Paricá: Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber x Ducke) Barneby.

Taxonomia e nomenclatura. O gênero Schizolobium. Distribuição geográfica. Características da espécie. Usos. Reprodução sexuada. Germinação. Produção de mudas. Propagação assexuada. Preparo do solo e plantio. Espaçamento. Adubação. Controle de pragas e doenças. Controle de plantas invasoras. Silvicultura e manejo. Crescimento. Utilização em sistemas agroflorestais. Plantio com cultivos perenes. SAFs a partir de regeneração natural de paricá. Uso de leguminosas em sistemas agroflorestais com paricá. Orçamento para produção de 10.000 mudas de paricá.

Posição da semente na semeadura e tipo de substrato sobre a emergência e crescimento de plântulas de Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F. Blake

Rapid and uniform germination of seeds followed by prompt emergence are highly desirable characteristics for the production of seedlings. The aim of this study was to identify sowing positions and types of substrate most likely to the seed germination process and growth of seedlings of Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F. Blake. To germinate the seeds, they were placed in the following positions in relation to the bottom of the furrow in the substrate: hilum uppermost, hilum at the bottom, supported on one side, seed on edge with its sides parallel to the walls of the bag. Three substrates were used: commercial plantmax substrate (control), pine sawdust and sand. The substrates were fully randomized in a 4 x 3 factorial design (four seed positions and three substrates), with four replications of 20 seeds. The parameters evaluated were: the percentage of emergence, the after emergence seedling deaths, the first-count test, the emergence speed index, and the seedling aerial part length. It was concluded that all the seed positions in pine sawdust sowing offer the more favorable conditions for the germination process and seedling growth of Schizolobium parahyba.

Seasonal development of secondary xylem and phloem in Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake (Leguminosae : Caesalpinioideae)

The cambial activity and periodicity of secondary xylem and phloem formation have been less studied in tropical tree species than in temperate ones. This paper describes the relationship between seasonal cambial activity, xylem and phloem development, and phenology in Schizolobium parahyba, a fast growing semideciduous seasonal forest tree from southeastern Brazil. From 2002 to 2003, wood samples were collected periodically and phenology and climate were recorded monthly in the same period. S. parahyba forms annual growth increments in wood, delimited by narrow initial parenchyma bands. The reduction of the cambial activity to a minimum correlates to the dry season and leaf fall. The higher cambial activity correlates to the wet season and the presence of mature leaves. In phloem, a larger conductive region was observed in the wet season, when the trees were in full foliage. The secondary phloem did not exhibit any incremental zone marker; however, we found that the axial parenchyma tends to form irregular bands.

Morfoanatomia e ontogênese do pericarpo de Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Seedling growth of Schizolobium parahyba on different substrates and irrigation levels

The present study aimed to assess the behavior of seedlings of Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake growing on different substrates and irrigation levels, and to study the use of urban waste compost in substrates. The experiment was carried out in the College of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Department of Agricultural Engineering, Jaboticabal Campus, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design used was completely randomized, consisting of 30 treatments in a factorial design with 15 substrates and two irrigation levels in four replicates. The substrates were composed of different materials: urban waste, Plantmax®, dry cattle manure, vermiculite and soil. For the study of seedling growth, the following characteristics were evaluated: height (H), root-collar diameter (D), number of leaves, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, total dry weight, H/D ratio, Dickson's quality index, and the ratio between height and shoot dry weight (H/SDW). Assessments of the first three characteristics were carried out 20, 35, 50 and 65 days after sowing. Results showed that urban waste compost increased the growth of Schizolobium parahyba. There were significant differences for the irrigation levels tested; with better results for 150% ET compared to 100% ET irrigation level.

