949 resultados para Respiratory insufficiency


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Critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are often noted to have increased sedation requirements. However, data related to sedation in this complex group of patients is limited. The aim of our study was to characterise the sedation requirements in adult patients receiving ECMO for cardiorespiratory failure. A retrospective chart review was performed to collect sedation data for 30 consecutive patients who received venovenous or venoarterial ECMO between April 2009 and March 2011. To test for a difference in doses over time we used a regression model. The dose of midazolam received on ECMO support increased by an average of 18 mg per day (95% confidence interval 8, 29 mg, P=0.001), while the dose of morphine increased by 29 mg per day (95% confidence interval 4, 53 mg, P=0.021) The venovenous group received a daily midazolam dose that was 157 mg higher than the venoarterial group (95% confidence interval 53, 261 mg, P=0.005). We did not observe any significant increase in fentanyl doses over time (95% confidence interval 1269, 4337 µg, P=0.94). There is a significant increase in dose requirement for morphine and midazolam during ECMO. Patients on venovenous ECMO received higher sedative doses as compared to patients on venoarterial ECMO. Future research should focus on mechanisms behind these changes and also identify drugs that are most suitable for sedation during ECMO.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the acute and sustained effects of early inhaled nitric oxide on some oxygenation indexes and ventilator settings and to compare inhaled nitric oxide administration and conventional therapy on mortality rate, length of stay in intensive care, and duration of mechanical ventilation in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Pediatric intensive care unit at a university-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS: Children with acute respiratory distress syndrome, aged between 1 month and 12 yrs. INTERVENTIONS: Two groups were studied: an inhaled nitric oxide group (iNOG, n = 18) composed of patients prospectively enrolled from November 2000 to November 2002, and a conventional therapy group (CTG, n = 21) consisting of historical control patients admitted from August 1998 to August 2000. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Therapy with inhaled nitric oxide was introduced as early as 1.5 hrs after acute respiratory distress syndrome diagnosis with acute improvements in Pao(2)/Fio(2) ratio (83.7%) and oxygenation index (46.7%). Study groups were of similar ages, gender, primary diagnoses, pediatric risk of mortality score, and mean airway pressure. Pao(2)/Fio(2) ratio was lower (CTG, 116.9 +/- 34.5; iNOG, 62.5 +/- 12.8, p <.0001) and oxygenation index higher (CTG, 15.2 [range, 7.2-32.2]; iNOG, 24.3 [range, 16.3-70.4], p <.0001) in the iNOG. Prolonged treatment was associated with improved oxygenation, so that Fio(2) and peak inspiratory pressure could be quickly and significantly reduced. Mortality rate for inhaled nitric oxide-patients was lower (CTG, ten of 21, 47.6%; iNOG, three of 18, 16.6%, p <.001). There was no difference in intensive care stay (CTG, 10 days [range, 2-49]; iNOG, 12 [range, 6-26], p >.05) or duration of mechanical ventilation (TCG, 9 days [range, 2-47]; iNOG, 10 [range, 4-25], p >.05). CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment with inhaled nitric oxide causes acute and sustained improvement in oxygenation, with earlier reduction of ventilator settings, which might contribute to reduce the mortality rate in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Length of stay in intensive care and duration of mechanical ventilation are not changed. Prospective trials of inhaled nitric oxide early in the setting of acute lung injury in children are needed.

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BACKGROUND: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a pandemic disease commonly associated with respiratory infections, hypoxemia, and death. Noninvasive PEEP has been shown to improve hypoxemia. In this study, we evaluated the physiologic effects of different levels of noninvasive PEEP in hypoxemic AIDS patients. METHODS: Thirty AIDS patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure received a randomized sequence of noninvasive PEEP (5, 10, or 15 cm H2O) for 20 min. PEEP was provided through a facial mask with pressure-support ventilation (PSV) of 5 cm H2O and an F-IO2, of 1. Patients were allowed to breathe spontaneously for a 20-min washout period in between each PEEP trial. Arterial blood gases and clinical variables were recorded after each PEEP treatment. RESULTS: The results indicate that oxygenation improves linearly with increasing levels of PEEP. However, oxygenation levels were similar regardless of the first PEEP level administered (5, 10, or 15 cm H2O), and only the subgroup that received an initial treatment of the lowest level of PEEP (ie, 5 cm H2O) showed further improvements in oxygenation when higher PEEP levels were subsequently applied. The P-aCO2, also increased in response to PEEP elevation, especially with the highest level of PEEP (ie, 15 cm H2O). PSV of 5 cm H2O use was associated with significant and consistent improvements in the subjective sensations of dyspnea and respiratory rate reported by patients treated with any level of PEEP (from 0 to 15 cm H2O). CONCLUSIONS: AIDS patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure improve oxygenation in response to a progressive sequential elevation of PEEP (up to 15 cm H2O). However, corresponding elevations in P-aCO2, limit the recommended level of PEEP to 10 cm H2O. At a level of 5 cm H2O, PSV promotes an improvement in the subjective sensation of dyspnea regardless of the PEEP level employed.

