Bursaphelenchus pinophilus Brzeski & Baujard, 1997 (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchinae) associated with nematangia on Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst, 1783) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), from the Czech Republic

The occurrence of Bursaphelenchus species in the Czech Republic is poorly known, the first report of the genus being made by Kubátová et al. (2000) who reported the association of B. eremus with the hyphomycetous microfungus, Esteya vermicola, and the bark beetle, Scolytus intricatus, collected from Quercus robur, in central Bohemia. To date, four other species have been reported from the country, namely B. fungivorus (Braasch et al., 2002), B. hofmanni (see Braasch, 2001), B. mucronatus (see Braasch, 2001) and B. vallesianus (Gaar et al., 2006). More recently, a survey for Bursaphelenchus species associated with bark- and wood-boring insects in the Czech Republic identified B. pinophilus Brzeski & Baujard, 1997 from the Moravia region. Although this represents a new country record, it was also associated with nematangia on the hind wings of a new insect vector. A total of 404 bark- and wood-boring insects were collected from declining or symptomatic trees and screened for the presence of Bursaphelenchus. Bark and longhorn beetles were captured manually after debarking parts of the trunk displaying symptoms of insect attacks. Longhorn beetle larvae were also collected together with logs cut from the trunk. Logs were kept at room temperature in the laboratory until insect emergence. Each adult insect was individually dissected in water and examined for nematodes. All nematodes resembling dauer juveniles of Bursaphelenchus were collected and identified by molecular characterisation using a region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) containing the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2. ITS-RFLP analyses using five restriction enzymes (AluI, HaeIII, HinfI, MspI, RsaI) were performed to generate the species-specific profile according to Burgermeister et al. (2009). Species identification was also confirmed by morphological data after culture of the dauers on Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Ft., growing in 5% malt extract agar. During this survey, only species belonging to the Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, revealed the presence of nematodes belonging to Bursaphelenchus. Dauers of this genus were found aggregated under the elytra in nematangia formed at the root of the hind wings (Fig. 1). The dauers were identified from 12 individuals of Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst, 1783) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) collected under the bark of Pinus sylvestris trunks. Each insect carried ca 10-100 dauers. The ITS-RFLP patterns of the dauers so obtained confirmed the identification of B. pinophilus associated with this insect species. Bursaphelenchus pinophilus has been found mainly in Europe and has been reported from various countries such as Poland (Brzeski & Baujard, 1997), Germany (Braasch, 2001), and Portugal (Penas et al., 2007). The recent detection of this species associated with dead P. koraiensis in Korea (Han et al., 2009) expands its geographical distribution and potential importance. It has been found associated only with Pinus species, but very little is known about the insect vector. The bark beetle, Hylurgus ligniperda, was initially suggested as the insect vector by Pe-nas et al. (2006), although the nematode associated with this insect was later reclassified as B. sexdentati by morphological and molecular analysis (Penas et al., 2007). According to the literature, P. bidentatus has been cited as a vector of Ektaphelenchus sp. (Kakuliya, 1966) in Georgia, and an unidentified nematode species in Spain (Roberston et al., 2008). Interestingly, B. pinophilus was found in the nematangia formed at the root of the hind wings of P. bidentatus. Although this phenomenon is not so common in other Bursaphelenchus species, B. rufipennis has been found recently in such a structure on the hind wings of the insect Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kanzaki et al., 2008). Although other nematode species (e.g., Ektaphelenchus spp.) are frequently found associated within the same nematangia (see Kanzaki et al., 2008), in this particular case, only dauers of B. pinophilus were identified. The association between B. pinophilus and P. bidentatus represents the first report of this biological association and the association with the Scolytinae strengthens the tight and specific links between this group of Bursaphelenchus species and members of the Scolytinae (Ryss et al., 2005).

