The foraging behaviour of the Black rat (Rattus rattus) within Australian macadamia orchards

The black rat (Rattus rattus) has been shown to be the primary species responsible for causing significant crop losses within the Australian macadamia industry. This species success within macadamia orchards is directly related to the flexibility expressed in its foraging behaviour. In this paper a conceptual foraging model is presented which proposes that the utilisation of resources by rodents within various components of the system is related not only to their relative abundance, but also to predator avoidance behaviour. Nut removal from high predation risk habitats during periods of low resource abundance in low risk compartments of the system is considered an essential behaviour that allows high rodent densities to be maintained throughout the year.

Dating of divergences within the Rattus genus phylogeny using whole mitochondrial genomes

The timing and order of divergences within the genus Rattus have, to date, been quite speculative. In order to address these important issues we sequenced six new whole mitochondrial genomes from wild-caught specimens from four species, Rattus exulans, Rattus praetor, Rattus rattus and Rattus tanezumi. The only rat whole mitochondrial genomes available previously were all from Rattus norvegicus specimens. Our phylogenetic and dating analyses place the deepest divergence within Rattus at ∼3.5 million years ago (Mya). This divergence separates the New Guinean endemic R. praetor lineage from the Asian lineages. Within the Asian/Island Southeast Asian clade R. norvegicus diverged earliest at ∼2.9 Mya. R. exulans and the ancestor of the sister species R. rattus and R. tanezumi subsequently diverged at ∼2.2 Mya, with R. rattus and R. tanezumi separating as recently as ∼0.4 Mya. Our results give both a better resolved species divergence order and diversification dates within Rattus than previous studies.

Detection of alpha(2u)-globulin and its bound putative pheromones in the preputial gland of the Indian commensal rat (Rattus rattus) using mass spectrometry

The role of pheromones and pheromone-binding proteins in the laboratory rat has been extensively investigated. However, we have previously reported that the preputial gland of the Indian commensal rat produces a variety of pheromonal molecules and preputial glands would seem to be the predominant source for pheromonal communication. The presence of pheromone-binding proteins has not yet been identified in the preputial gland of the Indian commensal rat; therefore, the experiments were designed to unravel the alpha(2u)-globulin (alpha 2u) and its bound volatiles in the commensal rat. Total preputial glandular proteins were first fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and subsequently analyzed by mass spectrometry. Further, we purified alpha 2u and screened for the presence of bound pheromonal molecules with the aid of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A novel alpha 2u was identified with a high score and this protein has not been previously described as present in the preputial gland of Indian commensal rats.This novel alpha 2u was then characterized by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Peptides with m/z values of 969, 1192, 1303 and 1876 were further fragmented with the aid of MS/MS and generated de novo sequences which provided additional evidence for the presence of alpha 2u in the preputial gland. Finally, we identified the presence of farnesol 1 and 2 bound to alpha 2u. The present investigation confirms the presence of alpha 2u (18.54 kDa) in the preputial gland of the Indian commensal rat and identifies farnesol 1 and 2 as probably involved in chemo-communication by the Indian commensal rat.Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Primary Structural Documentation of the Major Urinary Protein of the Indian Commensal Rat (Rattus rattus) Using a Proteomics Platform

Purpose: A number of proteome studies have been performed recently to identify pheromone-related protein expression and their molecular function using genetically modified rodents' urine. However, no such studies have used Indian commensal rodents; interestingly, in a previous investigation, we confirmed the presence of volatile molecules in commensal rodents urine and these molecules seem to be actively involved in pheromonal communication. Therefore, the present study aims to identify the major urinary protein [MUP] present in commensal rat urine, which will help us to understand the protein's expression pattern and intrinsic properties among the rodents globally. Experimental Design: Initially, the total urinary proteins were separated by 1-D and 2-D electrophoresis and then subsequently analyzed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight and Mass Spectrometer (MALDI-TOF/MS). Furthermore, they were then fragmented with the aid of a Tandem Mass Spectrometer (TOF/TOF) and the identified sequences aligned and confirmed using similarity with the deduced primary structures of members of the lipocalin superfamily.Results: The SDS-PAGE protein profiles showed distinct proteins with molecular masses of 15, 22.4, 25, 28, 42, 50, 55, 68, and 91 kDa. Of these proteins, the 22.4 kDa protein was considered to be target candidate. When 2D electrophoresis was carried out, about similar to 50 spots were detected with different masses and various pI ranges. The 22.4 kDa protein was found to have a pI of about 4.9. This 22.4 kDa protein spot was digested and subjected to mass spectrometry; it was identified as rat MUP. The fragmented peptides from the rat MUP at 935, 1026, 1192, and 1303 m/z were further fragmented with the aid of MS/MS and generated de novo sequence and this confirmed this protein to be the MUP present in the urine of commensal rats.Conclusion: The present investigation confirms the presence of MUP with a molecular mass of 22.4 kDa in the urine of commensal rats. This protein may be involved in the binding of volatile molecules and opens up a discussion about how volatile and non-volatile molecules in the commensal rats' urine may contribute chemo-communication.

