PET/CT com 18-fluor-fluorodeoxiglucose no seguimento do melanoma maligno cutâneo

Introdução – O melanoma maligno cutâneo (MMC) é considerado uma das mais letais neoplasias e no seu seguimento recorre-se, para além dos exames clínicos e da análise de marcadores tumorais, a diversos métodos imagiológicos, como é o exame Tomografia por Emissão de Positrões/Tomografia Computorizada (PET/CT, do acrónimo inglês Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography) com 18fluor-fluorodeoxiglucose (18F-FDG). O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a utilidade da PET/CT relativamente à análise da extensão e à suspeita de recidiva do MMC, comparando os achados imagiológicos com os descritos em estudos CT. Metodologia – Estudo retrospetivo de 62 estudos PET/CT realizados em 50 pacientes diagnosticados com MMC. Excluiu-se um estudo cujo resultado era duvidoso (nódulo pulmonar). As informações relativas aos resultados dos estudos anatomopatológicos e dos exames imagiológicos foram obtidas através da história clínica e dos relatórios médicos dos estudos CT e PET/CT. Foi criada uma base de dados com os dados recolhidos através do software Excel e foi efetuada uma análise estatística descritiva. Resultados – Dos estudos PET/CT analisados, 31 foram considerados verdadeiros positivos (VP), 28 verdadeiros negativos (VN), um falso positivo (FP) e um falso negativo (FN). A sensibilidade, especificidade, o valor preditivo positivo (VPP), o valor preditivo negativo (VPN) e a exatidão da PET/CT para o estadiamento e avaliação de suspeita de recidiva no MMC são, respetivamente, 96,9%, 96,6%, 96,9%, 96,6% e 96,7%. Dos resultados da CT considerados na análise estatística, 14 corresponderam a VP, 12 a VN, três a FP e cinco a FN. A sensibilidade, especificidade, o VPP e o VPN e a exatidão da CT para o estadiamento e avaliação de suspeita de recidiva no MMC são, respetivamente, 73,7%, 80,0%, 82,4%, 70,6% e 76,5%. Comparativamente aos resultados CT, a PET/CT permitiu uma mudança na atitude terapêutica em 23% dos estudos. Conclusão – A PET/CT é um exame útil na avaliação do MMC, caracterizando-se por uma maior acuidade diagnóstica no estadiamento e na avaliação de suspeita de recidiva do MMC comparativamente à CT isoladamente.

Detection of micrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes from melanoma patients: direct comparison of multimarker molecular and immunopathological methods.

The technique of sentinel lymph node (SLN) dissection is a reliable predictor of metastatic disease in the lymphatic basin draining the primary melanoma. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is emerging as a highly sensitive technique to detect micrometastases in SLNs, but its specificity has been questioned. A prospective SLN study in melanoma patients was undertaken to compare in detail immunopathological versus molecular detection methods. Sentinel lymphadenectomy was performed on 57 patients, with a total of 71 SLNs analysed. SLNs were cut in slices, which were alternatively subjected to parallel multimarker analysis by microscopy (haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry for HMB-45, S100, tyrosinase and Melan-A/MART-1) and RT-PCR (for tyrosinase and Melan-A/MART-1). Metastases were detected by both methods in 23% of the SLNs (28% of the patients). The combined use of Melan-A/MART-1 and tyrosinase amplification increased the sensitivity of PCR detection of microscopically proven micrometastases. Of the 55 immunopathologically negative SLNs, 25 were found to be positive on RT-PCR. Notably, eight of these SLNs contained naevi, all of which were positive for tyrosinase and/or Melan-A/MART-1, as detected at both mRNA and protein level. The remaining 41% of the SLNs were negative on both immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Analysis of a series of adjacent non-SLNs by RT-PCR confirmed the concept of orderly progression of metastasis. Clinical follow-up showed disease recurrence in 12% of the RT-PCR-positive immunopathology-negative SLNs, indicating that even an extensive immunohistochemical analysis may underestimate the presence of micrometastases. However, molecular analyses, albeit more sensitive, need to be further improved in order to attain acceptable specificity before they can be applied diagnostically.

