Estudo do impacto do descarte dos comprimidos de captopril no meio ambiente

O Captopril é um dos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos mais consumidos no Brasil. Constitui-se em um pó cristalino, branco ou levemente amarelado, com leve odor característico de sulfeto, facilmente solúvel em água, etanol, clorofórmio e metanol. Em soluções aquosas, o captopril sofre reação de oxidação, formando em quantidade crescente como produto de degradação o dímero dissulfeto de captopril. Além disso, no período de 24 horas, mais de 95% da dose absorvida é eliminada pela urina, sendo 40 a 50% na forma inalterada, e o restante na forma do dímero dissulfeto de captopril e de outros metabólitos, os quais são encaminhados para o esgoto, podendo assim atingir os corpos dágua. O presente trabalho foi planejado de maneira a estudar o impacto e o comportamento do medicamento e do seu produto de degradação em águas ambientais. Para isso, foi feita a validação do método analítico escolhido, cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, que foi a ferramenta adequada para garantir a confiabilidade dos dados analíticos do método. Foi monitorada também a estabilidade do fármaco na forma de comprimidos e em solução aquosa, ao longo de 144 dias. Os resultados mostraram que quando os comprimidos de captopril são armazenados em sua embalagem original, nesse caso blister, a uma temperatura controlada igual a 40o C e umidade controlada igual a 75 %, eles permaneceram estáveis. A concentração de captopril apresentou uma média igual a 97,4 %. Por outro lado, quando diluído e armazenado nas mesmas condições de temperatura e umidade citadas anteriormente para a obtenção de uma solução aquosa na concentração igual a 1 mg/mL, a substância captopril chegou a variar de 95,7% a 68,5%. Já o seu produto de degradação, dissulfeto de captopril, atingiu um aumento na concentração de 1,7 para 31,1%, ambos em 144 dias

Characterization of two homologous disulfide bond systems involved in virulence factor Biogenesis in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli CFT073

Disulfide bond (DSB) formation is catalyzed by disulfide bond proteins and is critical for the proper folding and functioning of secreted and membrane-associated bacterial proteins. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains possess two paralogous disulfide bond systems: the well-characterized DsbAB system and the recently described DsbLI system. In the DsbAB system, the highly oxidizing DsbA protein introduces disulfide bonds into unfolded polypeptides by donating its redox-active disulfide and is in turn reoxidized by DsbB. DsbA has broad substrate specificity and reacts readily with reduced unfolded proteins entering the periplasm. The DsbLI system also comprises a functional redox pair; however, DsbL catalyzes the specific oxidative folding of the large periplasmic enzyme arylsulfate sulfotransferase (ASST). In this study, we characterized the DsbLI system of the prototypic UPEC strain CFT073 and examined the contributions of the DsbAB and DsbLI systems to the production of functional flagella as well as type 1 and P fimbriae. The DsbLI system was able to catalyze disulfide bond formation in several well-defined DsbA targets when provided in trans on a multicopy plasmid. In a mouse urinary tract infection model, the isogenic dsbAB deletion mutant of CFT073 was severely attenuated, while deletion of dsbLI or assT did not affect colonization.

Charge mediated semiconducting-to-metallic phase transition in molybdenum disulfide monolayer and hydrogen evolution reaction in new 1T′ phase

The phase transition of single layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) from semiconducting 2H to metallic 1T and then to 1T′ phases, and the effect of the phase transition on hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are investigated within this work by density functional theory. Experimentally, 2H-MoS2 has been widely used as an excellent electrode for HER and can get charged easily. Here we find that the negative charge has a significant impact on the structural phase transition in a MoS2 monolayer. The thermodynamic stability of 1T-MoS2 increases with the negative charge state, comparing with the 2H-MoS2 structure before phase transition and the kinetic energy barrier for a phase transition from 2H to 1T decreases from 1.59 to 0.27 eV when 4e– are injected per MoS2 unit. Additionally, 1T phase is found to transform into the distorted structure (1T′ phase) spontaneously. On their activity toward hydrogen evolution reaction, 1T′-MoS2 structure shows comparable hydrogen evolution reaction activity to the 2H-MoS2 structure. If the charge transfer kinetics is taken into account, the catalytic activity of 1T′-MoS2 is superior to that of 2H-MoS2. Our finding provides a possible novel method for phase transition of MoS2 and enriches understanding of the catalytic properties of MoS2 for HER.

Sodium and lithium storage properties of spray-dried molybdenum disulfide-graphene hierarchical microspheres

Developing nano/micro-structures which can effectively upgrade the intriguing properties of electrode materials for energy storage devices is always a key research topic. Ultrathin nanosheets were proved to be one of the potential nanostructures due to their high specific surface area, good active contact areas and porous channels. Herein, we report a unique hierarchical micro-spherical morphology of well-stacked and completely miscible molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets and graphene sheets, were successfully synthesized via a simple and industrial scale spray-drying technique to take the advantages of both MoS2 and graphene in terms of their high practical capacity values and high electronic conductivity, respectively. Computational studies were performed to understand the interfacial behaviour of MoS2 and graphene, which proves high stability of the composite with high interfacial binding energy (−2.02 eV) among them. Further, the lithium and sodium storage properties have been tested and reveal excellent cyclic stability over 250 and 500 cycles, respectively, with the highest initial capacity values of 1300 mAh g−1 and 640 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1.

Synthesis of macrocyclic diacyl/dialkyl glycerols containing disulfide tether and studies of their effects upon incorporation in DPPC membranes. Implications in the design of phospholipase A(2) modulators

A general method for the preparation of novel disulfide-tethered macrocyclic diacylglycerols (DAGs) has been described. Overall synthesis involved stepwise protection, acylation, and deprotection to yield the bis(omega-bromoacyl) glycerols. In the crucial macrocyclization step, a unique reagent, benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate (BTAT), has been used to convert individual bis(omega-bromoacyl) glycerols to their respective macrocyclic disulfides. DAG 6, which had ether linkages between hydrocarbon chains and the glycerol backbone, was also synthesized from an appropriate precursor using a similar protocol. One of the DAGs (DAG 5) had a carbon-carbon tether instead of a disulfide one and was synthesized using modified Glaser coupling. Preparation of alpha-disulfide-tethered DAG (DAG 4) required an alternative method, as treatment of the bisbromo precursor with BTAT gave a mixture of several compounds from which separation of the target molecule was cumbersome. To avoid this problem, the bisbromide was converted to its corresponding dithiocyanate, which on further treatment with BTAT yielded the desired DAG (DAG 4) in good yield. Upon treatment with the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT), the DAGs that contain a disulfide tether could be quantitatively converted to their "open-chain" thiol analogues. These macrocyclic DAGs and their reduced "open-chain" analogues have been incorporated in DPPC vesicles to study their effect on model membranes. Upon incorporation of DAG 1 in DPPC vesicles, formation of new isotropic phases was observed by P-31 NMR, These isotropic phases disappeared completely on opening the macrocyclic ring by a reducing agent. The thermotropic properties of DPPC bilayers having DAGs (1-6) incorporated at various concentrations were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Incorporation of DAGs in general reduced the cooperativity unit (CU) of the vesicles. Similar experiments with reduced "open-chain" DAGs incorporated in a DPPC bilayer indicated a recovery of CU with respect to their macrocyclic "disulfide" counterparts. The effect of inclusion of these DAGs on the activity of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) was studied in vitro. Incorporation of DAC 1 in DPPC membranes potentiated both bee venom and cobra venom PLA(2) activities.

Synthesis of novel disulfide containing macrocyclic diacylglycerols

New diacylglycerols (2-4) containing intramolecular disulfide linkages between pendant acyl chains were synthesized. Due to the differences in the location of disulfide units, the present method allows synthesis of macrocycles that vary in sizes. Copyright.

Disulfide luminescence. Emission characteristics of cyclic tetrapeptide disulfides

Luminescence has been detected in cyclic tetrapeptide disulfides containing only nonaromatic residues. Excitation of the S-S- n-cr transition between 280 and 290 nm leads to.ernission in the region 300-340 nm. The position and intensity of the emission band depends on the stereochemistry of the peptide and polarity of the solvent. Quantum yields ranging from 0.002 to 0.026 have been determined. Disulfide luminescence is quenched by oxygen and enhanced in solutions saturated with nitrogen. Contributions from disulfide linkages should be considered, when analysing the emission spectra of proteins, lacking tryptophan but having a high cystine content.

Conformational analysis of small disulfide loops. Spectroscopic and theoretical studies on a synthetic cyclic tetrapeptide containing cystine

The conformational analysis of the synthetic peptide Boc-Cys-Pro-Val-Cys-NHMe has been carried out, as a model for small disulfide loops, in biologically active polypeptides. 'H NMR studies (270 MHz) establish that the Val(3) and Cys(4) NH groups are solvent shielded, while 13C studies establish an all-trans peptide backbone. Circular dichroism and Raman spectroscopy provide evidence for a right-handed twist of the disulfide bond. Analysis of the vicinal (JaB)c oupling constants for the two Cys residues establishes that XI - *60° for Cys(4), while some flexibility is suggested at Cys( 1). Conformational energy calculations, imposing intramolecular hydrogen bonding constraints, favor a P-turn (type I) structure with Pro(2)-Va1(3) as the corner residues. Theoretical and spectroscopic results are consistent with the presence of a transannular 4 - 1 hydrogen bond between Cys( 1) CO and Cys(4) NH groups, with the Val NH being sterically shielded from the solvent environment.

