992 resultados para UV-B radiation
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UV radiation is one of many harmful factors found in space that are detrimental to organisms on earth in space exploration. In the present work, we examined the role of antioxidant system in Nostoc sphaeroides Kutz (Cyanobacterium) and the effects of exogenously applied antioxidant molecules on its photosynthetic rate under UV-B radiation. It was found that UV-B radiation promoted the activity of antioxidant system to protect photosystem 11 (PSII) and exogenously applied antioxidant: sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) had an obvious protection on PSII activity under UV-B radiation. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) and content of NIDA (malondialdehyde) and ASC (ascorbate) were improved by 0.5 mM and 1 mM SNP, but 0.1 mM SNP decreased the activity of antioxidant system. Addition of exogenous NAC decreased the activity of SOD, POD, CAT and the content MDA and ASC. In contrast, exogenously applied NAC increased GSH content. The results suggest that exogenous SNP and NAC may protect algae by different mechanisms: SNP may play double roles as both sources of reactive free radicals as well as ROS scavengers in mediating the protective role of PSII on algae under UV-B radiation. On the other hand, NAC functions as an antioxidant or precursor of glutathione, which could protect PSII directly from UV-B radiation. (c) 2007 COSPAR, Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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In this study, we found that UV-B radiation decreased photosynthetic activity and boosted lipid peroxidation of desert Nostoc sp., and exogenous chemicals (ascorbate acid (ASC), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)) had obvious protective effects on photosynthesis and membranes under UV-B radiation. High-concentration SNP boosted the activities of antioxidant enzymes, but low-concentration SNP reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Both NAC and ASC treatments of cells decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes. The results suggested that those chemicals possibly had different mechanisms of protection of algae cells against UV-B radiation. SNP might play double roles as a signal molecule in the formation of algae cell protection of Photosystem 11 under UV-B radiation and as a (reactive oxygen species) scavenger, while NAC and ASC might function as antioxidant reagents or precursors of other antioxidant molecules, which could protect cells directly against ROS initiated by UV-B radiation. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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IEECAS SKLLQG
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Experiments were conducted in an alpine Kobresia humilis meadow near Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station (37degrees29'-37degrees45'N, 101degrees12'-101degrees33'E; altitude 3200 m). Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on photosynthesis of the alpine plants of Saussurea superba and Gentiana straminea were investigated. Both species were exposed to a UV-B-BE density at 15.80 kJ m(-2) per day, simulating nearly 14% ozone (O-3) reduction during the plant growing season. Neither photosynthetic CO2 uptake rate nor photosynthetic O-2 evolution rate were decreased after a long period of enhanced UV-B radiation treatment. On the contrary, there was a tendency to increase of both parameters in both species. The photosynthetic pigments were also increased, when expressed on a leaf area basis. UV-B absorbing compounds, detected by the absorbance values at 300 mm, had a tendency to increase in both species after enhanced UV-B radiation. After long-term exposure of plants to enhanced UV-B radiation, leaf morphology was also affected. Leaf thickness in both S. superba and G. straminea were increased significantly (P < 0.001). This supports our hypothesis that the increase of leaf thickness in both species after long-term exposure of enhanced UV-B radiation could compensate for the photodestruction of photosynthetic pigments when light passes through the leaf. Therefore, photosynthesis is not reduced in either species when expressed on leaf area basis. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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David Johnson, Colin D. Campbell, John A. Lee, Terry V. Callaghan and Dylan Gwynn-Jones (2002). Arctic microorganisms respond more to elevated UV-B radiation than CO2. Nature, 416 (6876) pp.82-83 Sponsorship: NERC / EU / Swedish Academy of Sciences RAE2008
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Human activities are altering the concentrations of ozone in the troposphere and hence in the incidence of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) on Earth’s surface. Although representing only five percent of UV-B radiation striking the Earth's surface, this radiation has the potential to cause effects on biologically active molecules. Sensitivity to UV-B radiation is one of the limitations of biological control of plant pathogens in the field. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effects of UV-B on several isolates of Clonostachys rosea, and the ability of an isolate of C. rosea, previously selected for its tolerant to UV-B radiation, to control Botrytis cinerea on strawberry leaves in controlled conditions (strawberry leaf discs). The germination of C. rosea conidia was inversely proportional to the irradiance. The most tolerant strain (LQC62) had relative germination of about 60% after irradiation of 4.2kJ/m2, and this strain was selected to be used in the subsequent studies. The data showed that even with exposure to UV-B radiation, C. rosea LQC62 controlled the pathogen. Conidial concentrations of strain LQC62 above 105 conidia/ml showed higher tolerance to UV-B radiation and increased ability to control more than 75% of the B. cinerea even with exposure to radiation. According to our results, in addition to showing less growth under UV-B, conidia of C. rosea had lower antagonistic ability. Further studies are needed to observe the tolerance of B. cinerea conidia to UV-B radiation and thereby prove that an environment with increased UV-B radiation may be favoring the pathogen due to a lower ability of C. rosea to control the pathogen in conditions of increased UV-B.