A componente de apoio à família na educação pré-escolar: contextos locais e lógicas de ação

A Componente de Apoio à Família surge como resposta à necessidade daquelas famílias cujo horário de trabalho não é compatível com o tempo letivo diário disponibilizado pelos jardins-de-infância públicos aos seus filhos. O Jardim-de-infância situa-se num contexto organizacional diversificado, uma vez que estabelece relações com o agrupamento de escolas a que pertence, com a autarquia, com os pais, com as associações de pais, com as instituições particulares de solidariedade social, com a comunidade e com outros parceiros educativos. Este estudo visa analisar a participação de diferentes prestadores de serviços: autarquias, associações de pais e instituições particulares de solidariedade social na organização, funcionamento e gestão da Componente de Apoio à Família. Neste contexto, pretendemos identificar os princípios e as estratégias que sustentam os diferentes prestadores de serviços e o modo como lidam com as questões da Componente de Apoio à Família, isto é, as lógicas de ação inerentes a cada prestador de serviços. Partindo de uma matriz metodológica qualitativa, recorremos ao estudo de caso, desenvolvendo o trabalho empírico em três concelhos da zona centro denominados Concelhos do Mar, da Ria e da Praia. Privilegia-se a realização de entrevistas, nomeadamente a educadores de infância, representantes dos agrupamentos de escolas, presidentes de associações de pais, diretoras/coordenadoras das instituições particulares de solidariedade social, animadores da componente de apoio à família e representantes das autarquias, num total de 56 entrevistas. Como principais resultados, verificamos que nos concelhos em estudo a resposta da Componente de Apoio à Família prestada por diferentes organizações apresentam lógicas de ação distintas: no Concelho do Mar a predominância vai para as lógicas de ação de poder local e de associativismo; no Concelho da Ria predominam lógicas de ação de natureza empresarial/mercado e de poder local; no Concelho da Praia salientamos as lógicas de ação burocrática e de poder local.

Análise do desempenho de autoestradas através de microssimulação

Portugal é um dos países europeus com melhor cobertura espacial e populacional de rede de autoestradas (5º entre os 27 da UE). O acentuado crescimento desta rede nos últimos anos leva a que seja necessária a utilização de metodologias de análise e avaliação da qualidade do serviço que é prestado nestas infraestruturas, relativamente às condições de circulação. Usualmente, a avaliação da qualidade de serviço é efetuada por intermédio de metodologias internacionalmente aceites, das quais se destaca a preconizada no Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). É com esta última metodologia que são habitualmente determinados em Portugal, os níveis de serviço nas diversas componentes de uma autoestrada (secções correntes, ramos de ligação e segmentos de entrecruzamento). No entanto, a sua transposição direta para a realidade portuguesa levanta algumas reservas, uma vez que os elementos que compõem o ambiente rodoviário (infraestrutura, veículo e condutor) são distintos dos da realidade norte-americana para a qual foi desenvolvida. Assim, seria útil para os atores envolvidos no setor rodoviário dispor de metodologias desenvolvidas para as condições portuguesas, que possibilitassem uma caracterização mais realista da qualidade de serviço ao nível da operação em autoestradas. No entanto, importa referir que o desenvolvimento de metodologias deste género requer uma quantidade muito significativa de dados geométricos e de tráfego, o que acarreta uma enorme necessidade de meios, quer humanos, quer materiais. Esta abordagem é assim de difícil execução, sendo por isso necessário recorrer a metodologias alternativas para a persecução deste objetivo. Ultimamente tem-se verificado o uso cada vez mais generalizado de modelos de simulação microscópica de tráfego, que simulando o movimento individual dos veículos num ambiente virtual permitem realizar análises de tráfego. A presente dissertação apresenta os resultados obtidos no desenvolvimento de uma metodologia que procura recriar, através de simuladores microscópicos de tráfego, o comportamento das correntes de tráfego em secções correntes de autoestradas com o intuito de, posteriormente, se proceder à adaptação da metodologia preconizada no HCM (na sua edição de 2000) à realidade portuguesa. Para tal, com os simuladores microscópicos utilizados (AIMSUN e VISSIM) procurou-se reproduzir as condições de circulação numa autoestrada portuguesa, de modo a que fosse possível analisar as alterações sofridas no comportamento das correntes de tráfego após a modificação dos principais fatores geométricos e de tráfego envolvidos na metodologia do HCM 2000. Para o efeito, realizou-se uma análise de sensibilidade aos simuladores de forma a avaliar a sua capacidade para representar a influência desses fatores, com vista a, numa fase posterior, se quantificar o seu efeito para a realidade nacional e dessa forma se proceder à adequação da referida metodologia ao contexto português. Em resumo, o presente trabalho apresenta as principais vantagens e limitações dos microssimuladores AIMSUN e VISSIM na modelação do tráfego de uma autoestrada portuguesa, tendo-se concluído que estes simuladores não são capazes de representar de forma explícita alguns dos fatores considerados na metodologia do HCM 2000, o que impossibilita a sua utilização como ferramenta de quantificação dos seus efeitos e consequentemente inviabiliza a adaptação dessa metodologia à realidade nacional. São, no entanto, referidas algumas indicações de como essas limitações poderão vir a ser ultrapassadas, com vista à consecução futura dessa adequação.

