The development of the PROMPT (PRescribing Optimally in Middle-aged People’s Treatments) criteria

BACKGROUND: Whilst multimorbidity is more prevalent with increasing age, approximately 30% of middle-aged adults (45-64 years) are also affected. Several prescribing criteria have been developed to optimise medication use in older people (≥65 years) with little focus on potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) in middle-aged adults. We have developed a set of explicit prescribing criteria called PROMPT (PRescribing Optimally in Middle-aged People's Treatments) which may be applied to prescribing datasets to determine the prevalence of PIP in this age-group.

METHODS: A literature search was conducted to identify published prescribing criteria for all age groups, with the Project Steering Group (convened for this study) adding further criteria for consideration, all of which were reviewed for relevance to middle-aged adults. These criteria underwent a two-round Delphi process, using an expert panel consisting of general practitioners, pharmacists and clinical pharmacologists from the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Using web-based questionnaires, 17 panellists were asked to indicate their level of agreement with each criterion via a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree, 5 = Strongly Agree) to assess the applicability to middle-aged adults in the absence of clinical information. Criteria were accepted/rejected/revised dependent on the panel's level of agreement using the median response/interquartile range and additional comments.

RESULTS: Thirty-four criteria were rated in the first round of this exercise and consensus was achieved on 17 criteria which were accepted into the PROMPT criteria. Consensus was not reached on the remaining 17, and six criteria were removed following a review of the additional comments. The second round of this exercise focused on the remaining 11 criteria, some of which were revised following the first exercise. Five criteria were accepted from the second round, providing a final list of 22 criteria [gastro-intestinal system (n = 3), cardiovascular system (n = 4), respiratory system (n = 4), central nervous system (n = 6), infections (n = 1), endocrine system (n = 1), musculoskeletal system (n = 2), duplicates (n = 1)].

CONCLUSIONS: PROMPT is the first set of prescribing criteria developed for use in middle-aged adults. The utility of these criteria will be tested in future studies using prescribing datasets.

Primary airway epithelial cell culture and asthma in children-lessons learnt and yet to come

Until recently the airway epithelial cell (AEC) was considered a simple barrier that prevented entry of inhaled matter into the lung parenchyma. The AEC is now recognized as having an important role in the inflammatory response of the respiratory system to inhaled exposures, and abnormalities of these responses are thought to be important to asthma pathogenesis. This review first explores how the challenges of studying nasal and bronchial AECs in children have been addressed and then summarizes the results of studies of primary AEC function in children with and without asthma. There is good evidence that nasal AECs may be a suitable surrogate for the study of certain aspects of bronchial AEC function, although bronchial AECs remain the gold standard for asthma research. There are consistent differences between children with and without asthma for nasal and bronchial AEC mediator release following exposure to a range of pro-inflammatory stimulants including interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-4, and IL-13. However, there are inconsistencies between studies, e.g., release of IL-6, an important pro-inflammatory cytokine, is not increased in children with asthma relative to controls in all studies. Future work should expand current understanding of the "upstream" signalling pathways in AEC, study AEC from children before the onset of asthma symptoms and in vitro models should be developed that replicate the in vivo status more completely, e.g., co-culture with dendritic cells. AECs are difficult to obtain from children and collaboration between centers is expected to yield meaningful advances in asthma understanding and ultimately help deliver novel therapies. 

Modeling of the lung impedance using a fractional order ladder network with constant phase elements

The self similar branching arrangement of the airways makes the respiratory system an ideal candidate for the application of fractional calculus theory. The fractal geometry is typically characterized by a recurrent structure. This study investigates the identification of a model for the respiratory tree by means of its electrical equivalent based on intrinsic morphology. Measurements were obtained from seven volunteers, in terms of their respiratory impedance by means of its complex representation for frequencies below 5 Hz. A parametric modeling is then applied to the complex valued data points. Since at low-frequency range the inertance is negligible, each airway branch is modeled by using gamma cell resistance and capacitance, the latter having a fractional-order constant phase element (CPE), which is identified from measurements. In addition, the complex impedance is also approximated by means of a model consisting of a lumped series resistance and a lumped fractional-order capacitance. The results reveal that both models characterize the data well, whereas the averaged CPE values are supraunitary and subunitary for the ladder network and the lumped model, respectively.

