DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR CIRCULAR ECONOMY

A Circular Economy (CE) values material, technical or biological, as nutrient. CE thinking seeks to accelerate the conversion of technical nutrient cycles along the lines of biological nutrient cycles by re-designing systems till the scale of the economy. Though the notion of products being technical nutrient exists, its situation as an outcome of design intent is not contextually made. One objective of this article is to situate design and nutrient cycles of the earth system as and within natural cycles. This situation emphasizes the mechanism by which design affects nutrient availability to vital earth systems and draws attention to the functions that nutrients afford and serve by default before being embodied in products by human intent. The first principle of CE seeks to eliminate waste and re-purpose nutrients with minimal energy. Towards this, the historic trend of perceiving waste is drawn and Gestalts identified to arrive at the concept of tenancy and inform design. Tenancy is defined as the duration for which the nutrient embodied serves some purpose. Identifying the 6R scenarios as nutrient re-purposing functions, corresponding design strategies are stated.

Ellipse Fitting Using the Finite Rate of Innovation Sampling Principle

Standard approaches for ellipse fitting are based on the minimization of algebraic or geometric distance between the given data and a template ellipse. When the data are noisy and come from a partial ellipse, the state-of-the-art methods tend to produce biased ellipses. We rely on the sampling structure of the underlying signal and show that the x- and y-coordinate functions of an ellipse are finite-rate-of-innovation (FRI) signals, and that their parameters are estimable from partial data. We consider both uniform and nonuniform sampling scenarios in the presence of noise and show that the data can be modeled as a sum of random amplitude-modulated complex exponentials. A low-pass filter is used to suppress noise and approximate the data as a sum of weighted complex exponentials. The annihilating filter used in FRI approaches is applied to estimate the sampling interval in the closed form. We perform experiments on simulated and real data, and assess both objective and subjective performances in comparison with the state-of-the-art ellipse fitting methods. The proposed method produces ellipses with lesser bias. Furthermore, the mean-squared error is lesser by about 2 to 10 dB. We show the applications of ellipse fitting in iris images starting from partial edge contours, and to free-hand ellipses drawn on a touch-screen tablet.

Novel Investigation on Principle of Similarity for Microgravity Two-Phase Flow

根据两流体同心环状流线性稳定性分析的结果 ,对微重力气 /液两相流地面模拟实验所应遵循的相似准则进行了探讨 ,得到了一个新的重力无关性准则 ,即Bond数和环形区流体相的毛细数之比的绝对值不大于 1 .此外 ,微重力气 /液两相流模拟实验还必须满足两个条件 ,即流量比和气相表观Weber数应与所模拟的流动中对应数值相等 . In the present paper, the principle of similarity for two phase flows at microgravity is studied based on the results of the linear stability analysis of the two fluid concentric annular flow configuration. A new criterion of gravity independence, namely the absolute value of the ratio between the Bond number and the capillary number of the phase flowing in the annulus is no more than one, is achieved. It is also pointed out that the flowrate ratio and the gas superficial Weber number must have the same ...

Energy Principle And Nonlinear Electric-Mechanical Behavior Of Ferroelectric Ceramics