Teste de tetrazólio em sementes de Copaifera langsdorffii E schizolobium parahyba

This research aimed to standardize the tetrazolium test for evaluation of viability of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. and Schizolobium parahyba Vell. Blake seeds. It evaluated the following methodologies: seeds scarificated mechanically and soaked up by 24 and 48 hours, with posterior seed coat removal and immersed in tetrazolium solution at 0.075; 0.10 and 0.20% for 2, 3 and 4 hours, 35 °C, the dark one. The evaluated methodologies that had been efficient in the attainment of satisfactory coloration, allowing the differentiation of tissues, and in the evaluation of the physiological quality of the seeds when compared with the germination test, had been: for the species Copaifera langsdorffii, seeds scarificated and soaked up by 24 hours, 35 °C, with posterior seed coat removal, submitted to the tetrazolium solution 0.20% for 4 hours, 35 °C, in the dark one, and for the species guapuruvu, seeds scarificated and soaked up by 48 hours, 35 °C, with posterior seed coat removal, submitted to the tetrazolium solution 0.10% for 4 hours, 35 °C, in the dark one.

Variabilidade genética em progênies de guapuruvu Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake

Pós-graduação em Ciência Florestal - FCA

Caracterização dos padrões genéticos de populações invasoras e naturalizadas de schizolobium parahyba (Caesalpinioideae – Fabaceae) por restriction-site associated dna-sequencing

Pós-graduação em Ciência Florestal - FCA

Estoques e fluxos de carbono em plantações florestais jovens de Acacia mangium e Schizolobium parahyba var. Amazonicum na Amazônia Oriental

Plantações florestais são consideradas como alternativas de uso da terra para mitigação dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas, devido ao potencial de sequestro de carbono em espécies arbóreas. No entanto, há poucas informações sobre estoques e fluxos de carbono em espécies comumente usadas em plantações florestais, sobretudo na Amazônia. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o estoque de carbono na fitomassa e o efluxo de dióxido de carbono do solo em plantios de Acacia mangium Willd e Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum em diferentes espaçamentos. O estudo foi conduzido em Dom Eliseu, Pará, cujo clima apresenta temperatura média anual em torno de 25 ºC e precipitação anual de 2250 a 2500 mm; o solo predominante é Latossolo amarelo distrófico típico A moderado textura muito argilosa. Neste estudo foram selecionadas duas espécies (A. mangium e S. parahyba) em dois espaçamentos (4,0 m x 2,0 m e 4,0 m x 3,0 m), com duas repetições, totalizando 4 tratamentos e 8 parcelas, estudadas por um período de um ano, dos 2,5 aos 3,5 anos de idade. As parcelas mediram 48 m x 60 m. Mediram-se altura total, diâmetro à altura do peito, fluxo de CO₂ do solo, e estimou-se o estoque de carbono na fitomassa acima do nível do solo. O efluxo de CO₂ do solo nos plantios de A. mangium tiveram uma média global de 5,61 ± 1,30 Mg C ha^-1 ano^-1, e, em S. parahyba, a média global foi 7,07 ± 1,50 Mg C ha^-1 ano^-1. O acúmulo anual de carbono na fitomassa acima do solo nos plantios de A. mangium foi 16,41 ± 1,16 e 14,03 ± 0,82 Mg C ha^-1 ano^-1, no 4,0 x 2,0 m e 4,0 x 3,0 m, respectivamente. Em S. parahyba o acúmulo anual global foi 8,93 ± 1,87 Mg C ha^-1 ano^-1. O plantio de A. mangium acumulou mais carbono na fitomassa acima do solo em relação a S. parahyba, com efluxos anuais de CO₂ menores em relação ao plantio de S. parahyba em ambos espaçamentos. Dessa forma, plantios de A. mangium, no espaçamento 4,0 x 2,0 m, são recomendados para projetos de sequestro de carbono. Entre os espaçamentos de plantio testados para S. parahyba, 4,0 x 3,0 m seria recomendado devido a mesma eficiência no sequestro de carbono em relação a 4,0 x 2,0 m, porém com menor requerimento de mudas. A continuidade no monitoramento nessas plantações florestais é fundamental para que conclusões mais definitivas sejam feitas a respeito da dinâmica do carbono.