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Objectives: Cardiac surgery (CC) determines systemic and pulmonary changes that require special care. What motivated several studies conducted in healthy subjects to assess muscle strength were the awareness of the importance of respiratory muscle dysfunction in the development of respiratory failure. These studies used maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) values. This study examined the concordance between the values predicted by the equations proposed by Black & Hyatt and Neder, and the measured values in cardiac surgery (CS) patients. Methods: Data were collected from preoperative evaluation forms. The Lin coefficient and Bland-Altman plots were used for statistical concordance analysis. The multiple linear regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to produce new formulas. Results: There were weak correlations of 0.22 and 0.19 in the MIP analysis and of 0.10 and 0.32 in the MEP analysis, for the formulas of Black & Hyatt and Neder, respectively. The ANOVA for both MIP and MEP were significant (P <0.0001), and the following formulas were developed: MIP = 88.82 - (0.51 x age) + (19.86 x gender), and MEP = 91.36 -(030 x age) + (29.92 x gender). Conclusions: The Black and Hyatt and Neder formulas predict highly discrepant values of MIP and MEP and should not be used to identify muscle weakness in CS patients.

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Very recently, the concept of artificial intracorporeal oxygenation of blood for patients suffering from respiratory failure has been introduced into clinical practice through development of a totally implantable intravascular oxygenator (IVOX). We report on the use of such a device in a patient who developed severe respiratory insufficiency secondary to prolonged hypovolaemic shock and pneumonia following successful repair of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm in September, 1990. Postoperatively, severe hypoxaemia occurred (AaDO2 548-602 torr) despite extensive mechanical ventilatory support. There was no obvious chance to overcome this situation by conventional therapeutic measures and the decision was made to institute IVOX therapy. Hypoxaemia was resolved immediately and both FiO2 and tidal volume could be reduced within hours. The patient's respiratory condition continued to improve over the next days leading to termination of IVOX therapy after 71 hours. However, the necessity of long-term ventilatory support secondary to recurrent pneumonia and sepsis, multiple abdominal reoperations for ischemic colitis and retroperitoneal abscess prolonged his recovery. He was discharged from the hospital after four months and is alive and well now 14 months after his operation. He is the first long-term survivor after IVOX therapy in Europe. IVOX may be successfully used in selected patients while the indications and it's potential role in the therapy of severe respiratory failure still need to be defined.