Many experimental observations have shown that a single domain in a ferroelectric material switches by progressive movement of domain walls, driven by a combination of electric field and stress. The mechanism of the domain switch involves the following steps: initially, the domain has a uniform spontaneous polarization; new domains with the reverse polarization direction nucleate, mainly at the surface, and grow though the crystal thickness; the new domain expands sideways as a new domain continues to form; finally, the domain switch coalesces to complete the polarization reversal. According to this mechanism, the volume fraction of the domain switching is introduced in the constitutive law of the ferroelectric material and used to study the nonlinear constitutive behavior of a ferroelectric body in this paper. The principle of stationary total potential energy is put forward in which the basic unknown quantities are the displacement u(i), electric displacement D-i and volume fraction rho(I) of the domain switching for the variant I. The mechanical field equation and a new domain switching criterion are obtained from the principle of stationary total potential energy. The domain switching criterion proposed in this paper is an expansion and development of the energy criterion established by Hwang et al. [ 1]. Based on the domain switching criterion, a set of linear algebraic equations for determining the volume fraction rho(I) of domain switching is obtained, in which the coefficients of the linear algebraic equations only contain the unknown strain and electric fields. If the volume fraction rho(I) of domain switching for each domain is prescribed, the unknown displacement and electric potential can be obtained based on the conventional finite element procedure. It is assumed that a domain switches if the reduction in potential energy exceeds a critical energy barrier. According to the experimental results, the energy barrier will strengthen when the volume fraction of the domain switching increases. The external mechanical and electric loads are increased step by step. The volume fraction rho(I) of domain switching for each element obtained from the last loading step is used as input to the constitutive equations. Then the strain and electric fields are calculated based on the conventional finite element procedure. The finite element analysis is carried out on the specimens subjected to uniaxial coupling stress and electric field. Numerical results and available experimental data are compared and discussed. The present theoretic prediction agrees reasonably with the experimental results.

Soporte vital y terapia intensiva.Muerte intervenida

El concepto de muerte intervenida comprende todas aquellas situaciones clínicas en las que la abstención o retiro de algún método de soporte vital en el transcurso de la asistencia médica se propone como un límite en el tratamiento, quedando vinculado el mismo con la llegada de la muerte cardiorrespiratoria tradicional. La presencia de una tecnología médica (soporte vital) común en todos los casos, permite la consideración comprensiva de todo su conjunto. Finalmente, en todos ellos la muerte se vincula a una acción u omisión de la tecnología médica. Una evaluación común de estos casos no sólo tiene una lógica derivada de la operatividad que hizo posible la existencia de estos pacientes sino que además promueve la interpretación verdadera y correcta de los hechos por parte de la sociedad. La reflexión sobre la muerte intervenida como un fenómeno emergente de nuestra cultura resulta imprescindible para que la sociedad se involucre y participe en un tema que le incumbe en forma absoluta y exclusiva.

Energy principle of ferroelectric ceramics and single domain mechanical model

Many physical experiments have shown that the domain switching in a ferroelectric material is a complicated evolution process of the domain wall with the variation of stress and electric field. According to this mechanism, the volume fraction of the domain switching is introduced in the constitutive law of ferroelectric ceramic and used to study the nonlinear constitutive behavior of ferroelectric body in this paper. The principle of stationary total energy is put forward in which the basic unknown quantities are the displacement u (i) , electric displacement D (i) and volume fraction rho (I) of the domain switching for the variant I. Mechanical field equation and a new domain switching criterion are obtained from the principle of stationary total energy. The domain switching criterion proposed in this paper is an expansion and development of the energy criterion. On the basis of the domain switching criterion, a set of linear algebraic equations for the volume fraction rho (I) of domain switching is obtained, in which the coefficients of the linear algebraic equations only contain the unknown strain and electric fields. Then a single domain mechanical model is proposed in this paper. The poled ferroelectric specimen is considered as a transversely isotropic single domain. By using the partial experimental results, the hardening relation between the driving force of domain switching and the volume fraction of domain switching can be calibrated. Then the electromechanical response can be calculated on the basis of the calibrated hardening relation. The results involve the electric butterfly shaped curves of axial strain versus axial electric field, the hysteresis loops of electric displacement versus electric filed and the evolution process of the domain switching in the ferroelectric specimens under uniaxial coupled stress and electric field loading. The present theoretic prediction agrees reasonably with the experimental results given by Lynch.

