Composição do substrato sobre o desenvolvimento, qualidade e custo de produção de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden x Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake

The components used in the production of substrates influence directly the growth cycle, quality and consequently the cost of production of seedlings. In this experiment we studied the development, quality and cost of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden x E. urophylla S. T. Blake, through sexual propagation using 12 compositions of substrate. The results showed that the pure substrates, with the exception of coconut fiber, did not present physical characteristics appropriate for the production from seedlings of eucalyptus in container, with the best results obtained for the substrates with a mixture 1:1 of carbonized rid of rice and coconut-fiber and a mixture 1:1 of vermiculite and coconut fiber, due to the best morphological characteristics and the possibility of reducing the production period which enables a reduction in the cost of final seedling.

Nutrição mineral de mudas de eucalipto produzidas sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação e substratos

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos das lâminas brutas de irrigação na concentração de nutrientes de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis, produzidas em diferentes substratos. O experimento foi realizado na Camará - Mudas Florestais, em Ibaté, SP, e constituiu-se de um fatorial 5 x 4, sendo cinco lâminas brutas de irrigação diárias (6, 8, 10, 12 e 14 mm), aplicadas em diferentes horários (10, 13 e 16 h), e quatro substratos (FB - fibra de coco; CPV - casca de pinus e vermiculita; CATV - casca de pinus, carvão, turfa e vermiculita; e um MIX - 70 % de CPV e 30 % de FB). Foram determinadas os conteúdos dos nutrientes na parte aérea e no sistema radicular das mudas. Os resultados indicaram que houve influência das lâminas de irrigação e dos substratos no conteúdo dos nutrientes das mudas com maior acúmulo dos mesmos à medida que o fornecimento de água foi maior. As plantas crescidas nos substratos FB e CPV registraram os maiores acúmulos de nutrientes. CPV foi o melhor em se tratando do acúmulo dos macronutrientes nas raízes e também, juntamente com FB, o melhor para o acúmulo dos micronutrientes nas raízes e na parte aérea. Não houve influência dos substratos no acúmulo dos macronutrientes na parte aérea, porém houve das lâminas de irrigação.

Chemical and physical attributes of two substratum for eucalypt seedling production

This work evaluated the viability of one commercial substrate with pinus bark, vermiculite and 30% of coconut fiber for Eucalyptus grandis seedlings production under different water management: 6, 8, 10, 12 e 14 mm day(-1). In relation to the substrates, it was evaluated, before and after the seedlings production, the total content of carbon, nitrogen and organic substances, pH and EC of the extract, the content of macronutrients (P, K, Ca, S, Mg) and macronutrients (B, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn), as well as total porosity, density and water retention. It was evaluated the macro and mcronutrients accumulation in the roots and in the aerial part of the seedlings, 105 days after sowing. It was concluded that the substrates presented some distinct properties of those cited as ideal for production in containers with irrigation and fertilization. At the end of the production process, both substrates registered nutrient content little influenced by water management what would guarantee the initial development of the plants in the field.

Utilización de compost agotado de champiñón como capa de coberturas en nuevos ciclos de producción

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el comportamiento agronómico de seis mezclas de cobertura, elaboradas a partir de sustrato postcultivo del champiñón Agaricus bisporus, en nuevos ciclos de cultivo. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron la viabilidad de la reintroducción del sustrato en nuevos ciclos de cultivo, ya sea como material de base único, si se somete a un proceso de lavado para eliminar sales solubles, o bien mezclado con otros materiales de baja conductividad, como es el caso de la turba rubia o la fibra de coco. Se destacan los altos valores de efiCiência biológica registrados, que llegaron hasta los 100 kg kg-1 de compost, similares a los proporcionados por los testigos, y los altos valores relativos observados (con respecto a los testigos) en el contenido en materia seca de los carpóforos cosechados con algunas de las nuevas coberturas elaboradas. Esta reutilización del compost constituye una alternativa interesante, con vistas a reemplazar a las tierras y a los sustratos orgánicos utilizados habitualmente como cobertura, con la doble ventaja de disminuir los costos de elaboración y el impacto ambiental.

