affecting the heart: coronary heart disease and heart failure. These diseases are also a common comorbidity in elderly patients admitted to critical care units. The first section on coronary heart disease reviews the pathophysiological concepts of myocardial ischaemia and associated complications, with detailed consideration of the clinical implications, assessment and associated management. Heart failure is discussed in terms of the body’s compensatory mechanisms and the clinical sequelae and associated clinical features of heart failure. Nursing and medical management is outlined including the management of acute exacerbations of heart failure. Finally, other cardiovascular disorders commonly managed in critical care units are reviewed, ranging from other forms of heart failure to hypertensive emergencies and aortic aneurysms. The case study presented at the end of the chapter highlights the key aspects of the management of coronary heart disease and heart failure in patients admitted to critical care units.

Examining the prevalence of type-D personality in an Australian population

© 2015 The Australian Psychological Society. Objective: Type-D personality is a construct that describes a tendency to simultaneously experience negative emotions and inhibit self-expression for fear of negative social judgement. The link between type-D and poor health outcomes may be partly mediated by two prominent psychosocial mechanisms, poor-quality health-related behaviour and poor perceived-social support. Method: The present study replicated and extended a 2008 UK and Irish prevalence study, utilising a sample from the Australian general population. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between type-D personality and subjective levels of social support, health-related behaviours and neuroticism, as well as examining the estimated prevalence rate of type-D in the general Australian population. Nine hundred and fifty five Australian participants over the age of 18 (194 male and 761 female) completed four measures assessing levels of type-D personality, quality of health-related behaviours, perceived-social support and neuroticism. Results: As hypothesised, the estimated prevalence rate was not found to be significantly different from the rate obtained by Williams etal. (2008). In addition, type-D individuals reported significantly lower perceived-social support and poorer-quality health behaviours than non-type-D individuals. Conclusions: The results of this study provide further support for the association of type-D personality with poor health-related behaviours and poor perceived-social support, as well as demonstrating the applicability of the type-D construct to the Australian general population for the first time. General healthcare applications are discussed, as well as the potential for type-D personality research to influence public illness prevention in general.

Pro-inflammatory dietary intake as a risk factor for CVD in men: a 5-year longitudinal study

Convincing evidence has identified inflammation as an initiator of atherosclerosis, underpinning CVD. We investigated (i) whether dietary inflammation, as measured by the 'dietary inflammatory index (DII)', was predictive of 5-year CVD in men and (ii) its predictive ability compared with that of SFA intake alone. The sample consisted of 1363 men enrolled in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study who completed an FFQ at baseline (2001-2006) (excluding participants who were identified as having previous CVD). DII scores were computed from participants' reported intakes of carbohydrate, micronutrients and glycaemic load. DII scores were dichotomised into a pro-inflammatory diet (positive values) or an anti-inflammatory diet (negative values). The primary outcome was a formal diagnosis of CVD resulting in hospitalisation over the 5-year study period. In total, seventy-six events were observed during the 5-year follow-up period. Men with a pro-inflammatory diet at baseline were twice as likely to experience a CVD event over the study period (OR 2·07; 95 % CI 1·20, 3·55). This association held following adjustment for traditional CVD risk factors and total energy intake (adjusted OR 2·00; 95 % CI 1·03, 3·96). This effect appeared to be stronger with the inclusion of an age-by-DII score interaction. In contrast, SFA intake alone did not predict 5-year CVD events after adjustment for covariates (adjusted OR 1·40; 95 % CI 0·73, 2·70). We conclude that an association exists between a pro-inflammatory diet and CVD in Australian men. CVD clinical guidelines and public health recommendations may have to expand to include dietary patterns in the context of vascular inflammation.

Multicenter randomized controlled trial of a home walking intervention after outpatient cardiac rehabilitation on health-related quality of life in women

