1,3,6,8-Tetrasubstituted Pyrenes: Solution-Processable Materials for Application in Organic Electronics

(Equation Presented). A series of star-shaped organic semiconductors have been synthesized from 1,3,6,8-tetrabromopyrene. The materials are soluble in common organic solvents allowing for solution processing of devices such as light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). One of the materials, 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(4- butoxyphenyl)pyrene, has been used as the active emitting layer in simple solution-processed OLEDs with deep blue emission (CIE = 0.15, 0.18) and maximum efficiencies and brightness levels of 2.56 cd/A and >5000 cd/m2, respectively.

« Recueil des actes, letres et memoires qui ont servi aux conferences tenues en Roussillon, pour les limites des royaumes de France et d'Espagne, du costé des monts Pyrenées, entre Mgrs [Pierre] de Marca, archevesque de Toulouse, et [Hyacinthe] de Serrony, evesque d'Orange, commissaires deputez par le roy [Louis XIV], d'une part, et don Miguel Çalba, lieutenant du maistre rational de la couronne d'Aragon, et don Joseph Romeu, conseiller en l'audiance royale de Barcelone, commissaires deputez par le roy d'Espagne [Philippe IV], d'autre part. Le tout ramassé et mis en ordre par Etienne Baluze, natif de Tulle en Limousin, secretaire dudit seigneur archevesque » de Toulouse. Copies.

Contient : 1 à 71 Ce recueil comprend soixante et onze pièces, dont quinze en espagnol. Les rois Louis XIV et Philippe IV, le cardinal Mazarin, Michel Le Tellier, Pierre de Marca, archevêque de Toulouse, Hyacinthe Serroni, évêque d'Orange, don Miguel Çalba, don Joseph Romeu, le marquis de Mortara, Etienne Baluze, le « docteur Pont, chanoine et archidiacre de la Seu d'Urgel, abbé nommé d'Arles », et « don Joseph de Margarit, marquis d'Aguilar, gouverneur de Catalogne », figurent ici ou comme auteurs ou comme destinataires. Les dates extrêmes sont le 26 novembre 1659 et le 12 novembre 1660

Diversity of morphological patterns in supramolecular polymers formed from the amphiphilic oligomers of pyrenes

Very important aspects of the modern nanotechnology are control and prediction of arraying patterns of opto- and electroactive molecules in discrete objects on nanoscale level both on surface and solution. Consequqntly, a self-assembly of small molucules provides such an opportunity.For example, oligopyrenotides (OPs, short amphiphilic pyrene oligomers) represent a novel class of amphiphilic molecules which tend to aggegate in aqueous phase. As has been already shown, OPs are able to form 1D supramolecular polymer only under high salt concentration. Since programmed arraying of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in structurally defined objects could offer enhanced performance over the individual components, prediction and controlling of their spatial arrangement remains challenging. Herein we demonstrate that substitution type of the pyrene is crutial, and it determines a morphology of the assemblies. Thus, a 1.6-linkage causes a formation of large, free-standing 2D supromolecular polymers with a thickness 2 nm. These assemblies possess a high degree of an internal order: the interior consists of hydrophobic pyrenes and alkyl chains, whereas the exterior exists as a net of hydrophilic negatively charged phosphates. Contrary, a 1.8-linkage exclusiveley leads to a formation of long (up to a few micrometer), nanometer thick helical supramolecular polymers. These structures tend to form even more complex structures (bundles, superhelixes). Moreover for both molecules, the polymerizations occurs via a nucleation-elongation mechanism. To study Py3 self-assembly, we carried out whole set of spectroscopic (UV/vis, fluorescence, DLS) and microscopic experiments (AFM).

Diversity of morphological patterns in supramolecular polymers formed from the amphiphilic oligomers of pyrenes

Herein we demonstrate that a substitution type of the pyrene in short amphiphilic oligomers determines a morphology of the assemblies formed. Thus, 1.6- and 2.7-linkages lead to a formation of micrometer-sized 2D supromolecular polymers with a constant thickness 2 nm (pictures A and B). These assemblies possess a high degree of an internal order: the interior consists of hydrophobic pyrenes and alkyl chains, whereas the exterior exists as a net of hydrophilic negatively charged phosphates. Contrary, a 1.8-linkage exclusiveley leads to a formation of long nanometer thick helical supramolecular polymers (picturee C). These structures tend to form even more complex assemblies (bundles, superhelixes). Moreover, for all samples the polymerization process occurs via a nucleation-elongation mechanism. To study Py3 self-assembly, we carried out whole set of spectroscopic (UV/vis, fluorescence, DLS) and microscopic experiments (AFM).

