How do obese individuals perceive and respond to the different types of obesity stigma that they encounter in their daily lives? A qualitative study

Obesity stigma exists within many institutions and cultural settings. Most studies suggest that stigmatising experiences have a negative impact on individuals' health and social behaviours and outcomes. However, some studies indicate that obesity stigma can motivate individuals to lose weight. Limited research has examined weight-based stigma from the perspective of obese individuals, including their perceptions of, and responses to, the different types of weight-based stigma they face in their daily lives. This study advances knowledge about weight-based stigma by documenting how obese adults (mostly female) described the different types of obesity stigma that they faced, how they responded to this stigma, and how different types of stigma impact on health and social wellbeing. Semi-structured, qualitative interviews were conducted between April 2008 and March 2009 with a diverse sample of 141 obese Australian adults. Guided by Link and Phelan's (2006) categorisation of different types of discrimination, participants' experiences could be grouped into three distinct types of stigma: 1) Direct (e.g. being abused when using public transport); 2) Environmental (e.g. not being able to fit into seats on planes); and 3) Indirect (e.g. people staring at the contents of their supermarket trolley). Participants described that more subtle forms of stigma had the most impact on their health and social wellbeing. However, it was the interaction between direct, environmental and indirect stigma that created a barrier to participation in health-promoting activities. Participants rarely challenged stigma and often blamed themselves for stigmatising experiences. They also avoided situations where they perceived they would be stigmatised and constantly thought about how they could find a solution to their obesity.

Does body satisfaction influence self-esteem in adolescents' daily lives? An experience sampling study

This study examined, within the context of the Contingencies of Self-Worth model, state-based associations between self-esteem and body satisfaction using the experience sampling method. One hundred and forty-four adolescent girls (mean age = 14.28 years) completed up to 6 assessments per day for one week using Palm Digital Assistants, in addition to baseline measures of trait body satisfaction and self-esteem. Results showed considerable variation in both state-based constructs within days, and evidence of effects of body satisfaction on self-esteem, but not vice versa. Although these state-based associations were small in size and weakened as the time lag between assessments increased for the sample as a whole, individual differences in the magnitude of these effects were observed and predicted by trait self-esteem and body satisfaction. Collectively, these findings offer support for key tenets of the Contingencies of Self-Worth model.

Young women's economic daily lives in rural Ethiopia

In rural Ethiopia, livelihood diversification is essential for households to be able to sustain themselves. Declining agricultural profits and a land shortage have accelerated this diversification. While the past literature has ignored young women's economic contributions in its discussions about livelihood diversification, this research indicates that the current rapid educational expansion for girls has changed their economic role in their households. This has resulted in changes in the conventional life courses of women in rural Ethiopia as they have more choices in terms of education, marriage, and the types and location of their economic activities, due to the increasing importance of young women's economic contributions to their households and their improved educational opportunities. The aim of this paper is to elucidate how the economic environment and government educational policy have affected young women's lives in terms of education, marriage, economic activities, and intra-household power relationships, especially with their parents.

Práticas escolares como táticas criadoras: os praticantes nas tessituras de currículos