BACKGROUND: Poor health-related quality of life (HRQL) has been shown to be predictive of adverse outcomes in cardiac patients. As women with coronary heart disease have been shown to have lower HRQL than men with coronary heart disease, women are at greater risk of a poor clinical outcome. This study tested the effect of a 12-week home walking intervention after completion of outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (OCR) on HRQL and maintenance of physical activity among women. DESIGN: Multicenter two-group randomized trial. METHODS: After completion of OCR, participants were randomly allocated to the intervention or usual care groups. The outcomes were HRQL (assessed using the MacNew Heart Disease HRQL instrument) and self-reported physical activity (assessed using the Stages of Change model of exercise behavior) at 3, 6, and 12 months after OCR. RESULTS: Seventy-two women were randomized to the intervention and 81 to usual care. Attrition was greater in the treatment group (13 vs. 1%). HRQL scores increased relative to the base level in both arms and were significantly higher in the intervention group at 6 months, but not at 3 or 12 months. Maintenance of physical activity declined over time in both groups, however, this decline was significantly reduced among women in the intervention group. CONCLUSION: HRQL improved in both groups, but seemed to increase earlier among women in the intervention group. As maintenance of physical activity was higher among women in the intervention group, this minimal intervention could be used to facilitate women's progression from supervised to independent exercise.

Association between participation in outpatient cardiac rehabilitation and self-reported receipt of lifestyle advice from a healthcare provider: results of a population-based cross-sectional survey

We test the hypothesis that the odds of self-reported receipt of lifestyle advice from a health care provider will be lower among outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (OCR) nonattendees and nonreferred patients compared to OCR attendees. Logistic regression was used to analyse cross-sectional data provided by 65% (4971/7678) of patients aged 20 to 84 years discharged from public hospitals with a diagnosis indicating eligibility for OCR between 2002 and 2007. Among respondents, 71% (3518) and 55% (2724) recalled advice regarding physical activity and diet, respectively, while 88% (592/674) of smokers recalled quit advice. OCR attendance was low: 36% (1764) of respondents reported attending OCR, 11% (552) did not attend following referral, and 45% (2217) did not recall being invited. The odds of recalling advice regarding physical activity and diet were significantly lower among OCR nonattendees compared to attendees (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.21, 0.56 and OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.25, 0.44, resp.) and among nonreferred respondents compared to OCR attendees (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.07, 0.15 and OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.14, 0.22, resp.). Patients hospitalised for coronary heart disease should be referred to OCR or a suitable alternative to improve recall of lifestyle advice that will reduce the risk of further coronary events.

Patients want to know about the 'cardiac blues'

BACKGROUND: Much attention has been given to identifying and supporting the minority of patients who develop severe clinical depression after a cardiac event. However, relatively little has been given to supporting the many patients who experience transient but significant emotional disturbance that we term the 'cardiac blues'. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate patients' preferences regarding information provision about cardiac blues. METHODS: One hundred and sixty consecutive cardiac patients admitted to two Victorian hospitals in Australia were interviewed three times over six months. They were asked about emotional issues, including information provision preferences. RESULTS: Four out of five (81%) patients would like to have received information about the cardiac blues, but only a minority received this information. CONCLUSION: Most patients want to know about cardiac blues. The development and evaluation of resources for health professionals and patients to support recovery through cardiac blues appears warranted.

Simulated firefighting task performance and physiology under very hot conditions

PURPOSE: To assess the impact of very hot (45°C) conditions on the performance of, and physiological responses to, a simulated firefighting manual-handling task compared to the same work in a temperate environment (18°C). METHODS: Ten male volunteer firefighters performed a 3-h protocol in both 18°C (CON) and 45°C (VH). Participants intermittently performed 12 × 1-min bouts of raking, 6 × 8-min bouts of low-intensity stepping, and 6 × 20-min rest periods. The area cleared during the raking task determined work performance. Core temperature, skin temperature, and heart rate were measured continuously. Participants also periodically rated their perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensation. Firefighters consumed water ad libitum. Urine specific gravity (USG) and changes in body mass determined hydration status. RESULTS: Firefighters raked 19% less debris during the VH condition. Core and skin temperature were 0.99 ± 0.20 and 5.45 ± 0.53°C higher, respectively, during the VH trial, and heart rate was 14-36 beats.min(-1) higher in the VH trial. Firefighters consumed 2950 ± 1034 mL of water in the VH condition, compared to 1290 ± 525 in the CON trial. Sweat losses were higher in the VH (1886 ± 474 mL) compared to the CON trial (462 ± 392 mL), though both groups were hydrated upon protocol completion (USG < 1.020). Participants' average RPE was higher in the VH (15.6 ± 0.9) compared to the CON trial (12.6 ± 0.9). Similarly, the firefighers' thermal sensation scores were significantly higher in the VH (6.4 ± 0.5) compared to the CON trial (4.4 ± 0.4). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the decreased work output and aggressive fluid replacement observed in the VH trial, firefighters' experienced increases in thermal stress, and exertion. Fire agencies should prioritize the health and safety of fire personnel in very hot temperatures, and consider the impact of reduced productivity on fire suppression efforts.