A new Salmonella typhimurium NM5004 strain expressing rat glutathione S-transferase 5-5 : use in detection of genotoxicity of dihaloalkanes using an SOS/umu test system

The Escherichia coli mu operon was subcloned into a pKK233-2 vector containing rat glutathione S-transferase (GST) 5-5 cDNA and the plasmid thus obtained was introduced into Salmonella typhimurium TA1535. The newly developed strain S.typhimurium NM5004, was found to have 52-fold greater GST activity than the original umu strain S.typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002. We compared sensitivities of these two tester strains, NM5004 and TA1535/ pSK1002, for induction of umuC gene expression with several dihaloalkanes which are activated or inactivated by GST 5-5 activity. The induction of umuC gene expression by these chemicals was monitored by measuring the cellular P-galactosidase activity produced by umuC'lacZ fusion gene in these two tester strains. Ethylene dibromide, 1-bromo-2-chloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, and methylene dichloride induced umuC gene expression more strongly in the NM5004 strain than the original strain, 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine were found to induce umuC gene expression to similar extents in both strains. In the case of 1-nitropyrene and 2-nitrofluorene, however, NM5004 strain showed weaker umuC gene expression responses than the original TA1535/ pSK1002 strain, 1,2-Epoxy-3-(4'-nitrophenoxy)propane, a known substrate for GST 5-5, was found to inhibit umuC induction caused by 1-bromo-2-chloroethane. These results indicate that this new tester NM5004 strain expressing a mammalian GST theta class enzyme may be useful for studies of environmental chemicals proposed to be activated or inactivated by GST activity.

Nucleic Acid-Induced Aggregation and Pyrene Excimer Formation

Nucleic acid was found to induce the aggregation of the positively charged pyrene probe (compound 1); as a result, strong pyrene excimer emission was observed. The intensity of the excimer emission was dependent on the concentration of the pyrene probe and the oligonucleotide length, sequence, and concentration. These results suggest a new strategy for label-free nucleic acid-based biosensing applications.

Pyrene-Modified quartz crystal microbalance for the detection of polynitroaromatic compounds

The synthesis of a dithiol-functionalized pyrene derivative is reported, together with studies of interactions between this receptor (and other related pyrenes) and nitroaromatic compounds (NACs), in both solution and in the solid state. Spectroscopic analysis in solution and X-ray crystallographic analysis of cocrystals of pyrene and NACs in the solid state indicate that supramolecular interactions lead to the formation of defined pi-pi stacked complexes. The dithiolfunctionalized pyrene derivative can be used to modify the surface of a gold quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to create a unique π-electron rich surface, which is able to interact with electron poor aromatic compounds. For example, exposure of the modified QCM surface to the nitroaromatic compound 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) in solution results in a reduction in the resonant frequency of the QCM as a result of supramolecular interactions between the electron-rich pyrenyl surface layer and the electron-poor DNT molecules. These results suggest the potential use of such modified QCM surfaces for the detection of explosive NACs.

Quebra de dormência de semente de murici

O muricizeiro (Byrsonima cydoniifolia A. Juss) é árvore de pequeno porte que apresenta múltiplas potencialidades na produção de alimentos, de lenha e na medicina popular. Sua reprodução é por sementes que estão contidas em endocarpo pétreo constituindo o pirênio, popularmente denominado caroço, que ocasiona baixa e desuniforme taxa de germinação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do estádio de desenvolvimento da semente, da temperatura, da integridade do endocarpo e do ácido giberélico na germinação dessa espécie. Para tanto, três experimentos foram instalados em delineamentos inteiramente casualizados. O primeiro considerou dois estádios de maturação do fruto, dois estados de integridade do endocarpo e duas concentrações de ácido giberélico (GA3); o segundo envolveu a utilização de envelhecimento acelerado e a presença ou ausência de ácido giberélico (GA3), e o terceiro, dois estádios de maturação do fruto, duas concentrações de ácido giberélico (GA3) e presença ou ausência de aeração. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que as sementes apresentaram melhor qualidade fisiológica quando oriundas de frutos maduros e que sofreram abscisão natural. A pré-embebição de pirênios íntegros em ácido giberélico, na concentração de 1 g.L-1 por 24 horas sob alternância de temperatura de 25/35 ºC, favoreceu a germinação. Resultados satisfatórios ocorreram sob alternância de temperatura em câmara de germinação ou a céu aberto, em substrato constituído por areia lavada com fornecimento de água no período mais quente do dia.

Developmental anatomy and morphology of the ovule and seed of Heliconia (Heliconiaceae, Zingiberales)

The developmental anatomy and morphology of the ovule and seed in several species of Heliconia were investigated as part of an embryological study of the Heliconiaceae and to provide a better understanding of their relationships with the other families of the Zingiberales. Heliconia species have an ovule primordium with an outer integument of both dermal and subdermal origin. The archesporial cell is divided into a megasporocyte and a single parietal cell, which in turn are divided only anticlinally to form a single parietal layer, disintegrating later during gametogenesis. The embryo sac was fully developed prior to anthesis. In the developing seed, the endosperm was nuclear, with wall formation in the globular stage; a nucellar pad was observed during embryo development, but later became compressed. The ripe fruit contained seeds enveloped by a lignified endocarp that formed the pyrenes, with each pyrene having an operculum at the basal end; the embryo was considered to be differentiated. Most of these characteristics are shared with other Zingiberales, although the derivation of the operculum from the funicle and the formation of the main mechanical layer by the endocarp are unique to the Heliconiaceae.