Através de narrativas sobre as práticas cotidianas de quatro professoras (três brasileiras e uma francesa), acompanhadas de narrativas desenvolvidas entorno de um conjunto de imagens de alunos, esta pesquisa busca pensar como professores e alunos produzem os currículos nos seus cotidianos escolares. Através dos diferentes usos dos materiais disponíveis, dos questionamentos, das histórias de vida e das inúmeras experiências que constituem as subjetividades, os praticantes das escolas tecem, em redes, os seus conhecimentos e suas significações para a vida. Problematizando esta temática, com a professora de artes, Cristiane Costa, busco desenvolver uma discussão metodológica sobre os estudos dos cotidianos, me propondo compreender algumas possibilidades das táticas cotidianas de aprenderensinar. Com uma professora de matemática, Luciana Getirana, acompanhada da narrativa de uma aluna, Maria Nunes, analiso as relações entre conhecimentos científicos e conhecimentos cotidianos. Em seguida, com a professora de língua portuguesa, Cristiane Souza, discuto as demandas de professores por uma fórmula, uma receita de bolo, que contenha algumas soluções para os problemas da educação. Com a professora de história e geografia, Laure Cambos, busco pensar o professor no atravessamento de fronteiras entre culturas e conhecimentos. Neste sentido, elegi duas práticas de mediação cultural presentes no cotidiano desta professora: a primeira é o uso de imagens como prática de aprenderensinar, e a segunda consiste nas atividades de saídas da escola (aulas caminhadas). Por último, reúno fotografias de alunos para desenvolver duas temáticas que entrelaçam os capítulos anteriores: o dentrofora das escolas e as experimentações do mundo. A partir de narrativas sobre estas imagens, procuro pensar os cotidianos dos alunos nas práticas de aprenderensinar. Compreender estes currículos em redes possibilita problematizar as noções que não reconhecem a fragilidade das fronteiras, por perceberem os cotidianos através de relações dicotômicas. Estas fronteiras são habitadas pelos professores, produtores de possibilidades de mediações entre diferentes culturas e conhecimentos. Como práticas de atravessamento de fronteiras, as práticas de aprenderensinar buscam alternativas para a dicotomia que separa o dentro e o fora da escola, os conhecimentos cotidianos e os conhecimentos científicos, bem como os currículos prescritos e os currículos vividos. A pesquisa tem apoio teórico em autores como Nilda Alves, Michel de Certeau, Henri Lefebvre, Boaventura Santos, Nèstor Canclini entre outros.

A formação de docentesdiscentes atravessada pelas imagens de professores no cinema como questão curricular.

Compreendendo as imagens e as narrativas como personagens conceituais (DELEUZE, GUATTARI, 1992), neste trabalho, desenvolvi temáticas presentes ou estimuladas com os filmes com personagens de professores e cotidianos escolares. Exibições de filmes, seguidos de conversas entre estudantes do curso de Pedagogia presencial da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (campus Maracanã) permitiram a produção do corpus dessa pesquisa, que buscou mapear os mundos culturais, as redes de conhecimentos e significações tecidas por esses estudantes. Assim, as conversas têm sido uma importante metodologia nas pesquisas nos/dos/com os cotidianos, porque segundo Alves (2012), são através delas que trocamos saberesfazeres nos mais variados cotidianos. Contando também com Certeau (1994, 2009), Giard (2009), Maturana (2001, 1998), entre outros, busquei compreender como os cotidianos são organizados através da oralidade, pois na perspectiva de Certeau, Alves e Garcia mapear as ações sujeitas ao esfarelamento, como são características das táticas (CERTEAU, 1994) dos praticantespensantes (OLIVEIRA, 2012) só é possível através das narrativas. Assim, as imagens do cinema permitiram as vivências mais variadas, mostrando sua potência em proporcionar aproximações com situações inusitadas para muitos espectadores, ou ainda, situações de espaçostempos distantes. Os teóricos com quem busquei dialogar acerca dos usos e consumos de imagens audiovisuais foram Machado (2001, 2007), Barbero (2000, 2007) e Deleuze (2005) apostando que intrínseco a esses consumos estariam também implícitos suas subversões e processos formativos. Impactante tornou-se para o grupo envolvido na pesquisa, foi o entendimento dos clichês como potência para o pensamento. Assim, recorrer às imagens dos filmes foi uma forma de abordar as questões que atravessam o chão das escolas e cursos de formação de professores, uma vez que surgiram temáticas tocantes aos cotidianos escolares e saberesfazeres pedagógicos, além daqueles mostrados pelos filmes. Assim, diversas temáticas surgiram entre cinco principais eixos, em torno das relações: entre os docentes e autoridades; entre os discentes; entre os discentes e os docentes; entre os docentes; e os usos dos artefatos culturais e tecnológicos. Todas essas questões envolveram os currículos como sendo tecidos em redes de significações e conhecimentos a partir das compreensões de Alves (2010, 2012a), Carvalho (2012) e Castells (2013). As diferenças que encontramos nos diversos espaçostempos, foram abordadas a partir da presença dos praticantespensantes de várias religiões nas escolas, desenvolvidas com as pesquisas de Caputo (2012), acerca das diferenças nas relações cotidianas entre discentes e docentes, com os trabalhos de Hall (2012), Silva (2012) e Gilroy(2001), pude abordar as tessituras identitárias. Além disso, as pesquisas de Nóvoa (1995), Teixeira (2008) e Müller (2008) foram pertinentes para a compreensão da formação do corpo docente brasileiro e seus atravessamentos de características de cor e gênero. Assim, nesse trabalho, desenvolvo a ideia de que as diferenças nos cotidianos potencializam e ampliam as redes de conhecimentos e significações, bem como os currículos praticadospensados (OLIVEIRA, 2012) nas escolas.