Diagnosis and workup of 522 consecutive patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms in Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are difficult to diagnose. We used SwissNET data to characterise NEN patients followed in the two academic centres of western Switzerland (WS), and to compare them with patients followed in eastern Switzerland (ES) as well as with international guidelines. METHOD: SwissNET is a prospective database covering data from 522 consecutive patients (285 men, 237 women) from WS (n = 99) and ES (n = 423). RESULTS: Mean ± SD age at diagnosis was 59.0 ± 15.7 years. Overall, 76/522 experienced a functional syndrome, with a median interval of 1.0 (IQR: 1.0-3.0) year between symptoms onset and diagnosis. A total of 51/522 of these tumours were incidental. The primary tumour site was the small intestine (29%), pancreas (21%), appendix (18%) and lung (11%) in both regions combined. In all, 513 functional imaging studies were obtained (139 in WS, 374 in ES). Of these, 381 were 111In-pentetreotide scintigraphies and 20 were 68Ga-DOTATOC PET. First line therapy was surgery in 87% of patients, medical therapy (biotherapy or chemotherapy) in 9% and irradiation in 3% for both regions together. CONCLUSION: Swiss NEN patients appear similar to what has been described in the literature. Imaging by somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) is widely used in both regions of Switzerland. In good accordance with published guidelines, data on first line therapy demonstrate the crucial role of surgery. The low incidence of biotherapy suggests that long-acting somatostatin analogues are not yet widely used for their anti-proliferative effects. The SwissNET initiative should help improve compliance with ENETS guidelines in the workup and care of NEN patients.

Molecular features of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma unravels potential novel therapeutic targets.

The pathogenesis of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTL), a rare entity mostly derived from γδ T cells and usually with a fatal outcome, remains largely unknown. In this study, HSTL samples (7γδ and 2αβ) and the DERL2 HSTL cell line were subjected to combined gene-expression profiling and array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Compared with other T-cell lymphomas, HSTL had a distinct molecular signature irrespective of TCR cell lineage. Compared with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified and normal γδ T cells, HSTL overexpressed genes encoding NK-cell-associated molecules, oncogenes (FOS and VAV3), the sphingosine-1-phosphatase receptor 5 involved in cell trafficking, and the tyrosine kinase SYK, whereas the tumor-suppressor gene AIM1 (absent in melanoma 1) was among the most down-expressed. We found highly methylated CpG islands of AIM1 in DERL2 cells, and decitabine treatment induced a significant increase in AIM1 transcripts. Syk was present in HSTL cells and DERL2 cells contained phosphorylated Syk and were sensitive to a Syk inhibitor in vitro. Genomic profiles confirmed recurrent isochromosome 7q (n = 6/9) without alterations at the SYK and AIM1 loci. Our results identify a distinct molecular signature for HSTL and highlight oncogenic pathways that offer rationale for exploring new therapeutic options such as Syk inhibitors and demethylating agents.

La performance diagnostique des marqueurs tumoraux messagers dans le diagnostic et le suivi du cancer du sein

Selon plusieurs évidences, la présence de cellules tumorales occultes dans la circulation sanguine aux premières étapes du cancer du sein pourrait être à l’origine des lésions métastasiques. Plusieurs études de recherche ont montré que l’utilisation de la RT-PCR en temps réel pour la détection des cellules tumorales circulantes CTC offre la meilleure sensibilité dans la quantification des marqueurs tumoraux. Présentement de routine, le suivi du cancer du sein est réalisé par le dosage immunologique des marqueurs sériques CA15-3 et CEA. Cependant, la faible sensibilité de ces marqueurs aux stades précoces de la maladie et leur manque de spécificité tissulaire ne permet pas leur utilisation pour le diagnostic et le pronostic du cancer du sein. Le diagnostic de la maladie est plutôt basé sur l’analyse d’une biopsie de la tumeur ou des ganglions lymphatiques, des méthodes invasives, coûteuses et peu adaptées pour un suivi de routine dans l’évaluation du risque de rechute et de la réponse au traitement. Malgré les études, la détection de ces cellules dans les laboratoires hospitaliers est rare. Nous avons envisagé de mettre en place un nouveau test RT-PCR pour la détection de cellules malignes du cancer du sein dans la circulation. La spécificité et la sensibilité de plusieurs marqueurs potentiels ont été comparées. Le but ultime de ce projet est d’offrir la détection d’un ou d’une combinaison de ces marqueurs de routine aux patientes. Nos résultats montrent une corrélation positive entre l’expression des ARNm des marqueurs CK19 et de HER2 avec les données cliniques des patientes. De plus, la sensibilité et la spécificité des tests RT-PCR sont comparables à la littérature récente. Finalement, la comparaison de notre test avec le dosage immunologique des marqueurs tumoraux sériques CA15.3 et CEA a montré que la détection de la CK19 et de HER2 par RT-PCR est plus sensible chez les patientes de cancer du sein métastatique.