Current approaches to obesity management in UK Primary Care: the Counterweight Programme

Background/Aims Primary care is expected to develop strategies to manage obese patients as part of coronary heart disease and diabetes national service frameworks. Little is known about current management practices for obesity in this setting. The aim of this study is to examine current approaches to obesity management in UK primary care and to identify potential gaps in care.

Method A total of 141 general practitioners (GPs) and 66 practice nurses (PNs) from 40 primary care practices participated in structured interviews to examine clinician self-reported approaches to obesity management. Medical records were also reviewed for 100 randomly selected obese patients from each practice [body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg m−2, n = 4000] to review rates of diet counselling, dietetic or obesity centre referrals, and use of anti-obesity medication. Computerized medical records for the total practice population (n = 206 341, 18–75 years) were searched to examine the proportion of patients with a weight/BMI ever recorded.

Results Eighty-three per cent of GPs and 97% of PNs reported that they would raise weight as an issue with obese patients (P < 0.01). Few GPs (15%) reported spending up to 10 min in a consultation discussing weight-related issues, compared with PNs (76%; P < 0.001). Over 18 months, practice-based diet counselling (20%), dietetic (4%) and obesity centre (1%) referrals, and any anti-obesity medication (2%) were recorded. BMI was recorded for 64.2% of patients and apparent prevalence of obesity was less than expected.

Conclusion Obesity is under-recognized in primary care even in these 40 practices with an interest in weight management. Weight management appears to be based on brief opportunistic intervention undertaken mainly by PNs. While clinicians report the use of external sources of support, few patients are referred, with practice-based counselling being the most common intervention.

Long-term cost-effectiveness of weight management in primary care

Background:  As obesity prevalence and health-care costs increase, Health Care providers must prevent and manage obesity cost-effectively.

Methods:  Using the 2006 NICE obesity health economic model, a primary care weight management programme (Counterweight) was analysed, evaluating costs and outcomes associated with weight gain for three obesity-related conditions (type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, colon cancer). Sensitivity analyses examined different scenarios of weight loss and background (untreated) weight gain.

Results:  Mean weight changes in Counterweight attenders was −3 kg and −2.3 kg at 12 and 24 months, both 4 kg below the expected 1 kg/year background weight gain. Counterweight delivery cost was £59.83 per patient entered. Even assuming drop-outs/non-attenders at 12 months (55%) lost no weight and gained at the background rate, Counterweight was ‘dominant’ (cost-saving) under ‘base-case scenario’, where 12-month achieved weight loss was entirely regained over the next 2 years, returning to the expected background weight gain of 1 kg/year. Quality-adjusted Life-Year cost was £2017 where background weight gain was limited to 0.5 kg/year, and £2651 at 0.3 kg/year. Under a ‘best-case scenario’, where weights of 12-month-attenders were assumed thereafter to rise at the background rate, 4 kg below non-intervention trajectory (very close to the observed weight change), Counterweight remained ‘dominant’ with background weight gains 1 kg, 0.5 kg or 0.3 kg/year.

Conclusion:  Weight management for obesity in primary care is highly cost-effective even considering only three clinical consequences. Reduced healthcare resources use could offset the total cost of providing the Counterweight Programme, as well as bringing multiple health and Quality of Life benefits.

Life satisfaction and morbidity among postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between morbidity and global life satisfaction in postmenopausal women taking into account type and number of diseases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 11,084 women (age range 57-66 years) from a population-based cohort of Finnish women (OSTPRE Study) responded to a postal enquiry in 1999. Life satisfaction was measured with a 4-item scale. Self-reported diseases diagnosed by a physician and categorized according to ICD-10 main classes were used as a measure of morbidity. Enquiry data on health and lifestyle were used as covariates in the multivariate logistic models.

RESULTS: Morbidity was strongly associated with life dissatisfaction. Every additional disease increased the risk of life dissatisfaction by 21.1% (p < .001). The risk of dissatisfaction was strongest among women with mental disorders (OR = 5.26; 95%CI 3.84-7.20) and neurological disorders (OR = 3.62; 95%CI 2.60-5.02) compared to the healthy (each p < .001). Smoking, physical inactivity and marital status were also associated with life dissatisfaction (each p < .001) but their introduction to the multivariate model did not attenuate the pattern of associations.