Characterisation of adventitious lung sounds in people with dementia

Introduction: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTIs) are highly prevalent in institutionalised people with dementia, constituting an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Computerised auscultation of Adventitious Lung Sounds (ALS) has shown to be objective and reliable to assess and monitor respiratory diseases, however its application in people with dementia is unknown. Aim: This study characterised ALS (crackles and wheezes) in institutionalised people with dementia. Methods: An exploratory descriptive study, including 6 long-term care institutions was conducted. The sample included a dementia group (DG) of 30 people with dementia and a match healthy group (HG) of 30 elderly people. Socio-demographic and anthropometric data, cognition, type and severity of dementia, cardio-respiratory parameters, balance, mobility and activities and participation were collected. Lung sounds were recorded with a digital stethoscope following Computerised Respiratory Sound Analysis (CORSA) guidelines. Crackles’ location, number (N), frequency (F), two-cycle duration (2CD), initial deflection width (IDW) and largest deflection width (LDW) and wheezes’ number (N), ratio (R) and frequency (F) were analysed per breathing phase. Statistical analyses were performed using PASW Statistics(v.19). Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in relation to the mean N of crackles during inspiration and expiration in both trachea and thorax. DG trachea crackles had significant higher F during inspiration and lower IDW, 2CD and LDW during expiration when compared with HG. At the thorax, the LDW during inspiration was also significantly lower in the DG. A significant higher N of inspiratory wheezes was found in the HG. Both groups had a low ratio of high frequency wheezes. Conclusion: Computerised analyses of ALS informed on the respiratory system and function of people with dementia and elderly people. Hence, this could be the step towards prevention, early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of respiratory diseases in people with cognitive impairment.

A onda de calor de Agosto de 2003 e os seus efeitos sobre a mortalidade da população portuguesa

RESUMO - Portugal continental, como outros países europeus, foi afectado por uma onda de calor de grande intensidade no Verão de 2003, com efeitos na mortalidade da população. O excesso de óbitos associados à onda de calor foi estimado pela comparação do número de óbitos observados entre 30 de Julho e 15 de Agosto de 2003 e o número de óbitos esperados se a população tivesse estado exposta às taxas de mortalidade médias do biénio 2000-2001 no respectivo período homólogo. Os óbitos esperados foram calculados com ajustamento para a idade. O número de óbitos observados (O) foi superior ao número esperado (E) em todos os dias do período estudado e o seu excesso global foi estimado em 1953 óbitos (excesso relativo de 43%), dos quais 1317 (61%) ocorreram no sexo feminino e 1742 no grupo de 75 e + anos (89%). A nível distrital, Portalegre teve o maior aumento relativo do número de óbitos (+89%) e Aveiro o menor (+18%). Numa área geográfica contínua do interior do território (Guarda, Castelo Branco, Portalegre e Évora) houve aumentos relativos superiores a 80%. Em termos absolutos, o maior excesso de óbitos ocorreu no distrito de Lisboa (mais cerca de 396) e no do Porto (mais cerca de 183). As causas de morte «golpe de calor» e «desidratação e outros distúrbios metabólicos» tiveram os aumentos relativos mais elevados (razões O/E de, respectivamente, 70 e 8,65). Os maiores aumentos absolutos do número de óbitos ocorreram no grupo das «doenças do aparelho circulatório» (mais 758), nas «doenças do aparelho respiratório» (mais 255) e no conjunto de «todas as neoplasias malignas» (mais 131). No período da onda de calor e no período de comparação, a percentagem dos óbitos que ocorreu nos hospitais (52% e 56%), no domicílio (32 e 33%) e em «outros locais» foi semelhante. A discussão sobre os factores que condicionaram a obtenção dos valores apresentados, relativos ao excesso de óbitos por sexo, grupo etário, distrito, causa e local da morte, permite concluir que os mesmos se afiguram adequados para medir a ordem de grandeza e caracterizar o efeito da onda de calor na mortalidade. O erro aleatório, medido pelos intervalos de confiança, e alguns possíveis erros sistemáticos associados ao período de comparação escolhido não deverão afectar de modo relevante as estimativas.

Immunology taught by lung dendritic cells.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are leukocytes specialised in the uptake, processing, and presentation of antigen and fundamental in regulating both innate and adaptive immune functions. They are mainly localised at the interface between body surfaces and the environment, continuously scrutinising incoming antigen for the potential threat it may represent to the organism. In the respiratory tract, DCs constitute a tightly enmeshed network, with the most prominent populations localised in the epithelium of the conducting airways and lung parenchyma. Their unique localisation enables them to continuously assess inhaled antigen, either inducing tolerance to inoffensive substances, or initiating immunity against a potentially harmful pathogen. This immunological homeostasis requires stringent control mechanisms to protect the vital and fragile gaseous exchange barrier from unrestrained and damaging inflammation, or an exaggerated immune response to an innocuous allergen, such as in allergic asthma. During DC activation, there is upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and maturation markers, enabling DC to activate naïve T cells. This activation is accompanied by chemokine and cytokine release that not only serves to amplify innate immune response, but also determines the type of effector T cell population generated. An increasing body of recent literature provides evidence that different DC subpopulations, such as myeloid DC (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) in the lungs occupy a key position at the crossroads between tolerance and immunity. This review aims to provide the clinician and researcher with a summary of the latest insights into DC-mediated pulmonary immune regulation and its relevance for developing novel therapeutic strategies for various disease conditions such as infection, asthma, COPD, and fibrotic lung disease.

