Eletrólise da água para produção de gás de síntese

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica Ramo de Processos Químicos

Síntese de um novo polímero conjugado e reticulável e sua aplicação em células fotovoltaicas

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica

Novos polímeros conjugados baseados em calixarenos contendo fontes quirais de origem natural: síntese, propriedades e aplicações sensoriais

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica

Síntese de muropéptidos bacterianos para estudos de interacção com a vancomicina

A vancomicina é um membro da família dos antibióticos glicopeptídicos considerado de último recurso no tratamento de infecções causadas por bactérias Gram-positivas. A fim de encontrar novos agentes para combater a resistência bacteriana é importante compreender os detalhes do mecanismo de acção de antibióticos glicopeptídicos. Estes antibióticos evitam a formação de peptidoglicano (PGN), o principal componente da parede celular bacteriana, o qual é constituído por uma cadeia alternada de N-acetil-glucosamina (GlucNAc) e ácido N-acetil-murâmico (MurNAc) ligados entre si poruma ligação glicosídica β(1→4), e estas cadeias ligam-se entre si por pequenas cadeias peptídicas. Está bem estabelecido que a substituição do último aminoácido da cadeia peptídica ligada à unidade MurNAc altera a interacção das bactérias com os antibióticos glicopéptidicos. Até agora, os estudos de interacção foram limitados ao uso de dipéptidos e tripéptidos N-protegidos. De modo a clarificar a forma como as diferentes composições da unidade peptídica e da unidade de carbohidratodos muropéptidos bacterianos afectam o reconhecimento pela vancomicina, desenvolvemos neste estudo a síntese de uma pequena biblioteca de muropeptidos e péptidos para futuros testes de interação molecular. A unidade MurNAc foi sintetizada por duas vias diferentes, envolvendo diferentes grupos protectores do grupo amina, o acetilo e o aliloxicarbonilo. O derivado de MurNAc 8 foi preparado em 7 passos, com 3% de rendimento pela via envolvendo a GlucNAc. Para a síntese das cadeias peptídicas utilizou-se a técnica de síntese de péptidos em fase sólida (SPFS). Os péptidos e muropéptidos foram sintetizados utilizando como terminal de D-Ala, Gly e D-Ser por SPFS com sucesso. Os estudos preliminares de interacção entre a vancomicina e a unidade MurNAc sugerem uma possível alteração conformacional da vancomicina na presença de MurNAc, pelo que de futuro as interações entre estas duas estruturas e os muropéptidos sintetizados deverão ser investigadas.

A síntese de voz en lingua galega : o proxecto cotovía. 'La síntesis de voz en lengua gallega : el proyecto cotovía'.

En primer lugar, se exponen los distintos tipos de tecnologías del habla existente y su importancia para lograr la integración del mundo tecnológico en la sociedad de la información. Después, se realiza una descripción del primer sintetizador de voz en lengua gallega, 'Cotovía'. Es un conversor texto-voz basado en la técnica de concatenación de unidades. Como conclusión final, se deduce que las lenguas que no consigan desenvolverse mínimamente en este ámbito, tendrán serias dificultades para seguir subsistiendo.

Adolescentes, mozos e drogas de síntese : unha intervención preventiva desde un modelo biopsicosocial. 'Adolescentes, jóvenes y drogas de síntesis : una intervención preventiva desde un modelo biopsicosocial'.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharide from lactose using beta-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis: studies on batch and continuous UF membrane-fitted bioreactors

A study of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) synthesis from lactose with beta-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis (Maxilact(R) L2000) was carried out. The synthesis was performed using various initial lactose concentrations ranging from 220 to 400 mg/mL and enzyme concentrations ranging from 3 to 9 U/mL, and was investigated at 40degreesC and pH 7, in a stirred-tank reactor. In the experimental range examined, the results showed the amount of GOS formed depended on lactose concentration but not on enzyme concentration. Galactose was a competitive inhibitor, while glucose was a non-competitive inhibitor. In a further study, a laboratory-scale reactor system, fitted with a 10-kDa NMWCO composite regenerated cellulose membrane, was used in a continuous process. The reactor was operated in cross-flow mode. The effect of operating pressures on flux and productivity was investigated by applying different transmembrane pressures to the system. The continuous process showed better production performance compared to the batch synthesis with the same lactose and enzyme concentrations at 40degreesC, pH 7. Comparison of product structures from batch and continuous processes, analyzed by HPAEPAD and methylation analysis, showed similarities but differed from the structures found in a commercial GOS product (Vivinal(R)GOS). (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized human study assessing the capacity of a novel galacto-oligosaccharide mixture in reducing travellers' diarrhoea.