CONCLUSIONS: Morbidity and life dissatisfaction have a disease-specific and dose-dependent relationship. Even if women with mental and neurological disorders have the highest risk for life dissatisfaction, monitoring life satisfaction among aging women regardless of disorders should be undertaken in order to intervene the joint adverse effects of poor health and poor well-being.

Acesso a atendimento médico continuado : uma estratégia para reduzir a utilização de consultas não urgentes em serviços de emergência

A utilização de uma emergência por pacientes com problemas médicos eletivos contribui para a demanda excessiva e impede de acesso a pacientes com emergência verdadeira. O presente estudo se propôs: (1) investigar as características do usuário da emergência em relação a aspectos demográficos, local de moradia e tempo que apresenta os sintomas que o levaram a consultar; (2) identificar as diferenças da demanda entre o final de semana e durante a semana; (3) investigar a prevalência de saúde mental, alcoolismo, doença coronariana e hipertensão; (4) avaliar como é a utilização e o acesso a serviços de saúde para pacientes que referem ter um médico definido em comparação com quem refere não ter; (5) avaliar a satisfação dos pacientes com o atendimento na emergência e (6) verificar se o atendimento através de um médico definido ou em serviço de atenção primária em saúde diminui o afluxo de casos não urgentes aos serviços de emergência. Foi realizado um estudo transversal na Emergência do Hospital N.S. da Conceição de Porto Alegre (RS) no período de 6 de janeiro a 25 de junho de 1996, tendo sido incluídos 20 dias escolhidos entre o meio-dia de sábado e o meio-dia de domingo, para caracterizar a demanda do final de semana, e o meio-dia de segunda-feira e meio-dia de terça-feira, para a dos outros dias. Fizeram parte da amostra 553 pacientes selecionados através de amostragem aleatória sistemática, com uma taxa de resposta de 88%. A coleta de dados consistiu de questionário de 156 questões aplicado aos pacientes. O registro e análise dos dados foram realizados utilizando-se os programas Epi-Info, EGRET e SPSS. As análises incluíram tabulações simples para determinação de prevalência das condições investigadas e regressão logística para avaliar o efeito conjunto das variáveis independentes sobre cada uma das variáveis dependentes. A população que freqüenta a emergência do HNSC é composta de jovens, predominantemente do sexo feminino, mora em Porto Alegre (especialmente, no bairro Sarandi) e na Grande Porto Alegre (especialmente, Alvorada), desloca-se preferencialmente de ônibus até o serviço de emergência, vem acompanhada, na maioria das vezes, de algum familiar, e a maioria decide consultar por iniciativa própria ou por indicação de algum familiar. Os homens internam com maior freqüência. Os serviços de atenção primária representaram 23% do atendimento habitual dos pacientes. As consultas foram definidas pelos emergencistas como de emergência em 15% dos casos, de urgência em 46%, e programáveis em 39% poderiam ser programadas. A prevalência de hipertensão foi 19%; de angina, 13%; de alcoolismo, 16%; de problema psiquiátrico menor, 32% entre os homens e 51% entre as mulheres (p< 0,0001). Como desfecho da consulta, 73% dos pacientes foram encaminhados para o domicílio ou para um serviço especializado, 10% foram para sala de observação e para apenas 5% foi indicada a internação. A maioria dos pacientes referiram estar satisfeitos com o atendimento. Os que consultaram no final de semana apresentaram, em média, um tempo menor de sintomas até decidir consultar, um menor tempo de deslocamento até o serviço de emergência, maior satisfação, média de idade maior, maior proporção de moradores de Porto Alegre e foram levados de carro até a emergência mais do que aqueles que consultaram durante a semana. O modelo de regressão logística identificou as variáveis independentes determinantes de ter um médico definido: consulta habitual em atenção primária em saúde (RC=3,22 IC95%=2,04-5,09), consulta definida como emergência ou urgência (RC=2,46 IC95%=1,55-3,92) e afastamento do trabalho (RC=1,59 IC95%= 1,03-2,45). Este resultado demonstra que o paciente que habitualmente consulta em serviços de atenção primária tem mais probabilidade para ter a continuidade no atendimento. A consulta ser de emergência ou de urgência apresentou associação significativa com as seguintes variáveis independentes, após ser colocada num modelo de regressão logística: pacientes internados ou em observação (RC=5,80 IC95%=3,33-10,17), costume de consultar com o mesmo médico (RC=2,98 IC95%=1,84-4,80) e ida de carro até a emergência (RC=2,67 IC95%=1,75-4,05). A variável hábito de consultar em serviço de atenção primária deixou de ficar estatisticamente significativa ao ser colocada no modelo de regressão logística. Este resultado revela que pacientes com médico definido têm três vezes mais chances de consultar por um problema de emergência no serviço de emergência do que aqueles que não têm um médico definido. Assim, uma estratégia para reduzir a ocorrência de consultas não urgentes em serviços de emergência é o paciente ter tal vínculo. No entanto, aqueles pacientes que referiram o posto de saúde como local onde habitualmente consultam não evitam, necessariamente, a utilização de um serviço de emergência por motivo considerado como programável. É necessário otimizar o atendimento de pacientes com problemas não urgentes que chegam à emergência através de estratégias no nível de atenção primária – especialmente possibilitando o atendimento médico continuado -, onde uma abordagem integral com ênfase na prevenção garanta um atendimento de melhor qualidade e custo menor.