Estudo da degradação do tempo de vida das fibras óticas e o seu impacte no desempenho das redes de comunicações

Este trabalho focou-se no estudo do impacte das condições ambientais, de instalação e de utilização na degradação da fibra ótica, que frequentemente resultam na redução do desempenho das fibras óticas. Entre este fatores, foram estudados os efeitos de ambientes agressivos para o revestimento da fibra, nomeadamente no tempo de vida e resistência. Foi também estudado o efeito da propagação de sinais óticos de elevadas potências em curvaturas apertadas e a sua influência na degradação do desempenho da fibra ótica. Ainda neste âmbito, foi também estudado o desempenho de fibras óticas insensíveis a curvtura e fibras dopadas com Érbio, sendo analisada a dinâmica do efeito rastilho nestas fibras. Como parte integrante das redes óticas, os conetores óticos são de extrema importância na sua estrutura. O seu desempenho será refletido na qualidade do serviço da rede, e por isso é determinante estudar os fatores que contribuem para a sua degradação e mau funcionamento. Assim, este trabalho apresenta um estudo do comportamento de conetores óticos perante situações de mau manuseamento (como são limpeza insuficiente e degradação física da face final). Em adição foi também dado ênfase à reutilização de fibra danificada pelo efeito rastilho no desenvolvimento de sensores, passíveis de serem utilizados na monitorização de índice de refração, pressão hidrostática, tensão ou alta temperatura. Este procedimento surge como uma solução de baixo custo para o desenvolvimento de sensores em fibra ótica a partir de fibra danificada e inutilizável para as suas habituais aplicações em transmissão e/ou reflexão de sinais óticos.

Alkaline-earth aluminosilicate-based glass and glass-ceramic sealants for functional applications

The planar design of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is the most promising one due to its easier fabrication, improved performance and relatively high power density. In planar SOFCs and other solid-electrolyte devices, gas-tight seals must be formed along the edges of each cell and between the stack and gas manifolds. Glass and glass-ceramic (GC), in particular alkaline-earth alumino silicate based glasses and GCs, are becoming the most promising materials for gas-tight sealing applications in SOFCs. Besides the development of new glass-based materials, new additional concepts are required to overcome the challenges being faced by the currently existing sealant technology. The present work deals with the development of glasses- and GCs-based materials to be used as a sealants for SOFCs and other electrochemical functional applications. In this pursuit, various glasses and GCs in the field of diopside crystalline materials have been synthesized and characterized by a wide array of techniques. All the glasses were prepared by melt-quenching technique while GCs were produced by sintering of glass powder compacts at the temperature ranges from 800−900 ºC for 1−1000 h. Furthermore, the influence of various ionic substitutions, especially SrO for CaO, and Ln2O3 (Ln=La, Nd, Gd, and Yb), for MgO + SiO2 in Al-containing diopside on the structure, sintering and crystallization behaviour of glasses and properties of resultant GCs has been investigated, in relevance with final application as sealants in SOFC. From the results obtained in the study of diopside-based glasses, a bilayered concept of GC sealant is proposed to overcome the challenges being faced by (SOFCs). The systems designated as Gd−0.3 (in mol%: 20.62MgO−18.05CaO−7.74SrO−46.40SiO2−1.29Al2O3 − 2.04 B2O3−3.87Gd2O3) and Sr−0.3 (in mol%: 24.54 MgO−14.73 CaO−7.36 SrO−0.55 BaO−47.73 SiO2−1.23 Al2O3−1.23 La2O3−1.79 B2O3−0.84 NiO) have been utilized to realize the bi-layer concept. Both GCs exhibit similar thermal properties, while differing in their amorphous fractions, revealed excellent thermal stability along a period of 1,000 h. They also bonded well to the metallic interconnect (Crofer22APU) and 8 mol% yttrium stabilized zirconium (8YSZ) ceramic electrolyte without forming undesirable interfacial layers at the joints of SOFC components and GC. Two separated layers composed of glasses (Gd−0.3 and Sr−0.3) were prepared and deposited onto interconnect materials using a tape casting approach. The bi-layered GC showed good wetting and bonding ability to Crofer22APU plate, suitable thermal expansion coefficient (9.7–11.1 × 10–6 K−1), mechanical reliability, high electrical resistivity, and strong adhesion to the SOFC componets. All these features confirm the good suitability of the investigated bi-layered sealant system for SOFC applications.