Background/Objectives: Prebiotics have attracted interest for their ability to positively affect the colonic microbiota composition, thus increasing resistance to infection and diarrhoeal disease. This study assessed the effectiveness of a prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide mixture (B-GOS) on the severity and/or incidence of travellers' diarrhoea (TD) in healthy subjects. Subjects/Methods: The study was a placebo-controlled, randomized, double blind of parallel design in 159 healthy volunteers, who travelled for minimum of 2 weeks to a country of low or high risk for TD. The investigational product was the B-GOS and the placebo was maltodextrin. Volunteers were randomized into groups with an equal probability of receiving either the prebiotic or placebo. The protocol comprised of a 1 week pre-holiday period recording bowel habit, while receiving intervention and the holiday period. Bowel habit included the number of bowel movements and average consistency of the stools as well as occurrence of abdominal discomfort, flatulence, bloating or vomiting. A clinical report was completed in the case of diarrhoeal incidence. A post-study questionnaire was also completed by all subjects on their return. Results: Results showed significant differences between the B-GOS and the placebo group in the incidence (P<0.05) and duration (P<0.05) of TD. Similar findings occurred on abdominal pain (P<0.05) and the overall quality of life assessment (P<0.05). Conclusions: Consumption of the tested galacto-oligosaccharide mixture showed significant potential in preventing the incidence and symptoms of TD.

A randomised crossover study investigating the effects of galacto-oligosaccharides on the faecal microbiota in men and women over 50 years of age

Faecal microbial changes associated with ageing include reduced bifidobacteria numbers. These changes coincide with an increased risk of disease development. Prebiotics have been observed to increase bifidobacteria numbers within humans. The present study aimed to determine if prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) could benefit a population of men and women of 50 years and above, through modulation of faecal microbiota, fermentation characteristics and faecal water genotoxicity. A total of thirty-seven volunteers completed this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. The treatments – juice containing 4 g GOS and placebo – were consumed twice daily for 3 weeks, preceded by 3-week washout periods. To study the effect of GOS on different large bowel regions, three-stage continuous culture systems were conducted in parallel using faecal inocula from three volunteers. Faecal samples were microbially enumerated by quantitative PCR. In vivo, following GOS intervention, bifidobacteria were significantly more compared to post-placebo (P = 0·02). Accordingly, GOS supplementation had a bifidogenic effect in all in vitro system vessels. Furthermore, in vessel 1 (similar to the proximal colon), GOS fermentation led to more lactobacilli and increased butyrate. No changes in faecal water genotoxicity were observed. To conclude, GOS supplementation significantly increased bifidobacteria numbers in vivo and in vitro. Increased butyrate production and elevated bifidobacteria numbers may constitute beneficial modulation of the gut microbiota in a maturing population.

Influence of galacto-oligosaccharide mixture (B-GOS) on gut microbiota, immune parameters and metabonomics in elderly persons

It is recognised that ageing induces various changes to the human colonic microbiota. Most relevant is a reduction in bifidobacteria, which is a health-positive genus. Prebiotics, such as galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), are dietary ingredients that selectively fortify beneficial gut microbial groups. Therefore, they have the potential to reverse the age-related decline in bifidobacteria and modulate associated health parameters. We assessed the effect of GOS mixture (Bimuno (B-GOS)) on gut microbiota, markers of immune function and metabolites in forty elderly (age 65-80 years) volunteers in a randomised, double-blind, placebo (maltodextrin)-controlled, cross-over study. The intervention periods consisted of 10 weeks with daily doses of 5·5 g/d with a 4-week washout period in between. Blood and faecal samples were collected for the analyses of faecal bacterial populations and immune and metabolic biomarkers. B-GOS consumption led to significant increases in bacteroides and bifidobacteria, the latter correlating with increased lactic acid in faecal waters. Higher IL-10, IL-8, natural killer cell activity and C-reactive protein and lower IL-1β were also observed. Administration of B-GOS to elderly volunteers may be useful in positively affecting the microbiota and some markers of immune function associated with ageing.