Glicosilació aberrant en proteïnes de secreció com a marcadors tumorals

Als països desenvolupats, una de cada cinc persones morirà a causa del càncer. S'ha descrit que les cèl·lules canceroses presenten modificacions en els glicans presents a la superfície cel·lular i aquesta glicosilació anòmala podria reflectir-se en les glicoproteïnes de secreció. Per aquest motiu es planteja l'estudi de la glicosilació de dues proteïnes de secreció en situació normal i tumoral: la ribonucleasa pancreática humana (RNasa 1) i l'antigen prostàtic específic (PSA). La RNasa 1 és una glicoproteïna secretada majoritàriament pel pàncreas. S'ha desenvolupat un mètode immunològic per a detectar els nivells de RNasa 1 en sèrum. Malgrat la millora de la sensibilitat, respecte d'estudis anteriors, no s'han observat diferències significatives entre la concentració de RNasa 1 en sèrum de pacients control sans, afectats de neoplàsia pancreàtica, de pancreatitis o d'altres patologies. L'estudi de les estructures glucídiques de la RNasa 1, mitjançant assaigs immunològics, permet observar diferències importants en la glicosilació entre la situació normal i tumoral: Els antígens sialilats sLex i sLea només apareixen en la RNasa 1 de medi de cultiu de cèl·lules d'adenocarcinoma pancreàtic Capan-1 i MDAPanc-3 i l'antigen fucosilat Ley només apareix en la RNasa 1 de pàncreas de donant. S'ha purificat la RNasa 1 secretada per la línia MDAPanc-3, cosa que ha permès seqüenciar-ne les estructures glucídiques i comparar-les amb les de la RNasa 1 purificada del medi de les cèl·lules Capan-1 i de pàncreas de donant, corroborant els resultats abans esmentats. L'antigen prostàtic específic (PSA) és una glicoproteïna secretada principalment per la pròstata. Els seus nivells sèrics s'utilitzen actualment com a marcador del càncer de pròstata, però la seva especificitat no permet diferenciar clarament una situació benigna d'una maligna. La purificació i caracterització glucídica del PSA secretat per les cèl·lules de carcinoma prostàtic LNCaP mostren diferències molt clares amb la glicosilació que presenta el PSA purificat de plasma seminal de donant. Principalment, el PSA present en situació tumoral, purificat de les cèl·lules de carcinoma prostàtic, no conté àcid siàlic, però presenta nivells més alts de fucosilació que el PSA en situació normal. El PSA purificat de plasma seminal de donant sí que conté àcid siàlic. Aquests resultats s'han obtingut mitjançant assaigs immunològics amb detecció per lectines i s'han corroborat per seqüenciació glucídica. D'acord amb les estructures glucídiques que millor diferencien el PSA de situació normal i tumoral, s'ha portat a terme la caracterització glucídica de mostres biològiques que contenen PSA. S'han desenvolupat diferents assaigs immunològics de detecció per lectines o associats a l'activitat sialiltransferasa, amb un enriquiment previ en PSA per immunoadsorció indirecta o cromatografia per interacció tiofílica. Els resultats dels diferents assaigs permeten concloure que el PSA del sèrum de pacients de neoplàsia prostàtica presenten un contingut en àcid siàlic similar al del plasma seminal de donant, encara que són lleugerament menys sialilats. Aquests resultats s'adiuen amb els determinats sobre mostres de PSA purificat. La separació del PSA per electroforesi bidimensional mostra diverses formes amb pI àcid en el PSA de plasma seminal, explicades per la presència d'àcid siàlic. Es detecten formes de pI més bàsic que el teòric per al PSA en el secretat per les cèl·lules LNCaP, que correspon a formes pPSA. Al sèrum de pacients de neoplàsia prostàtica s'hi observen formes sialilades. Les proteïnes de secreció, RNasa 1 i PSA, es troben alterades a nivell glucídic en situació tumoral, cosa que podria ser d'utilitat per a finalitats diagnòstiques.

Microfluidic platforms for biomarker analysis

Biomarkers have been described as characteristics, most often molecular, that provide information about biological states, whether normal, pathological, or therapeutically modified. They hold great potential to assist diagnosis and prognosis, monitor disease, and assess therapeutic effectiveness. While a few biomarkers are routinely utilised clinically, these only reflect a very small percentage of all biomarkers discovered. Numerous factors contribute to the slow uptake of these new biomarkers, with challenges faced throughout the biomarker development pipeline. Microfluidics offers two important opportunities to the field of biomarkers: firstly, it can address some of these developmental obstacles, and secondly, it can provide the precise and complex platform required to bridge the gap between biomarker research and the biomarker-based analytical device market. Indeed, adoption of microfluidics has provided a new avenue for advancement, promoting clinical utilisation of both biomarkers and their analytical platforms. This review will discuss biomarkers and outline microfluidic platforms developed for biomarker analysis.