Regulación de la transcripción de los genes SND1 (Homo sapiens) y SNDp102 (Rattus norvegicus)

167 p. : il., graf.

Efeitos de dois regimes de aplicação de clodronato dissódico na reabsorção radicular e movimentação dentária em Rattus norvegicus

O objetivo dos autores foi avaliar microscopicamente, a influência de dois regimes de aplicação do clodronato dissódico na movimentação dentária e reabsorção radicular de Rattus novergicus. Foram utilizados 63 ratos, adultos, machos, com dentição permanente completa e peso aproximado de 300g. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos com 21 espécimes cada: Grupo Controle, animais submetidos à movimentação dentária induzida sem aplicação do medicamento; Grupo A, animais submetidos à movimentação com aplicação do Clodronato por via subcutânea em dias alternados; Grupo B, animais submetidos à movimentação e aplicação da droga por via subcutânea apenas no quinto e décimo segundo dias. Para avaliar os eventos celulares que ocorrem durante todo o ciclo de movimentação, os grupos foram subdivididos em três, com sete animais cada um e foi realizada a eutanásia no sétimo, décimo e décimo quarto dias. Este procedimento foi realizado com anestesia por inalação de dietil-éter e administração intra-abdominal de 40mg/Kg de pentobarbital sódico. As peças foram incluídas em parafina e os cortes teciduais (4-6m), corados por Hematoxilina-Eosina, foram usados para observações gerais e avaliação quantitativa em microscópio de luz. A análise dos resultados foi feita utilizando análise de variância (ANOVA) e o teste de Tukey foi utilizado para comparações múltiplas entre as médias. Foi considerado o nível de significância em 5%. A taxa de movimentação foi menor no Grupo A quando comparado ao grupo controle sendo estatisticamente significante (p< 0,01). No Grupo B, a taxa de movimentação foi menor que no grupo controle e maior que no Grupo A, porém sem significância estatística. Para as variáveis lacunas de reabsorção e número de osteoclastos houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quando o grupo controle foi comparado aos dois outros grupos. De acordo com os resultados, o Clodronato reduz a reabsorção radicular e a movimentação dentária, mas este último aspecto pode ser minimizado a depender do regime de aplicação do medicamento.

Morfogénesis del ovario de la rata blanca (Rattus n. albinus)

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias) UANL

Propriétés anesthésiques et analgésiques de l’eugénol chez la grenouille (Xenopus laevis), le poisson (Oncorhynchus mykiss) et le rat (Rattus norvegicus)

L'eugénol (2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phénol), produit dérivé du clou de girofle (Eugenia aromatica), fut tout d’abord utilisé en application topique à des fins d’analgésie dentaire. Il produit également une anesthésie chirurgicale lorsque administré en immersion chez les poissons. L’eugénol agit sur les récepteurs vanilloïdes, sensibles à la chaleur, aux protons et à certaines molécules lipidiques. Ces récepteurs jouent un rôle important dans le mécanisme de l’inflammation et de l’hyperalgésie. L’eugénol pourrait également produire ses effets par antagonisme des récepteurs glutamaergiques (NMDA) et par son activation des récepteurs GABAergiques. Considérant que l’eugénol produit des effets analgésiques et anesthésiques, des études de pharmacocinétique et de pharmacodynamie furent réalisées chez la grenouille (Xenopus laevis), le poisson (Oncorhynchus mykiss) et le rat (Rattus norvegicus). Les résultats démontrent que l’eugénol administré par immersion à une dose efficace permet d’atteindre une anesthésie chirurgicale chez les grenouilles (350 mg/L) et les poissons (75 mg/L). Suite à des analyses plasmatiques par LC/MS/MS, la pharmacocinétique des grenouilles, des poissons et des rats montre que la drogue est éliminée et qu’il pourrait y avoir une recirculation entérohépathique plus importante chez la grenouille et le rat. La longue demi-vie chez le rat suggère aussi une accumulation dans les tissus après des administrations répétées. Suite à l’administration intraveineuse d’une dose de 20 mg/kg chez le rat, l’eugénol induit une anesthésie chirurgicale pour une très courte période de temps variant autour de 167 s. Les résultats de sensibilité thermique confirment l’efficacité de l’eugénol pour réduire l’hyperalgésie induite chez des rats neuropathiques. L’effet pharmacologique de l’eugénol a démontré une augmentation progressive constante de l’analgésie sur une période de cinq jours de traitements journaliers. En conclusion, l’eugénol possède des propriétés analgésiques et anesthésiques chez la grenouille africaine à griffes (Xenopus laevis), le poisson (Oncorhynchus mykiss) et le rat (Rattus norvegicus).

La dérivation de cellules souches embryonnaires chez le rat, Rattus norvegicus

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal