Non-target Impacts to Eelgrass from Treatments to Control Spartina in Willapa Bay, Washington

Four methods to control the smooth cordgrass Spartina (Spartina alterniflora) and the footwear worn by treatment personnelat several sites in Willapa Bay, Washington were evaluatedto determine the non-target impacts to eelgrass (Zostera japonica). Clone-sized infestations of Spartina were treated bymowing or a single hand-spray application of Rodeo® formulatedat 480 g L-1acid equivalence (ae) of the isopropylaminesalt of glyphosate (Monsanto Agricultural Co., St. Louis, MO;currently Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN) with the nonionic surfactant LI 700® (2% v/v) or a combination of mowing and hand spraying. An aerial application of Rodeo® with X-77 Spreader® (0.13% v/v) to a 2-ha meadow was also investigated. Monitoring consisted of measuring eelgrass shoot densities and percent cover pre-treatment and 1-yr post-treatment. Impacts to eelgrass adjacent to treated clones were determined 1 m from the clones and compared to a control 5-m away. Impacts from footwear were assessed at 5 equidistant intervals along a 10-m transect on mudflat and an untreated control transect at each of the three clone treatment sites. Impacts from the aerial application were determined by comparing shoot densities and percent cover 1, 3 and 10 m from the edge of the treated Spartina meadow to that at comparable distances from an untreated meadow. Methods utilized to control Spartina clones did not impact surrounding eelgrass at two of three sites. Decreases in shoot densities observed at the third site were consistent across treatments. Most impacts to eelgrass from the footwear worn by treatment personnel were negligible and those that were significant were limited to soft mud substrate. The aerial application of the herbicide was associated with reductions in eelgrass (shoot density and percent cover) at two of the three sampling distances, but reductions on the control plot were greater. We conclude that the unchecked spread of Spartina is a far greater threat to the survival and health of eelgrass than that from any of the control measures we studied. The basis for evaluating control measures for Spartina should be efficacy and logistical constraints and not impacts to eelgrass. PDF is 7 pages.

Technology and success in restoration, creation, and enhancement of Spartina afferniflora marshes in the United States. Vol. 1: Executive Summary and Annotated Bibliography

Extensive losses of coastal wetlands in the United States caused by sea-level rise, land subsidence, erosion, and coastal development have increased hterest in the creation of salt marshes within estuaries. Smooth cordgrass Spartina altemiflora is the species utilized most for salt marsh creation and restoration throughout the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the U.S., while S. foliosa and Salicomia virginica are often used in California. Salt marshes have many valuable functions such as protecting shorelines from erosion, stabilizing deposits of dredged material, dampening flood effects, trapping water-born sediments, serving as nutrient reservoirs, acting as tertiary water treatment systems to rid coastal waters of contaminants, serving as nurseries for many juvenile fish and shellfish species, and serving as habitat for various wildlife species (Kusler and Kentula 1989). The establishment of vegetation in itself is generally sufficient to provide the functions of erosion control, substrate stabilization, and sediment trapping. The development of other salt marsh functions, however, is more difficult to assess. For example, natural estuarine salt marshes support a wide variety of fish and shellfish, and the abundance of coastal marshes has been correlated with fisheries landings (Turner 1977, Boesch and Turner 1984). Marshes function for aquatic species by providing breeding areas, refuges from predation, and rich feeding grounds (Zimmerman and Minello 1984, Boesch and Turner 1984, Kneib 1984, 1987, Minello and Zimmerman 1991). However, the relative value of created marshes versus that of natural marshes for estuarine animals has been questioned (Carnmen 1976, Race and Christie 1982, Broome 1989, Pacific Estuarine Research Laboratory 1990, LaSalle et al. 1991, Minello and Zimmerman 1992, Zedler 1993). Restoration of all salt marsh functions is necessary to prevent habitat creation and restoration activities from having a negative impact on coastal ecosystems.

Efectos del pastoreo y la inundación salina en marismas dominadas por Spartina densiflora

Las marismas son ecosistemas de pastizal ubicados en la interfase marino-terrestre, regulados por procesos físicos relacionados con la posición relativa en el relieve y los movimientos de las mareas. En los últimos años el corrimiento de la frontera agrícola llevó a la ganadería hacia estas áreas marginales, de alto valor intrínseco por brindar servicios ecosistémicos y ser sustento de una gran biodiversidad. El objetivo general de la tesis fue estudiar los efectos del pastoreo y las mareas sobre el suelo y la vegetación de estos ecosistemas en tres posiciones del gradiente topográfico: alto, medio y bajo. Se utilizó como sistema de estudio una marisma ubicada al sur de la Bahía de Samborombón. Se observó que el pastoreo (0.6 animales.ha-1) favoreció los procesos de compactación del suelo en todo el gradiente y aumentó la salinidad de las posiciones medias y bajas. Asimismo, modificó la composición florística en las posiciones altas y medias y disminuyó la calidad forrajera en todo el gradiente. Los cambios en la composición florística se debieron a una disminución en la cobertura de la especie dominante de la comunidad (Spartina densiflora) y de especies de alta calidad forrajera y un aumento de la cobertura de pastos rastreros y dicotiledóneas en la posición alta y de especies tolerantes a la salinidad en la posición media. A su vez, se encontraron poblaciones de la especie dominante S. densiflora localmente adaptadas a las posiciones altas y bajas en relación a la respuesta a ciclos diarios de inundación salina (simulando la marea). La población proveniente de la posición baja resultó más tolerante a la inundación salina al mantener una baja relación Na+/K+, retrasar la senescencia y mantener la elongación de sus láminas. En conjunto, los resultados encontrados aportan nuevos conocimientos sobre la estructura y funcionamiento de ecosistemas de marisma en relación a los principales disturbios que las afectan. En el aspecto práctico, la información generada servirá como base para plantear objetivos de manejo sustentables compatibles con objetivos de producción y conservación.

Comparing Zostera and Spartina environments in relation to carbon burial: a sedimentary and geochemical approach from Ria Formosa

Dissertação de mestrado, Biologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015