The application of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD's) to the study of Lasaea rubra (Montagu).

This paper describes the random amplification of polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs) in Lasaea rubra (Erycinidae: Bivalvia). Present evidence suggests that L. rubra is an asexual species; however, the exact mode of clonal reproduction in this species is still a matter of debate. In this preliminary study, four of the primers used generated polymorphic RAPDs. One primer was able to distinguish between individuals from the same or different crevice population. This same primer also resolved a single band difference between otherwise identical RAPD patterns of a parent and its offspring. No familial differences have been detected in several previous studies using allozyme electrophoresis. This paper suggests that many polymorphic markers could be obtained with this species using the RAPD technique. Population genetic analysis of L. rubra has long been hampered by a dearth of polymorphic markers due to its small size. These findings suggest that this technique has the potential to further the study of population genetics in this asexual species.

Molecular comparison of Scytalidium thermophilum isolates using RAPD and ITS nucleotide sequence analyses

Scytalidium thermophilum plays an important role in determining selectivity of compost produced for growing Agaricus bisporus. The objective of this study was to characterise S. thermophilum isolates by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and sequence analysis of internally transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the rDNA, to assess the genetic variation exhibited by this species complex and to compare this with existing morphological and thermogravimetric data. RAPD analysis of 34 isolates from various parts of the world revealed two distinct groups, which could be separated on the basis of the differences in the banding patterns produced with five random primers. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the ITS region, which was ca 536 bp in length, revealed only very minor variation among S. thermophilum isolates examined. Several nucleotide base changes within this region demonstrated variation. Genetic distance values among type 1 and 2 S. thermophilum isolates, as determined by ITS sequence analysis, varied by a value of 0.005 %. Molecular analyses carried out in the present study would suggest that isolates within this species complex exhibit genetic differences which correlate well with morphological variation and thermogravimetric data previously determined.

Analysis of genetic diversity in Portuguese Ceratonia siliqua L. cultivars using RAPD and AFLP markers

Although carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is of great economic importance little is still known about the pattern of genetic variation within this species. Morphological characteristics based on 31 fruit and seeds of continuous characters determinant for agro-industrial uses, were compared with RAPD and AFLP markers for assessing genetic distances in 68 accessions of carob trees, from different cultivars, varieties and eco-geographic regions of Algarve. Eighteen selected RAPD primers applied to the 68 accessions produced a total of 235 fragments ranging from 200 to 2000 bp, of which 93 (40%) were polymorphic. Four AFLP selective primer combinations generated a total of 346 amplification fragments of which 110 were polymorphic. The average level of polymorphism based on four primer combinations was 31.8%. The phenetic trees based on RAPD and AFLP analyses gave high co-phenetic correlation values, and were found to be consistent in general with the analysis of morphological data, carried out on the same accessions. A number of RAPD and AFLP markers were found to be diagnostic for ‘Canela’ cultivar and 13 wild ungrafted trees.

Variabilidad genética de subpoblaciones de Anopheles vestitipennis(Díptera: culicidae) mediante el uso de RAPD-PCR

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Entomología Médica) UANL

Caracterización de Germoplasma sobresaliente de papa solanum tuberosum L. en México mediante RAPD y SSR

1Tesis ( Doctor en Ciencias con Especialidad en Biotecnología ) U.A.N.L.

Evaluation of Somaclonal Variation in Callus Cultures of Jatropha curcas Maintained on Different Hormonal Combinations Using RAPD Markers

Random genetic changes generated during in vitro culture are not desirable for plant micropropagation and genetic transformation. RAPD markers were used to detect the variation in leaf disc callus cultures of Jatropha curcas, maintained in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with different auxin and cytokinin combinations. In total 41 scorable bands were produced with 11 primers. Out of 41 bands, 37 were polymorphic (91.12%). The average number of polymorphic bands was 3.36 per primer. The highest similarity (0.82) with mother plant was seen in callus maintained on MS with hormonal combination Indole butyric acid - 0.4mg/l+ N6-benzyladenine purine - 4.0 mg/l. The callus grown on MS with hormonal combinations IBA- 0.4mg/l+ BAP- 2.0mg/l, IBA- 0.4mg/l+ BAP- 2.5mg/l and IBA- 0.6 mg/l+ BAP- 2.0 mg/l also showed similarity with the mother plant. Callus maintained on MS with hormonal combination IBA- 0.2mg/l+ BAP- 2.0 mg/l was found to show least similarity (0.53) with mother plant

Identification of Hammondia heydorni oocysts by a heminested-PCR (hnPCR-AP10) based on the H-heydorni RAPD fragment AP10