Avaliação da expressão da proteína p53 e do VEGF (Fator de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular) em pacientes com adenocarcinoma de esôfago

O prognóstico dos pacientes com adenocarcinoma de esôfago é bastante prejudicado pelo seu diagnóstico tardio. Na tentativa de determinar fatores que possam alterar o prognóstico destes pacientes, o estudo da biologia molecular tem recebido grande importância. As mutações no gene de supressão tumoral TP53 estão entre as anormalidades genéticas mais comuns encontradas numa ampla variedade de tumores. A angiogênese é essencial para o crescimento e a metastatização de tumores sólidos. O Fator de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular (VEGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), um fator de crescimento identificado recentemente com propriedades angiogênicas significativas, pode ser um importante regulador desta angiogênese tumoral. A associação entre as expressões da proteína p53 e do VEGF e o prognóstico tem sido pouco estudada. Foram estudados 46 pacientes com adenocarcinoma de esôfago submetidos à cirurgia de ressecção com intenção curativa. As expressões da proteína p53 e do VEGF foram observadas por análise imuno-histoqímica em 52,2% e 47,8% dos tumores, respectivamente. As expressões da proteína p53 e do VEGF coincidiram em 26% dos casos, e não foi encontrada correlação entre essa expressão. Nenhum dos fatores clinicopatológicos se correlacionaram significativamente com as expressões da proteína p53 ou do VEGF. Não houve associação significativa entre as expressões da proteína p53 e do VEGF e sobrevida a longo prazo. No presente estudo, a expressão da proteína p53 e do VEGF, embora em porcentagem similar à da literatura, não se correlacionou com o prognóstico em pacientes com adenocarcinoma de esôfago submetidos à cirurgia com intenção curativa.

Immunohistochemistry in diagnostic veterinary pathology: a critical review

A técnica de imuno-histoquímica é usada na rotina diagnóstica e na pesquisa em patologia humana desde 1970, porém seu uso na patologia veterinária é relativamente recente, principalmente com objetivo diagnóstico. A maior dificuldade no uso da imuno-histoquímica na patologia veterinária tem sido a falta de anticorpos específicos para os tecidos animais. Na falta de anticorpos específicos para as espécies domésticas, a patologia veterinária freqüentemente faz uso de anticorpos que apresentam reatividade cruzada entre antígenos humanos e animais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a reatividade cruzada de diversos anticorpos feitos para uso humano em tecido parafinado de algumas espécies animais, utilizando-se dos novos métodos de recuperação antigênica e amplificação da reação imuno-histoquímica. No presente estudo foi possível confirmar a aplicabilidade de que muitos anticorpos produzidos para diagnóstico imuno-histoquímico em patologia humana podem ser utilizados em patologia veterinária. Novos estudos são necessários a fim de se ampliar a lista de aplicabilidade desses anticorpos em diferentes espécies animais, levando sempre em consideração as variações de clones, diluições, métodos de recuperação antigênica e de revelação.

Myxedema ascites with elevated serum CA 125 concentration

We report a case of myxedema ascites and markedly elevated serum CA 125 concentration. The cause of ascites and elevated tumor markers in hypothyroidism remains unknown. Diagnosis was characterized by no evidence of malignancy seen by transvaginal ultrasonography or abdominal computed tomography and ascites resolution with serum CA 125 normalization after adequate hormonal treatment. Our data suggest that hypothyroidism should be considered in patients with ascites and elevated serum CA 125.

Carcinoid tumour of male breast diagnosed by fine needle aspiration.

A primary carcinoid tumour of the breast in a 66-year-old man was diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology. The nature of the lesion was proved by histochemical and immunocytochemical studies. The importance of a conclusive diagnosis is discussed and the value of immunocytochemical analysis as an aid to cytomorphologic diagnosis is demonstrated.