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There has been a great deal of recent attention on the suspected increase in amphibian deformities. However, most reports of amphibian deformities have been anecdotal, and no experiments in the field under natural conditions have been performed to investigate this phenomenon. Under laboratory conditions, a variety of agents can induce deformities in amphibians. We investigated one of these agents, UV-B radiation, in field experiments, as a cause for amphibian deformities. We monitored hatching success and development in long-toed salamanders under UV-B shields and in regimes that allowed UV-B radiation. Embryos under UV-B shields had a significantly higher hatching rate and fewer deformities, and developed more quickly than those exposed to UV-B. Deformities may contribute directly to embryo mortality, and they may affect an individual’s subsequent survival after hatching.
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Previous research has shown that amphibians have differential sensitivity to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. In some species, ambient levels of UV-B radiation cause embryonic mortality in nature. The detrimental effects of UV-B alone or with other agents may ultimately affect amphibians at the population level. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a synergistic effect between UV-B radiation and a pathogenic fungus in the field that increases the mortality of amphibian embryos compared with either factor alone. Studies investigating single factors for causes of amphibian egg mortality or population declines may not reveal the complex factors involved in declines.
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在中国北方大部分地区,水分始终是影响植物生长和分布的最主要限制性因子之一,植物在其生长期经常遭受水分胁迫。不仅如此,随着大气同温层中臭氧浓度的减少,过量的有害紫外辐射(主要是UV-B,280nm-320nm)将穿透大气层达到地球表面。随着全球变化的加剧,这些地区的植物将不可避免地受UV-B和水分胁迫的共同作用。 本实验是在北京东灵山暖温带森林生态系统中,选择常见灌丛土庄绣线菊(Spiraea pubescens),建立UV-B控制实验。连续三个生长季每天增补9.4kJ•m-2的辐射剂量,模拟臭氧衰减17%时近地表面UV-B辐射的增强。本实验的目的是观测在野外环境下,长时间人工增强UV-B辐射对土庄绣线菊水分生理、氮素利用以及形态特征的影响。具体对以下指标进行测定:叶片的气孔导度、碳同位素比率(δ13 C)、叶含水量、叶面积、水分利用效率(WUE)、叶全氮含量、叶氮素再吸收率。 实验结果表明,增强UV-B辐射显著减少了土庄绣线菊的叶面积(50.1%),提高了叶片全氮含量(102%),处理植株的氮素再吸收率比对照植株高出50.9%。同时,UV-B辐射还在一定程度上(尽管统计显示不显著)降低了气孔导度(16.1%)、胞间CO2浓度与大气CO2浓度之比(Ci/Ca) (4.0%)、提高了碳同位素比率(δ13 C)(20.5‰)、叶含水量(3.1%)及比叶重(SLW)(5.2%),从而导致水分利用效率(WUE)的增加(4.1%),植物的抗旱能力增强。值得注意的是,深层土壤(30-40cm)含水量变化会影响气孔导度、δ13 C、WUE对紫外辐射的响应程度:在土壤干旱的季节(6月和9月),气孔导度、δ13 C、WUE这些指标处理和对照的差异很小,但是当土壤水分充足时(7月和8月),处理和对照的差异就较为显著。另外,随着实验处理时间的延长UV-B的效应变得不显著。相关分析表明,UV-B辐射降低了土壤含水量(30-40cm)与土庄绣线菊叶含水量、δ13 C、Ci/Ca、气孔导度的相关系数,增强了WUE与土壤含水量的相关性,这也许是由于UV-B辐射增强了WUE对土壤水分变化的敏感性。本研究的结果表明UV-B辐射对土庄绣线菊的形态和生长有显著的影响,但对主要水分生理指标影响不显著。