Estudo da fibra de coco como reforço em tijolo de solocimento

To take care of to the demand of the new constructions in the low income communities and to develop the production of a strengthened alternative brick with staple fibers of coconut, capable to contribute mainly with the recycling of the green and mature coconut in the urban and agricultural lexes, this research was developed, to confection bricks of soil-cement with coconut fiber. Ecologically correct material and of low cost, since the greenhouse use of or oven for burning will be manufactured without. The study it presents a set of tables and graphs that prove good indices found in the values of the density, water absorption, axial compressive strength and isolation term acoustics, with evidential results that make possible the production in industrial character with press mechanics or the place of the workmanship with manual form. The preparation of coconut staple fibers was made of natural form without use of chemical products not to deprive of characteristics the properties mechanical physicist-chemistries and of the same ones. The sixty bricks produced in simple and manual press had been carried through in four lots of fifteen units. The mixture of aggregates was made in four different traces composites for: ground erinaceous, cement, fiber of dry coconut and water; the bricks had been compact in the press and cured in natural way under an area covered during the minimum time of seven days

Produção de mudas de abóbora com diferentes doses de nitrogênio e potássio

O experimento foi desenvolvido em ambiente protegido, em São Manuel (SP). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de mudas de abóbora 'Menina Brasileira' em substrato à base de fibra de coco com diferentes doses de nitrogênio e potássio em fertirrigação. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com 16 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, sendo quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 40, 80 e 120 mg L-1 de N) na forma de nitrato de amônio e quatro doses de potássio (0, 70, 140 e 210 mg L-1 de K2O ) na forma de cloreto de potássio, em quatro repetições e dez plantas por parcela. As características avaliadas foram: massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e raiz, altura e número de folhas. As doses de potássio não influenciaram as características avaliadas. Houve, porém, aumento linear para a maioria das características avaliadas com doses crescentes de nitrogênio, exceto para a massa seca da raiz.

Desenvolvimento de mudas de Tabeluia chrysotricha em função de substratos e de soluções de fertirrigação

The work aimed to study the development of Tabebuia chrysotricha Standl. seedlings injunction of different substrate and different fertilization solutions. To compose the substrate it was used fibrous and granulated coconut fiber obtaining the following treatments: S1- 100% fibrous, S2- 60% fibrous and 40% granulated, S3- 40% fibrous and 60% granulated and S4- 100% granulated. The basis fertilization was the same for all treatments and the solutions of fertilization varied in order to obtain solutions with the following electric conductivities: EC1- 1.06 dS m(-1), EC2- 2.12 dS m(-1), EC3- 3.2 dS m(-1) and EC4- 4.25 dS m(-1). The propagative material was sowed directly in plastic containers (120mL) with the respective substrates. The fertilization was received through sub irrigation once a week, until the seedlings reached 20cm of height approximately. The chemical analyses of the substrate (EC and pH), through aqueous extraction method 1:1.5 (1 substrate: 1.5 deionized water), the analyses of aerial part height, stein diameter and pairs true leaves number, as well as the weight of total dry, matter, were accomplished each 15 days. In almost every analysis, the substrate with granulated coconut fiber, as well as the smallest EC (1.06 e 2.12 dS m(-1)) of fertilization solutions,formed seedlings with higher averages, indicating faster growth. In the conditions of this experiment, the production of T. chrysotricha seedlings was better in granulated coconut fiber substrate and fertilizer solutions with EC of 1.06 dS m(-1), appreciating the estimated characteristics.