Exámenes de laboratorio clínico en menores de cinco años atendidos en sala ERA (enfermedad respiratoria aguda) en una empresa social del estado de primer nivel de atención

Las Salas ERA (Enfermedad Respiratoria Aguda) son áreas definidas en las Unidades Primarias de Atención (UPAs), Centros de Atención Médica Inmediata (CAMIs) y de algunas instituciones de segundo nivel, para la atención de pacientes con ERA, que puedan ser manejados con esquemas terapéuticos básicos que en muchas oportunidades se ocupan las salas de observación de urgencias por casos que podrían manejarse en un nivel de complejidad más bajo, pero tampoco pueden ser manejados a nivel domiciliario. La enfermedad respiratoria aguda (ERA) es un conjunto de patologías que afectan el sistema respiratorio, siendo esta una causa muy frecuente de morbilidad y mortalidad en los niños y niñas menores de 5 años, en especial por infección respiratoria aguda (IRA). El pago de la atención integral en las salas ERA a los niños menores de cinco años (población vinculada) de edad corresponde al Fondo Financiero Distrital el cual ha establecido un paquete que incluye valoración médica, valoración con la terapeuta respiratoria, analgésicos, corticosteroides e inhaladores. En el momento en que el médico ordena un examen de laboratorio clínico como ayuda diagnóstica el Fondo Financiero Distrital deja de pagar el paquete completo de prestación de servicios en Salas ERA y paga los medicamentos y dispositivos médicos empleados en la atención de pacientes de manera individual, con esta segunda manera de pago tiene menos ganancias el hospital ya que este debe asumir los costos de la valoración por parte del médico y la terapeuta respiratoria. El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer la magnitud en la solicitud de exámenes de Laboratorio Clínico a los niños menores de cinco años que recibieron atención por parte de la Sala ERA de una Empresa Social del Estado de primer nivel de atención en la ciudad de Bogotá.

Caracterización del ausentismo laboral en un centro medico de I nivel

El ausentismo laboral es un fenómeno costoso. Cuando los trabajadores no asisten por enfermedad o accidentes laborales, el impacto que sufre la empresa es en el ámbito económico y/u operativo. Objetivo: Caracterizar los factores del ausentismo laboral en un centro médico de I nivel y su comportamiento durante el año 2010. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, 118 trabajadores del centro médico de I nivel en Bogotá durante el año 2010.Criterios de inclusión: hombres y mujeres, con contratación directa, incapacidades médicas. Criterios de exclusión: personal de contratación indirecta, outsourcing, calamidades y licencias de maternidad. Información tomada base de datos incapacidades. Resultados: Se presentaron 332 incapacidades que representaron 1518 días perdidos causados por enfermedad general 99.7 %, sistemas respiratorio, digestivo y osteomuscular con mayor número de incapacidades (31,9%, 22,9% y 13% respectivamente). El mayor ausentismo en médicos fue 38,3%, auxiliares odontología 14,2 % y odontólogos 10,8%. El área asistencial tiene 78,3% incapacidades, contratos a término indefinido con un 74.6% y mujeres con 78,01% incapacidades. Conclusiones: La mayor causa del ausentismo es enfermedad general. El sistema respiratorio es el más afectado, seguido del digestivo y osteomuscular, los trabajadores con contrato indefinido, género femenino, área asistencial y por cargos los médicos seguido de auxiliares odontología y los odontólogos. Sin embargo en los resultados evidenciados se debe tener en cuenta la población general y su distribución para variables como género, área, cargos, por lo que se requiere posteriormente análisis estadísticos para establecer si hay diferencia significativa.