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人类活动产生的氯氟烃化合物破坏了大气臭氧层,导致了到达地球表面的UV-B辐射大幅度增加。UV-B辐射增强可以影响到植物的生长、形态与发育等各个方面,因此有关增强UV-B辐射对植物的影响,及其与许多环境因子复合作用的研究都已经广泛开展。但是增强UV-B辐射与温度,特别是与低温的相互作用的研究报道很少。在北半球的晚秋至早春这段时期里,一些越冬生长的植物将面临着UV-B辐射增强和低温的双重胁迫,因此,迫切需要进行UV-B辐射和低温生长环境下植物的响应及其机制的研究。 以人工气候生长室中生长的冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)幼苗为试验材料,研究了低剂量(4.2 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-BBE,LUVB)和较高剂量(7.0 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-BBE,HUVB)UV-B辐射处理对20/16℃条件下幼苗抗寒力的交叉适应性及其抗氧化系统的反应;同时还研究了在两种生长温度(25/20℃和10/5℃)条件下,低剂量(4.2 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-BBE,LUVB)和超高剂量(10.3 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-BBE,SHUVB)UV-B辐射处理幼苗的生长速率、光合与荧光参数、叶黄素循环色素、抗氧化系统、以及抗寒性和酚类物质等生理反应,以期阐明不同温度条件下生长的冬小麦对UV-B辐射的生长、光合作用以及抗寒性响应与适应机制。主要结果如下: 1.在LUVB辐射处理下,在20/16℃和25/20℃条件下生长的冬小麦幼苗LT50值都显著降低,HUVB辐射处理对在20/16℃条件下生长的幼苗LT50值也可以显著降低,而SHUVB辐射对25/20℃条件下生长的幼苗LT50值没有显著影响。但是,LUVB和SHUVB辐射处理都导致了10/5℃条件下生长的幼苗LT50值的显著增加。表明适当的UV-B辐射能增强较高温度(20/16℃或25/20℃)条件下冬小麦幼苗的抗寒力,即表现出对冷冻低温的交叉适应性,但低温(10/5℃)生长条件却削弱了UV-B辐射下冬小麦的抗寒能力。 2.在20/16℃条件下接受UV-B辐射预处理的幼苗在-6℃条件下冷冻胁迫6 h再缓慢恢复6 h后,与未进行UV-B辐射处理的对照相比,其叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,谷胱甘肽氧化还原比例(GSH/GSSG)都显著提高,而由硫代巴比妥酸反应物质(TBARS)代表的膜质过氧化程度显著低于对照。此外,UV-B辐射期间处理幼苗的H2O2含量较对照显著增加,而冷冻恢复以后却明显低于对照。表明UV-B辐射诱导的抗寒力的提高应该与冷冻恢复后植株体内抗氧化系统的上调表达有关,H2O2可能参与了UV-B辐射对低温的交叉适应的信号传导。 3.除25/20℃生长条件下的LUVB处理的小麦幼苗外,UV-B辐射显著降低幼苗的相对生长速率(RGR)、净光合速率(Pn)、光系统II最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)、光系统II实际量子产量((F΄m−Fs)/F΄m)以及光化学淬灭(qP),但是UV-B辐射并不影响叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci),而且冬小麦幼苗生长和光合作用的抑制被增加的UV-B辐射剂量和降低的温度加强。UV-B辐射引起的光抑制由非气孔限制所导致,而且主要与PS II光化学效率降低有关。 4.UV-B辐射显著增加了两个温度条件(20/16℃或25/20℃)下生长的冬小麦幼苗叶黄素循环过程中紫黄素(V)的合成,但抑制了V向玉米黄质(Z)的转化,从而造成了对照与LUVB辐射处理幼苗之间的叶片中脱环氧化比例(DEPS)和NPQ无显著性差异,但SHUVB辐射处理幼苗叶片中DEPS和NPQ显著降低。因此,在本试验条件下,增强UV-B辐射处理的冬小麦可能并不通过热耗散形式形成光保护机制,光抑制形成的过剩激发能的耗散可能更多地通过代谢途径来实现。 5.UV-B辐射处理提高了在25/20℃条件下幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和GR等活性,以及抗坏血酸氧化还原比例(AsA/DHA)和GSH/GSSG;但是在10/5℃下,UV-B辐射除了导致SOD和CAT活性升高之外,对APX活性和AsA/DHA并不产生明显影响,但GPX和GSH/GSSG则显著降低。说明UV-B辐射幼苗的抗氧化系统在较高生长温度下显著地增强,而在低温10/5℃下被严重地削弱或降低,即低温阻止了代谢途径的光保护机制的正常运转。 6.多酚物质在UV-B辐射或低温10/5℃条件下都能显著地累积,且在UV-B辐射和低温复合作用下增加尤其显著,表明多酚物质在两个温度生长条件下特别是低温条件下都参与了对UV-B辐射幼苗的保护。 7.在高温条件下仅仅SHUVB处理的幼苗TBARS含量显著增加,而低温10/5℃条件下两个UV-B辐射处理都非常显著地上升,说明与高温生长条件相比较,低温加重了UV-B辐射引起的氧化胁迫,低温10/5℃条件下幼苗多酚的增加以及抗氧化系统的部分增强都没有能阻止UV-B辐射对幼苗的伤害。