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Le traumatisme de la moelle épinière est à l’origine d’une inflammation locale importante caractérisée par l’augmentation massive des cellules inflammatoires et la présence de réactions oxydatives. Cette inflammation locale peut déclencher une réponse inflammatoire systémique par voie hématogène. Au niveau cervical, les lésions médullaires peuvent entraîner des faiblesses ou la paralysie des muscles respiratoires. Le patient, qui ne peut plus respirer de façon autonome, doit avoir recours à un support respiratoire. Bien que la ventilation mécanique soit la thérapie traditionnellement appliquée aux blessés médullaires souffrant d’insuffisance respiratoire, les études ont démontré qu’elle pouvait contribuer à promouvoir une réponse inflammatoire ainsi que des dommages pulmonaires. L’interaction entre le traumatisme médullaire et la ventilation mécanique, indispensable au maintien de l’équilibre des échanges respiratoires, est inconnue à ce jour. En voulant protéger les tissus, cellules et organes, l’organisme met en œuvre toute une panoplie de réponses inflammatoires à différents endroits. Nous pensons que ces réponses peuvent être altérées via l’interaction entre ce traumatisme et cette ventilation mécanique, sous l’influence de la principale source cellulaire de cytokines pour la défense de l’hôte, le macrophage, récemment classé en deux phénotypes principaux: 1) l’activation classique de type M1 et 2) l’activation alternative de type M2. Le phénotype M1 est conduit par le facteur GM-CSF et induit par l’interféron IFN-ɣ ainsi que le lipopolysaccharide. Le phénotype M2 quant à lui, est conduit par le facteur M-CSF et induit par les interleukines IL-4, IL-13 ou IL-21. M1 relâche principalement IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α et MIP-1α tandis que M2 principalement IL-10 et MCP-1. Toutefois, nous ignorons actuellement par quel type d’activation se manifestera cette réponse immunitaire et si l’application de support respiratoire pourrait entraîner un risque inflammatoire additionnel au site du traumatisme. Nous ignorons également si la ventilation mécanique affecterait, à distance, les tissus de la moelle épinière via une inflammation systémique et amplifierait alors le dommage initial. Il n’existe pas à ce jour, de thérapie qui ait montré d’effet bénéfique réel envers une récupération fonctionnelle des patients blessés médullaires. Il paraît donc essentiel de déterminer si la ventilation mécanique peut moduler l’inflammation post-traumatique à la fois au niveau pulmonaire et au site de la lésion. Ce travail visait à caractériser les liens entre l’inflammation issue du traumatisme médullaire et celle issue de la ventilation, dans le but de fournir une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes inflammatoires activés dans ce contexte. L’étude a été menée sur un modèle animal. Elle consistait à évaluer : 1) si le traumatisme médullaire influençait les réponses inflammatoires pulmonaires induites par la ventilation mécanique, y compris le phénotype des macrophages alvéolaires et 2) si la ventilation pouvait altérer à distance, les tissus de la moelle épinière. L’impact de la blessure médullaire sur l’inflammation pulmonaire et locale, induite par la ventilation fut interprété grâce à l’analyse des cellules inflammatoires dans les lavages broncho-alvéolaires et dans les tissus prélevés à l’endroit de la blessure après 24 heures. Ces analyses ont démontré un profil spécifique des cytokines pulmonaires et médullaires. Elles ont révélé que la ventilation mécanique a engendré un environnement pro-inflammatoire en faveur d’un phénotype M1 chez les animaux ayant bénéficié de la thérapie respiratoire. Inversement, l’atteinte thoracique chez les animaux sans ventilation, a montré qu’une réponse immunitaire avait été activée en faveur d’un environnement anti-inflammatoire de phénotype M2. La lésion cervicale quant à elle a induit un profil de cytokines différent et les réponses au stress oxydatif dans le poumon induites par la ventilation ont été réduites significativement. De plus, une lésion médullaire a augmenté l’expression d’IL-6 et la ventilation a diminué l’IL-1β et augmenté le TNF-α dans les tissus de la moelle. Finalement, ces données ont fourni les premières évidences que la ventilation a induit d’avantage à un phénotype pulmonaire M1 et que le traumatisme médullaire a impacté spécifiquement les réponses inflammatoires et oxydatives dans le poumon. La ventilation a contribué non seulement à distance à une inflammation des tissus médullaires lésés mais aussi des tissus sains.

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CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Associações significativas entre cirurgia do abdome superior e eventos pulmonares do período perioperatório foram investigadas em pacientes com condições pulmonares pré-operatórias submetidos a anestesia geral. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo retrospectivo cujos dados foram retirados de banco de dados obtidos prospectivamente de forma protocolada, de 1 de janeiro de 1999 a 31 de dezembro de 2004, em hospital universitário terciário. MÉTODOS: Estudados 3107 pacientes com mais de 11 anos, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I, II, III, com cirurgia de abdome superior sob anestesia geral, enviados à sala de recuperação. Condições pré-operatórias analisadas por regressão logística foram: idade, sexo, estado físico ASA, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, asma, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, insuficiência respiratória e hábito de fumar. Os resultados estudados, ou variáveis dependentes, incluíram eventos intra- e pós-operatórios: broncoespasmo, hipoxemia, hipercapnia, intubação prolongada e secreção de vias aéreas. RESULTADOS: Dos 3.107 pacientes: 1.540 eram homens, 1.649 mulheres, tinham média de 48 anos, 1088 ASA I, 1402 ASA II, 617 ASA III, com insuficiência cardíaca havia 80, asma, 82, doença pulmonar obstrutiva, 122, insuficiência respiratória, 21, hábito de fumar, 428. Pela regressão logística, sexo feminino (p < 0.001), idade maior que 70 anos (p < 0.01), hábito de fumar (p < 0.001) e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (p < 0.02) influenciaram significativamente o desenvolvimento de eventos pulmonares, principalmente hipoxemia e broncospasmo, em ambos os períodos, mas não nos mesmos pacientes. Asma e insuficiência cardíaca não se associaram com eventos pulmonares na sala de recuperação. CONCLUSÃO: em cirurgia do abdome superior sob anestesia geral, sexo feminino, idade maior que 70 anos, hábito de fumar e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica foram fatores de risco independentes para a ocorrência de eventos pulmonares intra- e pós-operatórios.