Cyclic Peptide Disulfides - Solution And Solid-State Conformation Of Boc-Cys-Pro-Aib-Cys-S-S-Bridge-Nhme,A Disulfide-Bridged Peptide Helix

The solution and solid-state conformations of the peptide disulfide Boc-Cys-Pro-Aib-Cys-NHMe have been determined by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The Cys(4) and methylamide NH groups are solvent shielded in CDCI3 and (CD,),SO, suggesting their involvement in intramolecular hydrogen bonding. On the basis of known stereochemical preferences of Pro and Aib residues, a consecutive @-turn structure is favored in solution. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals a highly folded 310 helical conformation for the peptide, with the S-S bridge lying approximately parallel to the helix axis, linking residues 1 and 4. The backbone conformational angles are Cys(1) 4 = -121.1', $ = 65.6"; Pro(2) 4 = -58.9', 4 = -34.0'; Aib(3) 4 = -61.8', $ = -17.9'; Cys(4) 4 = -70.5', $ = -18.6'. Two intramolecular hydrogen bonds are observed between Cys(1) CO--HN Cys(4) and Pro(2) CO--HNMe. The disulfide bond has a right-handed chirality, with a dihedral angle (xss) of 82'.

Molecular structure of a cyclic tetrapeptide disulfide. A novel 310 helical conformation with an S-S bridge

The crystal structure of the cyclic peptide disulfide Boc-Cys-Pro-Aib-Cys-NHMe has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The peptide crystallizes in the space group P212121, with A = 8.646(1), B = 18.462(2), C = 19.678(3)Å and Z = 4. The molecules adopt a highly folded compact conformation, stabilized by two intramolecular 4→ 1 hydrogen bonds between the Cys (1) and Pro (2) CO groups and the Cys (4) and methylamide NH groups, respectively. The backbone conformational angles for the peptide lie very close to those expected for a 310 helix. The S-S bridge adopts a right handed twist with a dihedral angle of 82°. The structure illustrates the role of stereochemically constrained residues, in generating novel peptide conformations. Aib, α-aminoisobutyric acid; Z, benzyloxycarbonyl; Boc, t-butyloxycarbonyl; OMe, methyl ester; OBz, benzyl ester; NHMe, N-methylamide; Tosyl, p-toluenesulfonyl.

Interactions of aromatic mannosyl disulfide derivatives with Concanavalin A: synthesis, thermodynamic and NMR spectroscopy studies

α-d-Mannopyranosyl units were attached to an aromatic scaffold through disulfide linkages to obtain mono- to trivalent glycosylated ligands for lectin binding studies. Isothermal titration calorimetric (ITC) measurements indicated that binding affinities of these derivatives to Concanavalin A (Con A) were comparable to or slightly higher than that of methyl α-d-mannopyranoside (Ka values in the range of 104 M−1). The stoichiometries of the lectin-ligand complexes were in agreement with the formal valencies (1–3) of the respective ligands indicating cross-linking in interactions with the di- and trivalent derivatives. Multivalency effects could not, however, be observed with the latter. These ligands were shown to bind to the carbohydrate binding site of Con A using saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR competition experiments.

Critical Exponent β and Rectilinear Diameter of the Binary-Liquid System Carbon Disulfide + Nitromethane

The system CS2 + CH3NO2 shows β=0.315±0.004 over 10-6<ε=|T-Tc| / Tc<2�10-1 with no indication of a classical value ½ even far away from Tc. The diameter shows a curvature and is of the form �c+b ε+fε7 / 8exp(-gεh).

The heat capacity of liquid carbon disulfide + acetonitrile, especially near the upper critical solution temperature

The heat capacity Cp of the binary liquid system CS2 + CH3CN has been studied. This system has an upper critical solution temperature To ≈ 323.4 K and a critical mole fraction of CS2xo ≈ 0.5920. Measurements were made both for mixtures close to and far away from the critical region. The heat capacity of the mixture with x = xo exhibits a symmetric logarithmic anomaly around Tc, which is apparently preserved even for compositions in the immediate vicinity of xc. For compositions far away from xc, only a normal rise in Cp over the covered temperature range is observed.