Diagnóstico dos mecanismos disfluentes em orações relativas do português brasileiro

Alguns estudos na área da Psicolinguística tratam sobre a interrupção da forma natural da fluência da fala. Essas suspensões são denominadas disfluências e podem ser de variados tipos como, por exemplo, repetições, substituições ou pausas. Entre alguns trabalhos sobre disfluências, destaca-se o realizado por Jaeger (2005), que tratou da omissão do relativizador that na língua inglesa e a possibilidade desse fator ser responsável pela criação de disfluências. Nessa mesma linha, objetivamos analisar as disfluências na camada dos relativizadores camada CP em língua portuguesa brasileira. Para isso, tomaram-se dados obtidos por Corrêa et al (2008) sobre produção de orações relativas. Nesse estudo, os autores, buscando verificar a complexidade da formulação de orações relativas, manipularam duas condições: plenamente planejada que reduziria a carga de processamento e, consequentemente, levaria à maior produção de orações relativas padrões e parcialmente planejada a qual aumentaria a carga de processamento e, consequentemente, maior produção de orações relativas cortadoras e resumptivas. Diante disso, sabendo que o planejamento de estruturas mais complexas pode ser um fator que gere mais sentenças disfluentes, resta saber em qual das condições, estipuladas por Corrêa et al (2008), haveria maior caso de disfluências. Acreditamos que a condição parcialmente planejada resultaria mais casos de disfluências em comparação à condição inteiramente planejada. Para verificação de tal hipótese, a presente pesquisa focou suas atenções no banco de dados de Corrêa et al (2008). Após determinados critérios, privilegiamos sentenças de orações relativas genitivas, orações relativas de objeto indireto funcional e orações relativas de objeto indireto lexical, pois tais seriam construções sintáticas mais complexas e passíveis de terem mais casos de disfluências. Identificadas e quantificadas todas as falas de interesse, criamos tabelas para melhor visualização das disfluências em localizações específicas na sentença como, por exemplo, antes da oração relativa (AOR), na oração relativa (NAOR) e depois da oração relativa (DPOR). Com tais dados analisados, verificamos que eles corroboravam a hipótese levantada: na condição parcialmente planejada há mais casos de disfluências do que na condição inteiramente planejada, principalmente quando se é focalizada a localização NAOR. Entre os principais resultados, percebemos que as disfluências do tipo pausas preenchidas aparecem em grande quantidade na localização NAOR, fator que revela uma característica especial da oração relativa. Essa disfluência, nesse trecho da sentença, revela que os falantes não somente fazem uma procura lexical, como também, um planejamento discursivo. Tais resultados nos motivaram a pensar em outras determinadas situações de pesquisa como, por exemplo, a análise das disfluências em sentenças de voz passiva

Creating a spontaneous conversational speech corpus

Speech recognition and language analysis of spontaneous speech arising in naturally spoken conversations are becoming the subject of much research. However, there is a shortage of spontaneous speech corpora that are freely available for academics. We therefore undertook the building of a natural conversation speech database, recording over 200 hours of conversations in English by over 600 local university students. With few exceptions, the students used their own cell phones from their own rooms or homes to speak to one another, and they were permitted to speak on any topic they chose. Although they knew that they were being recorded and that they would receive a small payment, their conversations in the corpus are probably very close to being natural and spontaneous. This paper describes a detailed case study of the problems we faced and the methods we used to make the recordings and control the collection of these social science data on a limited budget.

The effect of interrogative function on intonation in spontaneous and read Finnish

Goals This study aims to map the effect of interrogative function on the intonation of spontaneous and read Finnish. Earlier research shows that the most prominent feature in Finnish question intonation is an appeal to the listener. Question word questions typically start with a high peak which is followed by falling intonation. In yes/no questions, F0 remains on a high level until the word carrying sentence stress and then falls. Final rises are mainly found in intonation clichés such as "Ai mitä?" ("What?") These earlier results are based on read speech and enacted dialogues. In this study, questions and statements found in spontaneous dialogues were compared. These utterances were also compared with read versions of the same utterances. Fundamental frequency values were compared using a mixed model. Contours were also grouped using auditory and visual inspection. Thus it was possible to compare frequencies of contour types according to utterance type and speech style. The position of questions in the F0 distribution of the whole material was also investigated in this study. Method The material consisted of four spontaneous dialogues and their read versions. The speakers were young adults from the Helsinki metropolitan area, four females and four males. The whole material was first divided into broad dialogue function categories arising from the material and F0 curves were calculated for each category. After this, 277 questions and 244 statements were selected for closer inspection. Values reflecting F0 distribution and contour shape were measured from the F0 contours of these utterances. A mixed model was used to analyse the differences. Utterance type, question type, speech style and speaker gender were used as fixed effects. The frequencies of F0 contour types were compared using a Chi square test. Additional material in this study came from eight young female speakers in central Finland. Results and conclusions In the mixed model analysis, significant differences were found both between questions and statements and between spontaneous and read speech. Generally, utterance type affected the variables reflecting contour type while speech style affected the variables reflecting F0 distribution. The effect of question type was not clearly visible. In read speech the contours resembled earlier results more closely. Speakers had different strategies in differentiating between questions and statements. In the whole material, F0 was slightly higher in questions than in statements. The effect of dialectal background could be seen in the contour types. The results show that interrogative function affects intonation in both spontaneous and read Finnish.

On the Selection of Non-Invasive Methods Based on Speech Analysis Oriented to Automatic Alzheimer Disease Diagnosis

The work presented here is part of a larger study to identify novel technologies and biomarkers for early Alzheimer disease (AD) detection and it focuses on evaluating the suitability of a new approach for early AD diagnosis by non-invasive methods. The purpose is to examine in a pilot study the potential of applying intelligent algorithms to speech features obtained from suspected patients in order to contribute to the improvement of diagnosis of AD and its degree of severity. In this sense, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been used for the automatic classification of the two classes (AD and control subjects). Two human issues have been analyzed for feature selection: Spontaneous Speech and Emotional Response. Not only linear features but also non-linear ones, such as Fractal Dimension, have been explored. The approach is non invasive, low cost and without any side effects. Obtained experimental results were very satisfactory and promising for early diagnosis and classification of AD patients.