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A paracoccidioidomicose (Pbmicose) atinge os pulmões pela via inalatória, onde se estabelece o complexo primário semelhante ao da tuberculose. A traquéia comprometida pela via tubohemolinfática desenvolveria reação inflamatória em processo granulomatoso levando à obstrução estenosante com asíixia. Acompanhou-se um doente, masculino, 32 anos, branco, natural de Sarutaiá (SP), lavrador, que há 8 meses desenvolveu tosse expectorativa branco-amarelada, diária, sem fatores de melhora ou piora e dispnéia inicial discreta. Há 4 meses, anorexia, fraqueza e astenia. Há 1 mês a dispneia se agravou. Perdeu 15 kg. Tabagista e etilista há 16 anos. Exame físico revelou: PA 10/7 mmHg, FR = 28 bpm, peso 31 kg, hipocratismo digital e hipotrofia muscular Tórax enfisematoso e síndrome obstrutivo aos testes de função pulmonar. Coração: P2 desdobrada e hiperfonética. Hepatesplenomegalia. Desenvolveu cor-pulmonale e insuficiência adrenal à internação, evoluindo após 45 dias para óbito em insuficiência respiratória aguda asfixiante, apesar da terapia antifúngica ter sido completa. A literatura médica revista não mostrou registro de caso semelhante de cor-pulmonale e insuficiência adrenal de evolução subaguda.

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In this study we present the technical details, adaptations and modifications of the original procedure of pancreaticoduodenal transplantation in rats described by Lee et al. in 1972. We also present the results and technical failures observed in a follow-up of 12 years. From March, 1982 to December, 1994, we performed in the Laboratory of Surgical Technique and Experimental Surgery of Faculty of Medicine, Botucatu - UNESP, Brazil, 665 duodenopancreatectomies in donor rats and 592 surgeries for revascularization of the pancreatic graft in recipient animals. The observed percentage of technical failures in donor rats was 11% due to bleeding and/or vascular complications, irregular flushing of the graft with saline and respiratory insufficiency. In recipients of grafts, we observed a percentage of technical failures of 22,5% due to porto-caval thrombosis, vascular bleeding, pancreatitis and graft ischemia. In both surgeries, the successful results are directly related to the technical performance of the surgeon and the cares in the postoperative period.