Middle school students' perceptions of engineering

This paper focuses on implementing engineering education in middle school classrooms (grade levels 7-9). One of the aims of the study was to foster students’ and teachers’ knowledge and understanding of engineering in society. Given the increasing importance of engineering in shaping our daily lives, it is imperative that we foster in students an interest and drive to participate in engineering education, increase their awareness of engineering as a career path, and inform them of the links between engineering and the enabling subjects, mathematics, science, and technology. Data for the study are drawn from five classes across three schools. Grade 7 students’ responded to initial whole class discussions on what is an engineer, what is engineering, what characteristics engineers require, engineers (family/friends) that they know, and subjects that may facilitate an engineering career. Students generally viewed engineers as creative, future-oriented, and artistic problem finders and solvers; planners and designers; “seekers” and inventors; and builders of constructions. Students also viewed engineers as adventurous, decisive, community-minded, reliable, and “smart.” In addition to a range of mathematics and science topics, students identified business studies, ICT, graphics, art, and history as facilitating careers in engineering. Although students displayed a broadened awareness of engineering than the existing research suggests, there was limited knowledge of various engineering fields and a strong perception of engineering as large construction.

Opportunities and challenges : school guidance counsellors’ perceptions of counselling students online

School guidance counsellors world-wide seek ways of providing appropriate professional assistance to all students. While young people integrate online technology into their daily lives and go online for information and to communicate with each other, school counsellors in Australia are not offering online support to students. This cross-sectional study reported on the reluctance of school counsellors to offer online counselling and the reasons for this. A survey of 210 school guidance counsellors found that there is conditional support for the introduction of online counselling into the school setting. Counsellors indicated that they would use online counselling if students accepted its use in the school setting though they question how genuine students would be in its use. Most respondents reported a lack of confidence in understanding the ethical and legal implications of online counselling. However, the majority of participants were prepared to undertake further professional development in this mode of counselling. Additionally, they sought confirmation of the effectiveness of counselling students online before committing themselves to it. The implications for school guidance practice are discussed.

Activities of daily living in children with developmental coordination disorder: Performance, learning, and participation

Background Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) face evident motor difficulties in daily functioning. Little is known, however, about their difficulties in specific activities of daily living (ADL). Objective The purposes of this study were: (1) to investigate differences between children with DCD and their peers with typical development for ADL performance, learning, and participation, and (2) to explore the predictive values of these aspects. Design. This was a cross-sectional study. Methods In both a clinical sample of children diagnosed with DCD (n=25 [21 male, 4 female], age range=5-8 years) and a group of peers with typical development (25 matched controls), the children’s parents completed the DCDDaily-Q. Differences in scores between the groups were investigated using t tests for performance and participation and Pearson chi-square analysis for learning. Multiple regression analyses were performed to explore the predictive values of performance, learning, and participation. Results Compared with their peers, children with DCD showed poor performance of ADL and less frequent participation in some ADL. Children with DCD demonstrated heterogeneous patterns of performance (poor in 10%-80% of the items) and learning (delayed in 0%-100% of the items). In the DCD group, delays in learning of ADL were a predictor for poor performance of ADL, and poor performance of ADL was a predictor for less frequent participation in ADL compared with the control group. Limitations A limited number of children with DCD were addressed in this study. Conclusions This study highlights the impact of DCD on children’s daily lives and the need for tailored intervention.