Qualidade da madeira de árvores de guapuruvu (schizolobium parahyba (vell.) blake) com 15 anos provenientes de área de recuperação florestal

Pós-graduação em Ciência Florestal - FCA

Crecimiento del Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum cultivado en presencia de Ananas comosus var. erectifolius en Pará, Brasil.

El incremento en la perturbación ambiental y la presión mundial para preservar la selva amazónica han fomentado el cultivo de especies nativas. Con el objetivo de evaluar el crecimiento de Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) barneby cultivado en presencia de componentes agrícolas como Ananas comosus var. erectifolius, se desarrolló un estudio en la Estación Experimental de la empresa Tramontina Belem S.A., ubicada en la Ciudad de Aurora do Pará (PA), Brasil. El diseño experimental fue factorial de bloques completos al azar con parcelas subdivididas en el tiempo, para que los arreglos formaron los tratamientos de la parcela y las subparcelas fueron el tiempo de observación, con seis tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones: 1) S. parahyba var. amazonicum, Cordia goeldiana y Switenia macrophylla:GLC; 2) S. parahyba var. amazonicum, C. goeldiana, S. macrophylla y A. comosus var. erectifolius: GLCc; 3) S. parahyba var. amazonicum y C. goeldiana: GL; 4) S. parahyba var. amazonicum, C. goeldiana y A.comosus var. erectifolius; GLCc; 5) S. parahyba var. amazonicum: G; y 6) S.parahyba var. amazonicum y A. comosus var. Erectifolius: Gc. La distancia entre las especies forestales fue 4 x 3 m y para las plantas de A. comosus 0.80 m x 0.50 m. El tamaño de la parcela fue 18 x 24 m con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento, el total de parcelas fue 24 y de área experimental 10 368 m2. Las variables analizadas para inferir el crecimiento del componente forestal fueron altura (H) y diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP), cada 6 meses durante 3 años. En los seis sistemas de cultivo la tasa semestral de crecimiento de la altura y DAP de S. parahyba var. amazonicum fue mayor en los dos primeros años, y siguió con una tendencia de crecimiento lento y continuo durante los 36 meses de estudio. El efecto positivo de la presencia de A. comosus var. erectifolius se observó en el crecimiento de las plantas de S. parahyba var.amazonicum.

Recuperação de áreas degradadas com base em sistemas produtivos de paricá (Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber X Ducke) Barneby: projeção de cenários.

A reincorporação de áreas alteradas ao processo produtivo por meio de plantios florestais é uma alternativa de uso do solo uma vez que contribui para a minimização de impactos ambientais, conservação da biodiversidade e diminuição da pressão sobre as florestas nativas. Portanto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi projetar cenário produtivo para um cultivo de paricá (Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber x Ducke) Barneby a fim de analisar o desempenho econômico e a viabilidade deste. O experimento foi conduzido em área no município de Santa Maria das Barreiras, Pará, onde o modelo homogêneo de paricá está sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado e espaçamento 3x 3 m. O plantio foi feito no ano de 2012 e em seguida foram feitas medições de altura (m) e DAP (cm) ainda no ano 0 e nos três anos seguintes (2013, 2014, 2015). A análise econômica foi feita a partir dos dados da área na planilha AmazonSAF, na qual os parâmetros de valor presente líquido (VPL), taxa interna de retorno (TIR) e relação benefício-custo (RB/C) indicaram que o modelo proposto apresenta desempenho satisfatório e é viável economicamente.