Multi-scale keypoints in V1 and face detection

End-stopped cells in cortical area V1, which combine out- puts of complex cells tuned to different orientations, serve to detect line and edge crossings (junctions) and points with a large curvature. In this paper we study the importance of the multi-scale keypoint representa- tion, i.e. retinotopic keypoint maps which are tuned to different spatial frequencies (scale or Level-of-Detail). We show that this representation provides important information for Focus-of-Attention (FoA) and object detection. In particular, we show that hierarchically-structured saliency maps for FoA can be obtained, and that combinations over scales in conjunction with spatial symmetries can lead to face detection through grouping operators that deal with keypoints at the eyes, nose and mouth, especially when non-classical receptive field inhibition is employed. Al- though a face detector can be based on feedforward and feedback loops within area V1, such an operator must be embedded into dorsal and ventral data streams to and from higher areas for obtaining translation-, rotation- and scale-invariant face (object) detection.

Multi-scale cortical keypoint representation for attention and object detection

Keypoints (junctions) provide important information for focus-of-attention (FoA) and object categorization/recognition. In this paper we analyze the multi-scale keypoint representation, obtained by applying a linear and quasi-continuous scaling to an optimized model of cortical end-stopped cells, in order to study its importance and possibilities for developing a visual, cortical architecture.We show that keypoints, especially those which are stable over larger scale intervals, can provide a hierarchically structured saliency map for FoA and object recognition. In addition, the application of non-classical receptive field inhibition to keypoint detection allows to distinguish contour keypoints from texture (surface) keypoints.

Multi-scale keypoint annotation: a biological approach

The primary visual cortex employs simple, complex and end-stopped cells to create a scale space of 1D singularities (lines and edges) and of 2D singularities (line and edge junctions and crossings called keypoints). In this paper we show first results of a biological model which attributes information of the local image structure to keypoints at all scales, ie junction type (L, T, +) and main line/edge orientations. Keypoint annotation in combination with coarse to fine scale processing facilitates various processes, such as image matching (stereo and optical flow), object segregation and object tracking.

Disparity energy model with keypoint disparity validation

A biological disparity energy model can estimate local depth information by using a population of V1 complex cells. Instead of applying an analytical model which explicitly involves cell parameters like spatial frequency, orientation, binocular phase and position difference, we developed a model which only involves the cells’ responses, such that disparity can be extracted from a population code, using only a set of previously trained cells with random-dot stereograms of uniform disparity. Despite good results in smooth regions, the model needs complementary processing, notably at depth transitions. We therefore introduce a new model to extract disparity at keypoints such as edge junctions, line endings and points with large curvature. Responses of end-stopped cells serve to detect keypoints, and those of simple cells are used to detect orientations of their underlying line and edge structures. Annotated keypoints are then used in the leftright matching process, with a hierarchical, multi-scale tree structure and a saliency map to segregate disparity. By combining both models we can (re)define depth transitions and regions where the disparity energy model is less accurate.

Ecological genetics in the North Atlantic: environmental gradients and adaptation at specific loci