Ascensão e queda na mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração no século XX : a epidemia nos EUA e um inquérito epidemiológico sobre sua causa

Os fatores de risco clássicos para o desenvolvimento de doença isquêmica do coração (DIC) explicam menos de 50% da queda na mortalidade observada desde 1950. A transição em curso, do paradigma degenerativo para o inflamatório/infeccioso, requer nova interpretação causal das tendências temporais. Este é um estudo ecológico, baseado em dados dos Estados Unidos, que mostra, em homens e mulheres, uma associação entre a distribuição etária da mortalidade por influenza e pneumonia (I&P) associada à pandemia de influenza de 1918-1919 na faixa dos 10 aos 49 anos e a distribuição da mortalidade por DIC, entre 1920 e 1985, em sobreviventes das coortes de nascimento correspondentes. Mostra ainda uma correlação negativa significativa (r = -0,68, p = 0,042) entre o excesso de mortalidade por I&P acumulado em epidemias entre 1931-1940 (utilizado como indicador da persistência da circulação de vírus H1N1 aliada à vulnerabilidade à infecção) e a ordem do início do declínio na mortalidade por DIC, em nove divisões geográficas dos Estados Unidos. Os dados sugerem, à luz do conhecimento biológico atual, que a pandemia de influenza de 1918 (e as que se seguiram até 1957) pudesse ter tido papel determinante na epidemia de mortalidade por DIC registrada no século XX.

Disfunção autonômica e doença vascular periférica em pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2