Short Term Health Shocks and School Attendance: The Case of a Dengue Fever Outbreak in Colombia.

This paper makes use of a short, sharp, unexpected health shock in the form of the 2010 Colombian Dengue outbreak to examine the direct and indirect impact of negative health shocks on behaviour of households in affected areas. Our analysis combines data from several sources in order to obtain a comprehensive picture of the influence of the outbreak, and furthermore to understand the underlying mechanisms driving the effects. Our initial analysis indicates that the outbreak had a substantial negative effect on the health status of adults and adversely affected their ability to function as usual in their daily lives. In our aggregated school data, in areas with high levels of haemorrhagic Dengue we observe a reduction innational exam attendance (last year of secondary school) and on enrolment rates in primary education. Further analysis aims to exploit detailed individual level data to gain a more in depth understanding of the precise channels through which this disease influenced the behaviour and outcomes of the poor in Colombia.

The effect of a reform on a school organizational culture after receiving a failing Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test rating

The purpose of this research was to explore the effects of a reform that took place in an elementary school during 2000/2001 as a result of a failure rating on the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test on the structure and the personnel of the organization. ^ The exploration took place over a period of 10 months starting in August 2000 until June 2001. It focused on the effect of the failure rating on the: (a) structure and operation of the school; (b) morale, beliefs, behaviors, and daily lives of teachers and the principal; and (c) the effect of the reform effort on the leadership style of the principal, whether she became a transactional or a transformative leader. ^ The researcher assumed the role of a participant observer. Data sources were her personal recollections of major events that took place during the year of the reform, interviews, observations, and school documents. The sample included 15 teachers present during the time of the reform. Ten taught second through fifth grade. The remaining five participants were the music teacher, the counselor, and the writing, reading and technology specialists. Together they represented the instructional team or represented special education areas. ^ The findings indicated that the reform effort had an effect on the structure and the operation of the school. The changes included reorganization of the physical set up, changes in curriculum and instruction, changes in the means of communication among the staff, and the addition of new staff members including an official agent of change. The reform had a greater effect on the daily lives of teachers and their morale than on their beliefs and behaviors. Teachers reported that during the effort their daily lives were stressful and their morale very low due to the enormous expectations that they had to meet. On the other hand, the reform effort had a positive effect on the daily life, morale, beliefs, and behaviors of the principal. It energized her. She spoke positively about the change. She functioned as an effective, positive, resilient transactional leader who did what was necessary in order to enable the teachers to cope with the complex situation. ^

The effect of a reform on a school organizational culture after receiving a failing Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test rating

The purpose of this research was to explore the effects of a reform that took place in an elementary school during 2000/2001 as a result of a failure rating on the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test on the structure and the personnel of the organization. The exploration took place over a period of 10 months starting in August 2000 until June 2001. It focused on the effect of the failure rating on the: (a) structure and operation of the school; (b) morale, beliefs, behaviors, and daily lives of teachers and the principal; and (c) the effect of the reform effort on the leadership style of the principal, whether she became a transactional or a transformative leader. The researcher assumed the role of a participant observer. Data sources were her personal recollections of major events that took place during the year of the reform, interviews, observations, and school documents. The sample included 15 teachers present during the time of the reform. Ten taught second through fifth grade. The remaining five participants were the music teacher, the counselor, and the writing, reading and technology specialists. Together they represented the instructional team or represented special education areas. The findings indicated that the reform effort had an effect on the structure and the operation of the school. The changes included reorganization of the physical set up, changes in curriculum and instruction, changes in the means of communication among the staff, and the addition of new staff members including an official agent of change. The reform had a greater effect on the daily lives of teachers and their morale than on their beliefs and behaviors. Teachers reported that during the effort their daily lives were stressful and their morale very low due to the enormous expectations that they had to meet. On the other hand, the reform effort had a positive effect on the daily life, morale, beliefs, and behaviors of the principal. It energized her. She spoke positively about the change. She functioned as an effective, positive, resilient transactional leader who did what was necessary in order to enable the teachers to cope with the complex situation.