Efectos de la ventilación mecánica con heliox en niños y adolescentes con patología bronquial obstructiva

Evaluar si el Heliox reduce la resistencia en la vía aérea en niños y adolescentes con patología bronquial obstructiva que requieren ventilación mecánica. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo observacional descriptivo en niños y adolescentes con patología bronquial obstructiva y ventilación mecánica con Fi02 ≤ 0,5. Medición de variables: resistencia, presión pico, presión media de la vía aérea, presión meseta, volumen corriente, autoPEEP, distensibilidad, PetCO2, ventilación de espacio muerto antes de inicio de heliox y a los 30 minutos, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18 y 24 horas y diariamente hasta suspenderlo por extubación o FiO2 > 0,5. Resultados: Resultados parciales, incluyó 9 pacientes encontrando descenso significativo de resistencia espiratoria a los 30 minutos (51,2 vs 32,3; p=0,0008 ), 2 horas ( 51,2 vs 33,4; p=0,0019) y 4 horas (51,2 vs 30,7; p=0,0012) así como de la resistencia inspiratoria a la hora 2 (48,6 vs 36,2; p = 0,013) y hora 4 (48,6 vs 30 ; p=0,004). Se observó tendencia al descenso de la PetCO2 que no fue significativa (52,3 vs 34,3: p=0,06). No se evidenció cambios en las variables; autoPEEP, presión pico, presión media de la vía aérea, distensibilidad, ventilación de espacio muerto, presión meseta y volumen corriente antes y después del inicio del Heliox. Conclusión: La ventilación mecánica con Heliox en niños con patología bronquial obstructiva parece ser que reduce de manera significativa la resistencia de la vía aérea, con tendencia al descenso de la PetC02. Se necesitan estudios prospectivos al menos observacionales analíticos que corroboren estos hallazgos.

La Presión Intra-abdominal Influye Sobre los Limites de la Presión de la Vía Aérea Durante la Ventilación Protectora Pulmonar

Background: The Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) have a impact on the respiratory system and the recommendations for mechanical ventilation of patients with IAH/ACS remain unclear. Our study characterize the influence of elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on airway plateau pressure (PPLAT) and bladder pressure (PBLAD). Methods: Nine (n=9) deeply anesthetized swine were mechanically ventilated via tracheostomy: volume-controlled mode at tidal volume = 10 ml/kg, frequency=15, Inspiratory:Expiratory ratio=1:2 and PEEP of 1 and 10 cmH2O (PEEP1 and PEEP10, respectively). A tracheostomy tube was place in the peritoneal cavity and different levels of IAP were applied utilizing a CPAP system. Measurements were performed during both PEEP1 and PEEP10. Results: PBLAD increased as experimental IAP rose. Minimal underestimation of IAP by PBLAD was observed. Applying PEEP10 did not significantly affect the correlation between experimental IAP and PBLAD. PBLAD (in cmH2O) was reflected by changes in PPLAT regardless of the PEEP.

Relación entre los hallazgos radiográficos y la sintomatología respiratoria en trabajadores expuestos a polvo de carbón en minería de socavón en el departamento de Boyacá, Colombia 2015

Introducción: La inhalación de polvo de carbón favorece el desarrollo de neumoconiosis, causa daños irreversibles al pulmón que se identifican radiológicamente. Los síntomas son tardíos y la patología se puede desarrollar tras varios años de exposición. Objetivo: Caracterizar los hallazgos radiográficos según la metodología de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) 2000 y relacionarlos con la sintomatología respiratoria en trabajadores expuestos a polvo de carbón en las labores de minería de socavón en el departamento de Boyacá, Colombia, 2015. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal realizado en 232 mineros, se indagó características sociodemográficas, signos y síntomas del sistema respiratorio. Se realizó radiografías de tórax y se aplicó la metodología OIT para describir los hallazgos. Se estableció asociación estadística a través de la prueba Chi cuadrado de Pearson. Para el procesamiento de la información se utilizó el programa SPSS statistics 2.3 Resultados: Toda la población fue de sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 40,8 años. El cargo de picador fue el más frecuente en 72,4% de los trabajadores. Las radiografías mostraron opacidades pequeñas redondeadas (q/q) en 42%. La expectoración fue el síntoma más frecuente 66,4%. Se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el tabaquismo con las anomalía parenquimatosas (p=0,002).Conclusión: La prevalencia de neumoconiosis para el departamento de Boyacá fue de 29.7% entre los trabajadores valorados según los criterios OIT para lectura de radiografías de tórax, por lo que se requiere poner en práctica medidas de control a fin de reducir al mínimo la exposición de los trabajadores.