The North Atlantic intertidal community provides a rich set of organismal and environmental material for the study of ecological genetics. Clearly defined environmental gradients exist at multiple spatial scales: there are broad latitudinal trends in temperature, meso-scale changes in salinity along estuaries, and smaller scale gradients in desiccation and temperature spanning the intertidal range. The geology and geography of the American and European coasts provide natural replication of these gradients, allowing for population genetic analyses of parallel adaptation to environmental stress and heterogeneity. Statistical methods have been developed that provide genomic neutrality tests of population differentiation and aid in the process of candidate gene identification. In this paper, we review studies of marine organisms that illustrate associations between an environmental gradient and specific genetic markers. Such highly differentiated markers become candidate genes for adaptation to the environmental factors in question, but the functional significance of genetic variants must be comprehensively evaluated. We present a set of predictions about locus-specific selection across latitudinal, estuarine, and intertidal gradients that are likely to exist in the North Atlantic. We further present new data and analyses that support and contradict these simple selection models. Some taxa show pronounced clinal variation at certain loci against a background of mild clinal variation at many loci. These cases illustrate the procedures necessary for distinguishing selection driven by internal genomic vs. external environmental factors. We suggest that the North Atlantic intertidal community provides a model system for identifying genes that matter in ecology due to the clarity of the environmental stresses and an extensive experimental literature on ecological function. While these organisms are typically poor genetic and genomic models, advances in comparative genomics have provided access to molecular tools that can now be applied to taxa with well-defined ecologies. As many of the organisms we discuss have tight physiological limits driven by climatic factors, this synthesis of molecular population genetics with marine ecology could provide a sensitive means of assessing evolutionary responses to climate change.

Differential requirements of aPKC activity within different epithelial tissues

Epithelial tissues are essential during morphogenesis and organogenesis. During development, epithelial tissues undergo several different remodeling processes, from cell intercalation to cell change shape. An epithelial cell has a highly polarized structure, which is important to maintain tissue integrity. The mechanisms that regulate and maintain apicobasal polarity and epithelial integrity are mostly conserved among all species and in different tissues within the same organism. aPKC-PAR complex localizes in the apical domain of polarized cells, and its function is essential for apicobasal polarization and epithelial integrity. In this work we characterized two novel alleles of aPKC: a temperature sensitive allele (aPKCTS), which has a point mutation on a kinase domain, and another allele with a point mutation on a highly conserved amino acid within the PB1 domain of aPKC (aPKCPB1). Analysis of the aPKCTS mutant phenotypes, lead us to propose that during development different epithelial tissues have differential requirements of aPKC activity. More specifically, our work suggests de novo formation of adherens junctions (AJs) is particularly sensitive to sub-optimal levels of apkc activity. Analysis of the aPKCPB1 allele, suggests that aPKC is likely to have an apical structural function mostly independent of its kinase activity. Altogether our work suggests that although loss of aPKC function is associated to similar epithelial phenotypes (e.g., loss of apicobasal polarization and epithelial integrity), the requirements of aPKC activity within these tissues are nevertheless likely to vary.

BIMP: A real-time biological model of multi-scale keypoint detection in V1

We present an improved, biologically inspired and multiscale keypoint operator. Models of single- and double-stopped hypercomplex cells in area V1 of the mammalian visual cortex are used to detect stable points of high complexity at multiple scales. Keypoints represent line and edge crossings, junctions and terminations at fine scales, and blobs at coarse scales. They are detected by applying first and second derivatives to responses of complex cells in combination with two inhibition schemes to suppress responses along lines and edges. A number of optimisations make our new algorithm much faster than previous biologically inspired models, achieving real-time performance on modern GPUs and competitive speeds on CPUs. In this paper we show that the keypoints exhibit state-of-the-art repeatability in standardised benchmarks, often yielding best-in-class performance. This makes them interesting both in biological models and as a useful detector in practice. We also show that keypoints can be used as a data selection step, significantly reducing the complexity in state-of-the-art object categorisation. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Neuro-glia-vascular alterations by common neonatal clinical conditions

Tese de doutoramento, Farmácia (Biologia Celular e Molecular), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2014

What Attitude Changes Are Needed to Cause SMEs to Take a Strategic Approach to Information Security?

Spending on security in an SME usually has to compete with demands for hardware, infrastructure, and strategic applications. In this paper, the authors seek to explore the reasons why smaller SMEs in particular have consistently failed to see securing information as strategic year-on-year spending, and just regard as part of an overall tight IT budget. The authors scrutinise the typical SMEs reasoning for choosing to see non-spending on security as an acceptable strategic risk. They look particularly at possible reasons why SMEs tend not to take much notice of "scare stories" in the media based on research showing they are increasingly at risk, whilst larger businesses are taking greater precautions and become more difficult to penetrate. The results and their analysis provide useful pointers towards broader business environment changes that would cause SMEs to be more risk-averse and ethical in their approach to securing their own and their clients’ information.

Micromorphology of the labellum and structure of the osmophore in a group of closely related species of the sexually deceptive Orchid genus Ophrys (orchidaceae)

Tese de doutoramento, Biologia (Biologia Celular), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2016