Prevalence and correlates of low back pain among occupational therapy students in Northern Queensland

Background: Although low back pain (LBP) is an important issue for the health profession, few studies have examined LBP among occupational therapy students. Purpose. To investigate the prevalence and distribution of LBP, its adverse sequelae; and to identify potential risk factors.----------- Methods: In 2005, a self-reported questionnaire was administered to occupational therapy students in Northern Queensland.----------- Findings: The 12-month period-prevalence of LBP was 64.6%. Nearly half (46.9%) had experienced pain for over 2 days, 38.8% suffered LBP that affected their daily lives, and 24.5% had sought medical treatment. The prevalence of LBP ranged from 45.5 to 77.1% (p=0.004), while the prevalence of LBP symptoms persisting longer than two days was 34.1 to 62.5% (p=0.020). Logistic regression analysis indicated that year of study and weekly computer usage were statistically-significant LBP risk factors.----------- Implications: The occupational therapy profession will need to further investigate the high prevalence of student LBP identified in this study.

Benchmarking local E-Government

Increasingly, almost everything we do in our daily lives is being influenced by information and communications technologies (ICTs) including the Internet. The task of governance is no exception with an increasing number of national, state, and local governments utilizing ICTs to support government operations, engage citizens, and provide government services. As with other things, the process of governance is now being prefixed with an “e”. E-governance can range from simple Web sites that convey basic information to complex sites that transform the customary ways of delivering all sorts of government services. In this respect local e-government is the form of e-governance that specifically focuses on the online delivery of suitable local services by local authorities. In practice local e-government reflects four dimensions, each one dealing with the functions of government itself. The four are: (a) e-services, the electronic delivery of government information, programs, and services often over the Internet; (b) e-management, the use of information technology to improve the management of government. This might range from streamlining business processes to improving the flow of information within government departments; (c) e-democracy the use of electronic communication vehicles, such as e-mail and the Internet, to increase citizen participation in the public decision-making process; (d) e-commerce, the exchange of money for goods and services over the Internet which might include citizens paying taxes and utility bills, renewing vehicle registrations, and paying for recreation programs, or government buying office supplies and auctioning surplus equipment (Cook, LaVigne, Pagano, Dawes, & Pardo, 2002). Commensurate with the rapid increase in the process of developing e-governance tools, there has been an increased interest in benchmarking the process of local e-governance. This benchmarking, which includes the processes involved in e-governance as well as the extent of e-governance adoption or take-up is important as it allows for improved processes and enables government agencies to move towards world best practice. It is within this context that this article discusses benchmarking local e-government. It brings together a number of discussions regarding the significance of benchmarking, best practices and actions for local e-government, and key elements of a successful local e-government project.

From cyber to cyborg : The influence of motivation and personality traits on the merging of consumer and technology

As technology extends further into consumer daily lives, consumers develop significant relationships with their technology, particularly mobile devices. This conceptual paper aims to investigate the merging of consumers and their technology, termed the cyborg consumer, which has been previously overlooked in the marketing literature. More specifically, this investigation extends the marketing theories of consumer psychological motivation and ersonality traits in examining the influence of these elements on cyborg consumer behaviour, such as intensive consumption of technology and construction of an important part of the self on the Internet. A conceptual framework of the cyborg consumer is presented, which will help marketers to better understand how consumers’ relationships with technology are changing and how marketing practices can be better targeted to the cyborg consumers.