Toxoplasma gondii, Hammondia hammondi, Neospora caninum, Neospora hughesi and Hammondia heydorni are members of the Toxoplasmatinae sub-family. They are closely related coccidians with similarly sized oocysts. Molecular diagnostic techniques, especially those based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can be successfully applied for the differentiation of Hammondia-like oocysts. In this paper, we describe a rapid and simple method for the identification of H. heydorni oocysts among other members of the Toxoplasmatinae sub-family, using a heminested-PCR (hnPCR-AP10) based on a H. heydorni RAPD fragment available in molecular database. DNA of oocysts of H. heydorni yielded a specific fragment of 289-290 bp in the heminested-PCR assay. No product was yielded when the primers were used for the amplification of DNA extracted from T. gondii, N. caninum, N. hughesi and H. hammondi, thus allowing the differentiation of H. heydorni among other members of the Toxoplasmatinae sub-family. The hnPCR-AP10 was capable of detecting H. heydorni genetic sequences from suspensions with at least 10 oocysts. In conclusion, the hnPCR-AP10 proved to be a reliable method to be used in the identification of H. heydorni oocysts from feces of dogs. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

GENOTYPE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE Haematobia irritans (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) FROM BRAZIL, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AND COLOMBIA BASED ON RANDOMLY AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA (RAPD) ANALYSIS

Blood-sucking flies are important parasites in animal production systems, especially regarding confinement conditions. Haematobia irritans, the horn fly, is one of the most troublesome species within bovine production systems, due to the intense stress imposed to the animals. H. irritans is one of the parasites of cattle that cause significant economic losses in many parts of the world, including South America. In the present work, Brazilian, Colombian and Dominican Republic populations of this species were studied by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA(RAPD) to assess basically genetic variability between populations. Fifteen different decamer random primers were employed in the genomic DNA amplification, yielding 196 fragments in the three H. irritans populations. Among h. irritans samples, that from Colombia produced the smallest numbers of polymorphic hands. This high genetic homogeneity may be ascribed to its geographic origin, which causes high isolation, low gene flow, unlike the other American populations, from Brazil and Dominican Republic. Molecular marker fragments, which its produced exclusive bands, detected in every sample enabled the population origin to be characterized, but they are also potentially useful for further approaches such as the putative origin of Brazilian, Colombian and Dominican Republic populations of horn fly from South America. Similarity indices produced by chemo metric analysis showed the closest relationships between flies from Brazil and Dominican Republic, while flies from Colombia showed the greatest genotypic differentiation relative to the others populations.

Population genetic studies on Australian freshwater crayfish, Cherax destructor (Crustacea: Parastacidae) using allozyme and RAPD markers

Allozyme and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation was surveyed in the freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor Clark, an ecologically and commercially important species that is widespread throughout the freshwater systems of central Australia. At the intra-population level, allozymes revealed a similar level of variation to that found in other freshwater crayfish; RAPDs showed less diversity than allozymes, which was unexpected. At the inter-population level, both techniques revealed significant population structure, both within and between drainages. RAPD results were consistent with phylogeographic patterns previously identified using mtDNA. Although allozyme data showed little geographic pattern in relation to genetic variation based on multidimensional-scaling (MDS) plots on matrices of genetic distance, results of AMOVA and Mantel tests indicated significant population structuring. Each of the mtDNA lineages proposed in a previous study also showed significant genetic structure at similar levels as revealed by RAPDs but different levels by allozymes. These results reject hypotheses previously put forward on genetic homogenisation within the species due to wide-scale translocation. The implications of the findings for conservation and aquaculture of C. destructor are also discussed.