Qualidade de mudas clonais de Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis em função do substrato

Considering the increasing demand for seedlings of plants for aforestation and the scarcity of raw materials for the substrates used for plant growth, it is necessary to evaluate new components and formulations that ensure the quality of seedlings. In this experiment the development and quality of production of Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis seedlings was studied through vegetative propagation, as a function of nine compositions of substrate, produced from fine-grained vermiculite, carbonized rice chaff and coconut fiber in hard plastic tubes of 50 mL as containers. The physical properties of substrates and morphological development and the quality of the root system of seedlings were evaluated at 90 days after staking. The substrates with higher total porosity promotes better quality of the root system, which consequently results in cuttings with larger diameter, shoot and root dry weight and Dickson Quality Index. Other properties for the physical characteristics of substrates other than mentioned in literature can also be considered adequate.

Composição química e aspectos morfológicos de mudas de Tabebuia chrysotricha (Standl.) produzidas em diferentes substratos e soluções de fertirrigação

The work aimed to study the formation of Tabebuia chrysotricha Standl. seedlings in function of four substrates, varying the covering fertilization solutions. To compose the substrate it was used fibrous and granulated coconut fiber obtaining the following treatments: 100% fibrous (100% F), 60% fibrous + 40% granulated (60% F+40% G), 40% fibrous + 60% granulated (40% F+60% G) and 100% granulated (100% G). The basis fertilization was the same for all treatments and the solutions of covering fertilization varied in order to obtain complete solutions with electric conductivities of 1.06 dS m(-1), 2.12 dS m(-1), 3.2 dS m(-1) and 4.25 dS m(-1). The propagative material was sowed directly in plastic containers (120mL) with the respective substrates. The fertilization was received through sub-irrigation once a week, respecting the treatments of fertilizations. Seedlings produced in 100%G had been taller and higher than the others. The chemical analyses of aerial part were obtained when the seedlings were ready for expedition (height of 20 cm). The seedlings production in substrate 100% F and 60% F+40% G allowed them to have higher N, S, B, Mn and Zn concentrations in the aerial part. The production of T chrysotricha seedlings is recommended in granulated coconut fiber substrate and fertilizer solutions with EC of 1.06 dS m(-1)

Estudo do comportamento mecânico de estruturas de solo-cimento reforçado com fibras de coco e hastes de bambu

In this work the use of coconut fiber (coir) and bamboo shafts as reinforcement of soil-cement was studied, in order to obtain an alternative material to make stakes for fences in rural properties. The main objective was to study the effect of the addition of reinforcement to the soil-cement matrix. The effect of humidity on the mechanical properties was also analyzed. The soil-cement mortar was composed by a mixture, in equal parts, of soil and river sand, 14% in weight of cement and 10 % in weight of water. As reinforcement, different combinations of (a) coconut fiber with 15 mm mean length (0,3 %, 0,6 % and 1,2 % in weight) and (b) bamboo shafts, also in crescent quantities (2, 4 and 8 shafts per specimen) were used. For each combination 6 specimens were made and these were submitted to three point flexural test after 28 days of cure. In order to evaluate the effect of humidity, 1 specimen from each of the coconut fiber reinforced combination was immersed in water 24 hours prior to flexural test. The results of the tests carried out indicated that the addition of the reinforcement affected negatively the mechanical resistance and, on the other hand, increased the tenacity and the ductility of the material.

Efeitos de reguladores vegetais no enraizamento de estacas caulinares de Poncirus trifoliata var. monstrosa (T. Ito)

O trabalho objetivou estudar os efeitos de reguladores vegetais no enraizamento de estacas caulinares de Flying Dragon [Poncirus trifoliata var. monstrosa (T. Ito)]. Na metade de cada estação do ano, ramos de citros foram coletados (4 experimentos), a partir dos quais foram retiradas estacas com 10 cm de comprimento com uma folha cortada ao meio. As bases das estacas foram tratadas com os seguintes reguladores vegetais na forma de talco: Testemunha (H2O); IBA 0,5%; NAA a 0,5%; IBA + ácido caféico a 0,5%, e NAA + ácido caféico 0,5%. As estacas foram plantadas em bandejas de isopor contendo fibra de coco e mantidas por três meses em câmara de nebulização. Os resultados mostraram que para a propagação desta espécie por estaquia, a coleta dos ramos deve ser no outono e que as mesmas sejam tratadas com a mistura de NAA + ácido caféico, ambos a 0,5%.