Avaliação de métodos de escarificação na superação de dormência de chizolobium parahyba (vell.) blake (Fabaceae: caesalpinioideae)

Dormancy caused by the tegument's impermeability to water is a feature of Schizolobium parahyba seeds. So that the best methodology for overcoming the species's dormancy may be determined, the seeds were submitted to mechanical scarification treatments, using sandpaper and scissors, on the opposite side of the hilum. Chemical scarification was also undertaken with sulfuric (H2SO4) and hydrochloric (HCl) acids for 30 minutes. Seeds were distributed in groups of 25 units in four petri plates. The experiment was undertaken in a BOD germination chamber at 25°C and 120 μmol.m^-2.s^-1. Data were used to calculate the germination capacity (G%), the Germination Velocity Index (IVG) and Mean Germination Time (TM). Imbibation curve was also calculated to analyze the dormancy type of the seeds by using the three-phase model where phase FI was completed in 6 hours and FIII was initiated after 12 hours of imbibation. Results show that whereas pre-germinative treatments trigger S. parahyba germination, mechanical scarification is the most effective method to overcome the species's dormancy.

An evaluation of direct seeding for reforestation of degraded lands in central São Paulo state, Brazil

As part of a larger study evaluating several silvicultural techniques for restoring tropical moist forests on abandoned agricultural lands in southeastern Brazil, direct seeding with five early-successional Atlantic forest species was tested at three degraded sites, characterized by different soil types and land-use histories, within the Environmental Protection Area at Botucatu, SP. The species used in this study were Chorisia speciosa, Croton floribundus, Enterolobium contorstisiliquum, Mimosa scabrella, and Schizolobium parahyba. Scarified seeds of each of these species were sown in prepared seed spots in replicated, 0.25 ha mixed-species plots at an initial espacement of 1 m x 1 m at each site. of the five species planted, only two, Enterolobium and Schizolobium, showed good seed germination, seedling survival, and early growth rates, averaging 4.1-4.6 cm stem diameter and 1.5-1.7 m height growth during the first 2 years after sowing. These two species constituted 88-100% of the total stand density, which ranged from 1050 to 1790 stems ha(-1) at 2 years. Despite the poor performance of the other species tested, we observed that the natural regeneration of native forest species originating from remnant forests in the general vicinity of our study sites was significantly greater within the direct-seeded plots than in unplanted control plots that were protected from fire and other disturbances. Published by Elsevier B.V. B.V.

Dominance of legume trees alters nutrient relations in mixed species forest restoration plantings within seven years

Failures in reforestation are often attributed to nutrient limitation for tree growth. We compared tree performance and nitrogen and phosphorus relations in adjacent mixed-species plantings of contrasting composition, established for forest restoration on Ultisol soil, originally covered by tropical semi-deciduous Atlantic Forest in Southeast Brazil. Nutrient relations of four tree species occurring in both planting mixtures were compared between a legume-dominated, species-poor direct seeding mixture of early-successional species ("legume mixture"), and a species-diverse, legume-poor mixture of all successional groups ("diverse mixture"). After 7 years, the legume mixture had 6-fold higher abundance of N(2)-fixing trees, 177% higher total tree basal area, 22% lower litter C/N, six-fold higher in situ soil resin-nitrate, and 40% lower in situ soil resin-P, compared to the diverse mixture. In the legume mixture, non-N(2)-fixing legume Schizolobium parahyba (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae) had significantly lower proportional N resorption, and both naturally regenerating non-legume trees had significantly higher leaf N concentrations, and higher proportional P resorption, than in the diverse mixture. This demonstrate forms of plastic adjustment in all three non-N(2)-fixing species to diverged nutrient relations between mixtures. By contrast, leaf nutrient relations in N(2)-fixing Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae) did not respond to planting mixtures. Rapid N accumulation in the legume mixture caused excess soil nitrification over nitrate immobilization and tighter P recycling compared with the diverse mixture. The legume mixture succeeded in accelerating tree growth and canopy closure, but may imply periods of N losses and possibly P limitation. Incorporation of species with efficient nitrate uptake and P mobilization from resistant soil pools offers potential to optimize these tradeoffs.