Genotipificação de amostras sorotipificáveis e não sorotipificáveis de Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae através de RAPD.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae é o agente etiológico da pleuropneumonia suína, enfermidade amplamente distribuída no rebanho suíno mundial, responsável por prejuízos econômicos relevantes. Possui 12 sorotipos, determinados por técnicas de sorotipificação. Além disso é descrita a ocorrência de amostras não sorotipificáveis. O conhecimento do sorotipo prevalente nos surtos da enfermidade é necessário aos programas de profilaxia. Procurando contornar as dificuldades normalmente encontradas na sorotipificação de A. pleuropneumpnoae, a técnica de RAPD foi avaliada na genotipificação de amostras sorotipificáveis e não sorotipificáveis do agente. Foram utilizados amostras ATCC dos 12 sorotipos e amostras dos sorotipos, 1, 3, 5a, 5b, 7, 11 e 12 isolados no Brasil. Os primers OPG e OPG-19, utilizados individualmente nas reações, foram mais adequados para a diferenciação dos sorotipos. O primer OPG-19 detectou polimorfismos semelhantes entrer os sorotipos 1, 3, 4, 5 e 11; e sorotipos 7 e 12. O perfil de RAPD detectado pelo primier OPGF-10 diferenciou os isolados de campo dos sorotipos 1, 7, 11 e 12. Os sorotipos 3 e 5 apresentaram padrão de RAPD semelhantes, sendo diferenciados pelo perfil de exotoxinas característico, determinado previamente através de PCR. Este primer identificou quatro diferentes perfis de RAPD no sorotipo 3. Um destes foi semelhante ao obtido como sorotipo 11. Neste isolado, foi detecta a presença dos genes para ApxI e ApxII, características do sorotipo 11. As amostras do sorotipo 4 apresentaram perfil de RAPD semelhante ao identificado nos sorotipos 3 ou 5 com o primeir OPG-10, sendo identificada, por PCR, a presença dos genes para ApxI e ApxI, os quais não são característicos do sorotipo. Estas amostras foram isoladas em anos posteriores à amostras dos sorotipos 3 e 5 analisadas. Foi possível caracterizar 14 das 14 amostras não sorotipificáveis de A.pleuropneumpniae obtidas de suínos com sinais da doença. Entre as 4 amostras não sorotipificáveis isoladas de leitões sem sinais clínicos, apenas uma foi caracterizada através de RAPD. É possível que as demais amostras sejam outrtas bactérias NAD-dependente isoladas do trato respiratório de suínos. Amostras caracterizadas como A. minor e A. indolicus apresentaram perfis de RAPD divergentes dos identificados em isolados puros de A. pleuropneumoniae, comprovando a capacidade da técnica na caracterização do agente. Diferentes amostras do mesmo sorotipo de A. pleuropneumoniae apresentaram polimorfismos de RAPD idênticos, demonstrando reprodutividade da técnica. Os resultados comprovam a capacidade de tipificação de A. Pleuropneumoniae através de RAPD. A pesquisa de primers adequados para a diferenciação dos sorotipos 3, 4 e 5 aprimorar sua caracterização, o que pode vir a contribuir com as técnicas de sorotipificação tradicionalmente utilizados, ou permitir o uso como método de confirmação nas amostras cuja sorotipificação é problemática.

Caracterização de espécies brasileiras de Adesmia DC. por RAPD

Dentro do gênero Adesmia, as técnicas moleculares ainda não foram empregadas na caracterização de germoplasma e na análise da diversidade genética das espécies brasileiras que compôem o gênero. Portanto os objetivos deste trabalho foram: caracterizar, com a utilização de marcador molecular do tipo RAPD, as espécies brasileiras do gênero Adesmia DC; com base nestas informações estabelecer relações de diversidade genética entre as espécies e os acessos analisados; relacionar dados de diversidade com dados morfológicos e de reprodução.

Caracterização por susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos, PCR-ribotipificação e RAPD de Salmonella Enteritidis envolvidas em surtos de doenças veiculadas por alimentos ocorridas no Rio Grande do Sul, nos anos de 2001 e 2002

A Salmonella é uma das principais causas de doenças transmitidas por alimentos em todo o mundo, sendo que no Rio Grande do Sul ela tem sido apontada como o principal agente de toxinfecções alimentares nos últimos anos. Nesse trabalho, foram caracterizadas linhagens de Salmonella isoladas de alimentos envolvidos em Salmoneloses ocorridas no Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 2001 a 2002. Entre os 85 isolados investigados, 79 (93%) foram sorotipificados como S. Enteritidis, enquanto os outros seis isolados foram classificados como S. Javiana (n=1), S. Infantis (n=1), S. Agona (n=1), S. Typhimurium (n=1) e S. enterica subsp. enterica (1,4,5) (n=2). A resistência das amostras de S. Enteritidis a dez agentes antimicrobianos foi investigada. De modo geral, altas porcentagens de sensibilidade foram verificadas. As maiores porcentagens de resistência foram apresentadas em relação ao ácido nalidíxico (21,5%), à gentamicina (12,7%) e à estreptomicina (11,4%). A resistência a um ou mais antimicrobianos foi verificada em 30 amostras (37,97%), o que permitiu que os isolados fossem agrupados em 32 perfis de susceptibilidade. Apenas duas amostras apresentaram resistência múltipla a quatro drogas. Quando os isolados de S. Enteritidis foram submetidos à PCR-Ribotipificação, somente dois perfis (R1 e R2) foram identificados, sendo que o perfil R1 agrupou 92,4% dos isolados. . Os mesmos isolados também foram analisados por RAPD, sendo possível identificar quatro perfis de bandas (A a D). O perfil A agrupou 81% das amostras, enquanto os perfis B, C e D agruparam 9%, 5% e 5% dos isolados, respectivamente. Os resultados das análises de PCR-Ribotipificação e de RAPD sugerem que uma mesma linhagem de S. Enteritidis foi isolada a partir de alimentos envolvidos em Salmoneloses ocorridas em diferentes cidades do Estado durante o período de 2001 a 2002.