Seed with and without Partial Tegument Removal and Substrate Affect Germination of Castanea sativa

Portuguese chestnut (Castanea sativa) is used for forest products, raw nuts and processed flour, paste, and candy. We studied the influence on germination efficiency of seed with and without partial tegument removal combined with different substrate composition (coconut fiber, pine compost and vermiculite) at São Paulo State University, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. Randomized blocks were used in a factorial scheme 3x2 (three substrates x two seed types) consisting of six treatments with five replications (twelve seeds). Seeds were sowed in expanded polystyrene trays, with 72 cells, and maintained at 25 C under controlled environment. Rate, time elapsed and speed of seed germination was submitted to ANOVA and the average compared using Tukey's 5% test of probability and curves adjusted based on Gompertz regression. Coconut fiber or vermiculite associated with seed without partial tegument removal showed the highest germination rate, and coconut fiber with or without partial tegument removal displayed the fastest speed of seed germination.

Características químicas de substratos utilizados na produção de mudas de cacaueiros

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar monitoramento químico de seis substratos utilizados na produção de mudas de cacaueiros. Os substratos receberam 10 volumes (100mL, cada) de água destilada, e no lixiviado coletado foram determinados o pH, a condutividade elétrica (CE) e os teores de sódio (Na) e potássio (K) em solução. Os valores de pH variaram de 5,0 a 8,0 em Plantmax® e composto do tegumento da amêndoa do cacau (CTAC), respectivamente. Verificou-se que, a partir do primeiro volume lixiviado, a CE de todos os substratos foi reduzida. Foram encontradas correlações positivas para a CE em relação ao K e Na da fibra de coco (FC) (r=0,83 e 0,72 P<0,05) e CTAC (r=0,98 e 0,99 P<0,05). Os resultados indicam que a FC e o CTAC deveriam ser usados após pré-lavagens. Verificou-se que, embora a FC apresente na primeira lixiviação valor de CE superior aos demais substratos, o valor ideal da 2,0 dSm-1 é alcançado na segunda lixiviação. Os teores de K e Na são um indicativo do valor da CE em FC e CTAC.

Características biométricas de mudas de Tabebula chrysotricha(standl.) formadas em diferentes substratos e soluções de fertirrigação, quando plantadas em campo

Este trabalho objetivou estudar as características biométricas de plantas de ipê-amarelo (Tabebuia chrysotricha Standl.) formadas, na fase de viveiro, em função de quatro substratos, variando as soluções de fertirrigação. Para compor os substratos, foram utilizadas fibras de coco fibrosa e granulada, formando os tratamentos 100% fibrosa, 60% fibrosa e 40% granulada, 40% fibrosa e 60% granulada e 100% granulada. A adubação de base foi igual em todos os tratamentos, e as soluções de adubação variaram, a fim de se obterem soluções completas com condutividades elétricas de 1,06 dS m-1; 2,12 dS m-1; 3,2 dS m-1; e 4,24 dS m¹. As sementes foram colocadas diretamente nos tubetes (120 mL) contendo os respectivos substratos e receberam as fertirrigações por subsuperfície uma vez por semana, respeitando-se os tratamentos de adubação. Quando as mudas atingiram aproximadamente 20 cm de altura, elas foram realocadas sob tela de 9% de sombreamento, onde permaneceram até o plantio, em Taubaté, SP. Mudas produzidas em fibra de coco 100% granulada alcançaram, em campo, maiores alturas, diâmetros de coleto e número de folhas. Apesar das diferentes soluções de fertirrigação aplicadas, as alturas de parte aérea se igualaram a partir dos 167 dias após o plantio em campo. Recomendase a produção de mudas de ipê-amarelo (T. chrysotricha) em substratos contendo fibra de coco granulada e soluções de fertirrigação com condutividade elétrica de 1,06 dS m-1.

Start-up of horizontal anaerobic reactors with sludge blanket and fixed bed for wastewater treatment from coffee processing by wet method

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)