Simple mucin-type carbohydrate antigens (T, sialosyl T, Tn and sialosyl-Tn) in breast carcinogenesis

Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of simple mucin-type carbohydrate antigens (Tn, sialyl-Tn and T) was performed in a series of 43 cases of intraductal hyperplasia without atypia, 9 cases of intraductal hyperplasia with atypia, 54 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 26 cases of invasive breast carcinoma. We also studied 36 cases of isolated breast normal epithelium, 20 cases of 'normal' breast epithelium adjacent to neoplasms and 14 cases of apocrine metaplasia. All antigens were detected in different frequencies in normal, hyperplastic, metaplastic and neoplastic breast epithelium. Tn and sialyl-Tn are expressed more frequently in malignant than in benign breast epithelium; while Tn expression increases from normal to invasive carcinomas, sialyl-Tn increases until DCIS and drops in invasive carcinomas, suggesting that either there is a failure of a proportion of DCIS to progress to invasive carcinoma or loss of expression of sialyl-Tn when some carcinomas become invasive. The high frequency of Tn and sialyl-Tn expression in breast intraductal proliferations probably reflects incomplete glycosylation in these lesions, which is a well-known tumour-associated phenomenon and supports the assumption that such lesions are putative precursors of breast cancer. T antigen was expressed in all groups studied, but its prevalence differed significantly between normal and neoplastic epithelium. The expression of these antigens in epithelium adjacent to carcinomas is similar to that found in isolated normal breast epithelium, whereas apocrine metaplasia has a pattern of simple mucin-type glycosylation that is specific and distinct from that of the normal breast epithelium, with a high frequency of marked expression of Tn and sialyl-Tn. The similarity of the pattern of expression of simple mucin-type antigens in metaplasia and malignant neoplasia reduces the usefulness of these markers from a diagnostic standpoint.

Adenocarcinoma in females detected in serous effusions: Cytomorphologic aspects and immunocytochemical reactivity to cytokeratins 7 and 20

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the usefulness of assessing the immunoreactivity of cytokeratins 7 (CK7) and 20 (CK20) as well as several cytomorphologic parameters in effusions with metastatic adenocarcinomas in the search for the primary site of the tumor. STUDY DESIGN: From the files of the Pathology Department, A. C. Camargo Hospital, we studied cytologic smears from 73 metastatic adenocarcinomas originally from the breast, 63 from the ovary, 40 from the lung and 32 from the stomach, looking for morphologic parameters that could have discriminant potential in suggesting the primary site in a routine situation, including intranuclear inclusions, prominent nucleoli, mitosis, signet-ring cells, psammoma bodies, nuclear crease, binucleation and multinucleation, papillary features, acinar profile (including ball cells) and single cells. Immunoreactions were performed with monoclonal antibodies to CK7 (OV-TL 12/30 and CK20 (Ks 20.8) and included morphologic analysis. Both analyses were studied in a blind fashion regarding the primary site of the tumors. RESULTS: Positivity ratios for breast, ovary, stomach and lung cases were 67.6%, 63.5%, 29.7% and 45.5%, respectively, for CK7 and 17.2%, 15.8%, 13.5% and 32.2%, respectively, for CK20. Discriminant analysis of morphologic and immunocytochemical parameters had an error rate of 42.9% in recognizing the primary site and a Wilk's lambda of .7290. CONCLUSION: The more efficient parameter with discriminant function was the papillary appearance showed by CK7, which should be used in further studies with a similar scope. The set of parameters used in this study were insufficient to discriminate the primary site of female adenocarcinomas in effusions with significant accuracy.

Hodgkin disease in adult and juvenile groups from two different geographic regions in Brazil: Characterization of clinicopathologic aspects and relationship with Epstein-Barr virus infection

We analyzed clinicopathologic data, immunophenotype, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status in 96 cases of Hodgkin disease (HD) in juveniles (younger than 20 years) and adults (20 years or older) from 2 distinctive states in Brazil. We studied 34 juvenile (group 1) and 16 adult (group 2) cases from Ceara and 31 juvenile (group 3) and 15 adult (group 4) cases from São Paulo. Ceara has a socioeconomic profile similar to a developing country; São Paulo is in better economic condition. Mixed cellularity (MC) was the major histologic subtype among groups 1 (22 [65%]), 3 (21 [68%]), and 4 (7 [47%]); nodular sclerosis (NS) was more frequent in group 2 (8 [50%]). EBV infection was observed in 61 cases (64%), including the following (among others): group 1, MC, 22 (65%) and NS, 4 (12%); group 2, NS, 3 (19%) and MC, 2 (12%); group 3, MC, 16 (52%) and NS, 1 (3%); and group 4, MC, 7 (47%). There was predominance of EBV+ HD cases in group 1 compared with group 3. HD in Brazilian patients is highly associated with EBV infection, but geographic differences reflect histologic subtypes and age distribution.