El hombre en cuanto persona

Resumen: El artículo examina el concepto de persona, en sus fuentes aporéticas y en el pensamiento de Santo Tomás de Aquino para, finalmente, analizar algunas de sus propiedades en orden a fundamentar una teoría de la imputación. La primera parte comienza con la consideración de los orígenes semánticos, históricos y teológicos de los términos persona e hypóstasis. Trata luego el problema teórico que este concepto implica para el pensamiento moderno, teniendo en cuenta el empobrecimiento de su Metafísica, como consecuencia del nominalismo, el principio de inmanencia y una deficiente concepción de la experiencia. Por último, se toman en consideración algunas consecuencias que dicho empobrecimiento tienen en el pensamiento contemporáneo. La segunda parte está dedicada a exponer la doctrina tomista que de un modo teóricamente definitivo dio solución, con elementos ontológicos aristotélicos, a los problemas planteados en la época Patrística. Se analiza el concepto de sustancia individual (o suppositum), que en la definición de persona opera analógicamente como género próximo, y el de naturaleza espiritual individuada, que opera como diferencia específica. Finalmente, se aportan textos del Aquinate acerca de la definición y de las diferencias conceptuales y ontológicas entre naturaleza y persona. En la tercera parte se exponen algunas propiedades, dividiéndolas en cuatro grupos de tesis: 1°) la persona como sujeto de atribución y dueña de sus proyectos vitales; 2°) como sujeto ontológicamente abierto al mundo, a los semejantes y a Dios; 3°) como sujeto consciente, libre y autónomo; 4°) el carácter ético de la persona, como sujeto de imputación y responsabilidad.

Agotamiento vital en pacientes hipotiroideos antes y después del tratamiento con levotiroxina

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo fue comprobar la existencia de Agotamiento Vital (AV) en pacientes con Hipotiroidismo Primario (HP), si el tratamiento del HP modifica el AV, y si existe asociación entre TSH y respuesta del AV al tratamiento. Se agruparon estos teniendo en cuenta la similitud clínica entre el AV y el HP y el riesgo cardiovascular implicado. En una muestra de 31 mujeres con HP, se midió AV y TSH pre y pos tratamiento del HP. Posteriormente se estudió la relación entre el nivel TSH y la respuesta al AV. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes con HP presentaron AV, situación que se revierte luego del tratamiento del HP. Existe un grupo de pacientes en los que persiste el AV luego del tratamiento y en los cuales el valor de TSH es mayor que en los que el AV revierte.

Extremum principle of crystal plasticity

An analytical method for determining slip shear rate under prescribed stress rate or prescribed strain rate has been presented on the basis of the incremental theory of crystal plasticity. The problem has been reduced to a quadric convex programming.In order to analyse the plastic response of crystals subjected to external load, two new extremum principles are proposed. They are equivalent to the boundary-value problem of crystal plasticity. By the new extremum principles, the slip shear rates are independent function which can be obtained from the variational equation.

Coflow jets with large velocity difference - a new aerodynamic principle of flame stabilization and combustion intensification

A new aerodynamic principle of flame stabilization and combustion intensification, the coflow jets with large velocity difference, is described. One or more small high-velocity jets of air or steam, injected off the axis and in the same direction as the low-velocity main fuel-air flow into the combustor, create a large recirculation zone of high turbulence intensity in which the combustibles and high temperature gases are effectively mixed, so that stable and intensive combustion can be maintained even for fuels with poor ignition. A pulverized coal combustor based on the principle mentioned above is shown to be characteristic of excellent combustoom and a simple structure. A number of precombustors of this type are in operation at some power stations and industrial boilers of China. Using such precombustor, successtul startups and part-load operation of the boilers have become available under conditions of unpreheated air and low-grade coal with volatiles as low as 15% and ash content as high as 30%. This principle shows good promise as an attractive new technology of combustion.

Generalized rayleigh principle and its applications

In this paper, we mainly deal with cigenvalue problems of non-self-adjoint operator. To begin with, the generalized Rayleigh variational principle, the idea of which was due to Morse and Feshbach, is examined in detail and proved more strictly in mathematics. Then, other three equivalent formulations of it are presented. While applying them to approximate calculation we find the condition under which the above variational method can be identified as the same with Galerkin's one. After that we illustrate the generalized variational principle by considering the hydrodynamic stability of plane Poiseuille flow and Bénard convection. Finally, the Rayleigh quotient method is extended to the cases of non-self-adjoint matrix in order to determine its strong eigenvalne in linear algebra.

Least Squares Estimation Principle and its Geometrical Interpretation

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