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A 20-year experience with the treatment of 74 patients (83.8% children) for foreign body aspiration is reviewed. The object of this review is to show the clinical manifestations, the radiological findings, the nature and distribution in the bronchial tree, and complications due to longstanding (months or years) foreign bodies in the bronchial tree. The most common foreign bodies found were peanuts (13.5%), corn (13.5%), and beans (13.5%). The most frequent clinical manifestation was choking (67.5%), and the most frequent radiological finding was atelectasis (41.8%). The most serious complication was bronchiectasis needing resection in six patients who had the foreign body retained for years in the bronchial tree. In conclusion, in spite of an obvious foreign body in the tracheobronchial tree many cases are not diagnosed, and a longstanding foreign body in the airway may be responsible for irreversible complications.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Em uma propriedade no município de Roseira Velha, São Paulo, com histórico de doença cardíaca, abortos e sinais nervosos em bovinos, associados à ingestão de Tetrapterys multiglandulosa, foi observada fibrose cardíaca em um bezerro de uma semana de idade que apresentava apatia, fraqueza e insuficiência respiratória. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram determinar se a espécie ovina é sensível à intoxicação por T. multiglandulosa, descrever as alterações clínicas e patológicas da intoxicação e avaliar a utilização dessa espécie como modelo experimental para a intoxicação. Para determinar a toxicidade de T. multiglandulosa a ser utilizada em ovinos, foi realizado um experimento prévio em um bovino, sendo administrado 22g por kg de peso vivo (g/kg/pv) da planta verde durante 9 dias. Após 9 dias de ingestão o animal apresentou sinais nervosos e no 12º dia foi eutanasiado. Na necropsia não foram observadas lesões. No estudo histológico observou-se vacuolização (status spongiosus, espongiose) da camada profunda da substância cinzenta do córtex cerebral e da substância branca subcortical. Para a reprodução da enfermidade em ovinos foram utilizados 6 ovinos, machos, divididos em 3 grupos de 2 animais cada. Os Ovinos 1 e 2 do Grupo 1 receberam doses diárias de 6 g/kg/pv da planta seca por um período de 30 dias; os Ovinos 3 e 4 do Grupo 2 receberam doses diárias de 3 g/kg/pv por um período de 60 dias; e os Ovinos 5 e 6 do Grupo 3 serviram como controle. O Ovino 1 foi sacrificado aos 30 dias de administração da planta. Apresentou somente arritmia cardíaca e não foram observadas lesões significativas na necropsia. Os Ovinos 2, 3 e 4 apresentaram arritmia a partir dos dias 9, 12 e 18 do início do experimento, respectivamente. A partir do 52º dia iniciaram a apresentar depressão, relutância em locomover-se e incoordenação. Esses sinais foram se agravando e os ovinos foram sacrificados, com sinais clínicos acentuados, aos 60, 70 e 80 dias após o início do experimento, respectivamente. Na necropsia apresentaram hidropericárdio, ascite, hidrotórax, fígado em noz moscada e miocárdio endurecido e esbranquiçado, especialmente no septo interventricular e ventrículo esquerdo. Microscopicamente, o coração dos Ovinos 2, 3 e 4 apresentava áreas de fibrose associadas a infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear. Não foram observadas lesões cardíacas no coração do Ovino 1. No cérebro e tronco encefálico de todos os animais que receberam a planta observou-se espongiose, principalmente na camada profunda da córtex e da substância branca subcortical. No cerebelo observou-se espongiose da substância branca e na medula cervical havia espongiose da substância branca e espongiose discreta da substância cinzenta. Essa lesões eram discretas no Ovino 1 e moderadas a acentuadas nos Ovinos 2, 3 e 4. Na microscopia eletrônica da substância branca cerebelar foi observado que o status spongiosus observado na microscopia de luz é causado por edema intramielínico. Os dois ovinos do grupo controle, sacrificados aos 80 dias após o início do experimento, não apresentaram sinais clínicos nem lesões macroscópicas ou histológicas significativas.

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BackgroundThis is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 3.Upper abdominal surgical procedures are associated with a high risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. The risk and severity of postoperative pulmonary complications can be reduced by the judicious use of therapeutic manoeuvres that increase lung volume. Our objective was to assess the effect of incentive spirometry compared to no therapy or physiotherapy, including coughing and deep breathing, on all-cause postoperative pulmonary complications andmortality in adult patients admitted to hospital for upper abdominal surgery.ObjectivesOur primary objective was to assess the effect of incentive spirometry (IS), compared to no such therapy or other therapy, on postoperative pulmonary complications and mortality in adults undergoing upper abdominal surgery.Our secondary objectives were to evaluate the effects of IS, compared to no therapy or other therapy, on other postoperative complications, adverse events, and spirometric parameters.Search methodsWe searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 8), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS (from inception to August 2013). There were no language restrictions. The date of the most recent search was 12 August 2013. The original search was performed in June 2006.Selection criteriaWe included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of IS in adult patients admitted for any type of upper abdominal surgery, including patients undergoing laparoscopic procedures.Data collection and analysisTwo authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data.Main resultsWe included 12 studies with a total of 1834 participants in this updated review. The methodological quality of the included studies was difficult to assess as it was poorly reported, so the predominant classification of bias was 'unclear'; the studies did not report on compliance with the prescribed therapy. We were able to include data from only 1160 patients in the meta-analysis. Four trials (152 patients) compared the effects of IS with no respiratory treatment. We found no statistically significant difference between the participants receiving IS and those who had no respiratory treatment for clinical complications (relative risk (RR) 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30 to 1.18). Two trials (194 patients) IS compared incentive spirometry with deep breathing exercises (DBE). We found no statistically significant differences between the participants receiving IS and those receiving DBE in the meta-analysis for respiratory failure (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.04 to 10.50). Two trials (946 patients) compared IS with other chest physiotherapy. We found no statistically significant differences between the participants receiving IS compared to those receiving physiotherapy in the risk of developing a pulmonary condition or the type of complication. There was no evidence that IS is effective in the prevention of pulmonary complications.Authors' conclusionsThere is low quality evidence regarding the lack of effectiveness of incentive spirometry for prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients after upper abdominal surgery. This review underlines the urgent need to conduct well-designed trials in this field. There is a case for large RCTs with high methodological rigour in order to define any benefit from the use of incentive spirometry regarding mortality.