A disfunção autonômica está associada com aumento da mortalidade em pacientes diabéticos, especialmente naqueles com doença cardiovascular. Neuropatia periférica, mau controle glicêmico, dislipidemia e hipertensão são alguns dos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doença vascular periférica (DVP) nestes pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os fatores de risco associados com a presença de DVP em pacientes com DM tipo 2. Um estudo transversal foi realizado em 84 pacientes com DM tipo 2 ( 39 homens, idade média de 64,9 ± 7,5 anos). Os pacientes foram submetidos a uma avaliação clínica e laboratorial. A presença de DVP foi definida, utilizando-se um um aparelho manual de ultrasom com doppler (índice perna-braço < 0,9). A atividade autonômica foi avaliada através da análise da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (HRV) por métodos no domínio do tempo e da freqüência (análise espectral), e pelo mapa de retorno tridimensional durante o período do dia e da noite. Para a análise da HRV, um eletrocardiograma de 24 horas foi gravado e as fitas analisadas em um analisador de Holter Mars 8000 (Marquete). A potência espectral foi quantificada pela área em duas bandas de freqüência: 0,04-0,15 Hz – baixa freqüência (BF), 0,015-0,5 Hz – alta freqüência (AF). A razão BF/AF foi calculada em cada paciente. O mapa de retorno tridimensional foi construído através de um modelo matemático onde foram analisados os intervalos RR versus a diferença entre os intervalos RR adjacentes versus o número de contagens verificadas, e quantificado por três índices refletindo a modulação simpática (P1) e vagal (P2 e P3). DVP estava presente em 30 (36%) pacientes. Na análise univariada, pacientes com DVP apresentaram índices que refletem a modulação autonômica (análise espectral) diminuídos quando comparados aos pacientes sem DVP, respectivamente: BF = 0,19 ± 0,07 m/s2 vs. 0,29 ± 0,11 m/s2 P = 0,0001; BF/AF = 1,98 ± 0,9 m/s2 vs. 3,35 ± 1,83 m/s2 p = 0,001. Além disso, o índice que reflete a atividade simpática no mapa de retorno tridimensional (P1), foi mais baixo em pacientes com DVP (61,7 ± 9,4 vs. 66,8 ± 9,7 unidades arbitrárias, P = 0,04) durante a noite, refletindo maior ativação simpática neste período. Estes pacientes também apresentavam uma maior duração do diabetes (20 ± 8,1 vs. 15,3 ± 6,7 anos, P = 0,006), níveis de pressão arterial sistólica (154 ± 20 vs. 145 ± 20 mmHg, P = 0,04), razão cintura-quadril ( 0,98 ± 0,09 vs.0,92 ± 0,08, P = 0,01), e níveis de HbA1c mais elevados (7,7 ± 1,6 vs. 6,9 ± 1,7 %, P = 0,04), bem como valores de triglicerídeos ( 259 ± 94 vs. 230 ± 196 mg/dl, P= 0,03) e de excreção urinária de albumina ( 685,5 ± 1359,9 vs. 188,2 ± 591,1 μ/min, P = 0,02) superiores aos dos pacientes sem DVP.. Nos pacientes com DVP observou-se uma presença aumentada de nefropatia diabética (73,3% vs. 29,6% P = 0,0001), de retinopatia (73,3% vs. 44,4% P = 0,02) e neuropatia periférica (705 vs. 35,1% P = 0,006). Os grupos não diferiram quanto à idade, índice de massa corporal, tabagismo e presença de doença arterial coronariana. Na análise logística multivariada, a DVP permaneceu associada com a disfunção autonômica, mesmo após ter sido controlada pela pressão arterial sistólica, duração do DM, HbA1c, triglicerídeos e excreção urinária de albumina. Concluindo, pacientes com DVP e DM tipo 2 apresentam índices que refletem a modulação autonômica diminuídos, o que pode representar um fator de risco adicional para o aumento da mortalidade nestes pacientes.

Terapia de reposição hormonal não altera a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em mulheres pós-menopáusicas

INTRODUÇÃO. Mulheres pós-menopáusicas apresentam maior risco de desenvolvimento de doença arterial coronariana. Estudos observacionais demonstraram que a terapia de reposição hormonal produz efeitos benéficos no perfil lipídico e na modulação autonômica cardíaca. O aumento da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC), até então atribuído à reposição hormonal, não foi testado em estudos randomizados, placebo-controlados, delineados para permitir a comparação entre as duas formas mais utilizadas de reposição hormonal. A VFC de 24 horas calculada pelo método não linear Mapa de Retorno Tridimensional permite avaliar tanto a modulação vagal como a simpática. OBJETIVOS Avaliar a modulação autonômica cardíaca de mulheres pósmenopáusicas através da análise da VFC no domínio do tempo e dos índices do Mapa de Retorno Tridimensional no ECG de 24 horas. Testar a hipótese de que a reposição hormonal contínua, seja com estradiol isolado (TRE), seja com estradiol associado à noretisterona (TRH), por um período de três meses, aumenta a VFC nessas mulheres. MÉTODOS Quarenta mulheres pós-menopáusicas (46 a 63 anos; média = 54,6 ± 4,2) foram randomizadas para um dos três tratamentos, de forma contínua: TRH, estrogenioterapia (TRE) ou placebo, por três meses consecutivos. Previamente, todas as mulheres foram submetidas a exames clínico, ginecológico e laboratorial (glicose, estradiol, HDL, LDL, triglicerídios; mamografia e ultrassonografia transvaginal). O ECG de 24 horas foi gravado em cada paciente, antes e após o tratamento, para calcular os índices da VFC. RESULTADOS Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os três grupos, após 3 meses de tratamento, nos índices da VFC e do Mapa de Retorno Tridimensional. A TRH diferiu da TRE apenas quanto ao perfil lipídico. A associação com a noretisterona provocou uma redução de 12,4 % no HDL (p = 0,008). CONCLUSÃO Em mulheres pós-menopáusicas, a terapia de reposição hormonal contínua com estradiol, ou com estradiol associado à noretisterona, por um período de 3 meses, não altera a modulação autonômica cardíaca avaliada pela VFC.