Explorando o teste de provocação com oxigénio como modelo de avaliação da microcirculação

A microcirculação cutânea surgiu, nos últimos anos, como uma alternativa pratica e acessível para o estudo da circulação periférica. Técnicas não-invasivas, como a Fluxometria por Laser Doppler (FLD), a Evaporimetria e a Gasimetria transcutânea em associação a testes de provocação têm transformado a circulação cutânea num atraente modelo de investigação. Este estudo foi aplicado a um grupo de voluntárias jovens saudáveis (n = 8, (21,6 ± 2,6) anos) respirando uma atmosfera de 100 % oxigénio durante 10 minutos. Este teste permitiu-nos avaliar a resposta circulatória na microcirculação do membro inferior. As técnicas de medição incluíram o fluxo sanguíneo local por FLD, a pO2 transcutânea (tc) e a Perda Transepidérmica de Água (PTEA) por evaporimetria. A análise de dados revela que tc-pO2 e FLD se alteraram significativamente durante o teste. Um perfil de evolução recíproca foi registrado para FLD e PTEA, que parece apoiar dados anteriores de que as alterações no fluxo sanguíneo local podem influenciar a função de “barreira” epidérmica. Este modelo parece adequado para caracterizar a microcirculação do membro inferior in vivo.

Studies on particulate matter (PM10) and its precursors over urban environment of Reading, UK

The extent to which airborne particles penetrate into the human respiratory system is determined mainly by their size, with possible health effects. The research over the scientific evidence of the role of airborne particles in adverse health effects has been intensified in recent years. In the present study, seasonal variations of PM10 and its relation with anthropogenic activities have been studied by using the data from UK National Air Quality Archive over Reading, UK. The diurnal variation of PM10 shows a morning peak during 7:00-10:00 LT and an evening peak during 19:00-22:00 LT. 3 The variation between 12:00 and 17:00 LT remains more or less steady for PM10 with the minimum value of similar to 16 mu g m(-3). PM10 and black smoke (BS) concentrations during weekdays were found to be high compared to weekends. A reduction in the concentration of PM10 has been found during the Christmas holidays compared to normal days during December. Seasonal variations of PM10 showed high values during spring compared to other seasons. A linear relationship has been found between PM10 and NO, during March, July, November and December suggesting that most of the PM10 is due to local traffic exhaust emissions. PM10 and SO2 concentrations showed positive correlation with the correlation coefficient of R-2 = 0.65 over the study area. Seasonal variations of SO2 and NOx showed high concentrations during winter and low concentrations during spring. Fraction of BS in PM10 has been found to be 50% during 2004 over the study area. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Deposition of charged inhaled aerosols with transient airflow in sequential lung airway model

Transport and deposition of charged inhaled aerosols in double planar bifurcation representing generation three to five of human respiratory system has been studied under a light activity breathing condition. Both steady and oscillatory laminar inhalation airflow is considered. Particle trajectories are calculated using a Lagrangian reference frame, which is dominated by the fluid force driven by airflow, gravity force and electrostatic forces (both of space and image charge forces). The particle-mesh method is selected to calculate the space charge force. This numerical study investigates the deposition efficiency in the three-dimensional model under various particle sizes, charge values, and inlet particle distribution. Numerical results indicate that particles carrying an adequate level of charge can improve deposition efficiency in the airway model.

Radiographic Findings Among Children Hospitalized With Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of childhood death. There are few published reports of radiographic findings among children with severe CAP. Objective: To describe chest X-ray (CXR) findings and assess association between these radiographic findings and pneumococcal isolation in children with severe CAP. Methods: A prospective, multicenter, observational study was conducted in 12 centers in Argentina, Brazil, and the Dominican Republic. Children aged 3-59 months, hospitalized with severe pneumonia, were included. On admission, blood and pleural effusion cultures were performed. Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified according to standard procedures in the respective national reference laboratory. Chest X-rays were taken on admission and read before the culture results were reported. Results: Out of 2,536 enrolled patients, 283 (11.2%) had S. pneumoniae isolated, in 181 cases (7.1%) from blood. The follow radiographic patterns were observed: alveolar infiltrate (75.2%), pleural effusion (15.6%), and interstitial infiltrate (9.2%). Overall, pleural effusion was associated with pneumococcal isolation and pneumococcal bacteremia (P < 0.001). Infiltrates were unilateral (78.7%) or bilateral (21.3%), right-sided (76%) or left-sided (24%), in the lower lobe (53.6%) or the upper lobe (46.4%). Multivariate analysis including patients with affection of only one lobe showed that upper lobe affection and pleural effusion were associated with pneumococcal isolation (OR 1.8, 95% CI, 1.3-2.7; OR 11.0, 95% CI, 4.6-26.8, respectively) and with pneumococcal bacteremia (OR 1.7, 95% CI, 1.2-2.6; OR 3.1, 95% CI, 1.2-8.0, respectively). Conclusions: Three-quarters of the patients studied had alveolar infiltrates. Upper lobe compromising and pleural effusion were associated with pneumococcal invasive disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:1009-1013. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.