Morfoanatomia do pericarpo, semente, folha de Psychotria hoffmannseggiana (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Müll. Arg. e Psychotria trichophora Müll. Arg., e desenvolvimento morfológico da plântula de Psychotria hoffmannseggiana (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Müll. Arg. (Rubiaceae, Rubioideae, Psychotrieae)

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Vegetal) - IBRC

Synthese neuer Farbstofftopologien durch Anellierungsreaktionen

Die vorliegende Dissertation behandelt die Anwendung Übergangsmetall-katalysierter Anellierungsreaktionen zur Synthese neuartiger Chromophore. Dabei konnten sowohl benzoide als auch nicht-benzoide Strukturen insbesondere durch den Einsatz ausgewählter Pd(0)-Komplexe dargestellt werden. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in fünf Teile: Zunächst werden innovative Pentanellierungsreaktionen mit Acetylenen an bromierten Polycyclischen Aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK) beschrieben, wodurch bislang unbekannte Cyclopenta-PAKs zugänglich werden. Die untersuchten neuen Verbindungen umfassen dabei sowohl einfach als auch doppelt pentanellierte Pyrene, Anthracene und Perylene mit variablem Substitutionsmuster. Auf diese Weise werden bathochrome Wellenlängenverschiebungen bis zu max = 780 nm erreicht. Im zweiten Teil wurde die Pentanellierungstechnik auf Perylenmonoimid-(PMI)-Derivate angewandt. Die resultierenden Arylcyclopenta-PMIs weisen in ihren optischen Eigenschaften starke Ähnlichkeiten zu den verwandten Perylendiimiden (PDI) auf, bieten jedoch die Möglichkeit zusätzlicher Funktionalisierungen. Die Vergrößerung des aromatischen Systems des PDI durch Hexanellierung dagegen wurde im darauffolgenden Kapitel untersucht. Analog zur bekannten homologen Reihe der Rylene (Perylen, Terrylen, Quaterrylen) konnten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die verwandten 1,12:6,7-Coronendiimid-(CDI)-Derivate um das im Kern unsubstituierte CDI selbst und das 3,4:9,10-Dinaphtho-CDI vervollständigt werden. UV/Vis-Absorptionsmessungen zeigen auch hier eine stete bathochrome Verschiebung der Absorptionswellenlängen. Das Wissen um die Coronendiimid-Synthesen sollte im vierten Teil weiterführend zur Darstellung eines Tetraketo-CDIs genutzt werden. Die finalen Oxidationsversuche zur Einführung der Keto-Gruppen waren nicht erfolgreich, bieten jedoch Einblicke in die Reaktivität unterschiedlicher CDI-Derivate. Der letzte Teil illustriert die Anwendung der bereits zuvor beschriebenen Hexanellierungsreaktion auf Tetrabrom-Terrylendiimid (TDI) zur Darstellung eines Tetranaphtho-TDI. Letzteres bildet dabei drei Isomere aus, wobei zwei optische Aktivität zeigen. UV/Vis und Circulardichroismus-Messungen zeigen hierfür auch bei erhöhten Temperaturen bemerkenswert hohe Racemisierungsbarrieren.

Pyrene derivatives as donors and acceptors

Pyrene derivatives as donors and acceptorsrnrnAlmost 200 years have passed since pyrene was first discovered, and to this day it garners unbroken interest by chemists around the world. One of the most fascinating areas of pyrene chemistry is its selective functionalization, since it is still currently a challenge to specifically functionalize different positions on the molecule.[1]rnIn this work, two new patterns of pyrene substitution have been developed. Under suitable conditions, a fourfold bromination of 4,5,9,10 tetramethoxypyrene is possible to yield eightfold functionalized pyrenes. Based on these molecules a novel series of 1,3,4,5,6,8,9,10-substituted pyrene derivatives was achieved. Synthetic approaches to a non-quinoidal, strong pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone based acceptor have been discussed. It emerged that the chosen synthetic approach is suitable for intermediate acceptors, yet it failed very electron deficient pyrene derivatives. Donors based on 4,5,9,10-tetramethoxypyrene (2,7- and 1,3,6,8-substitued) have been prepared and studied as CT complexes. In the SFB/TR 49 these complexes were analyzed in the solid state. For the first time charge transfer in a non-TTF CT-complex was studied by HAXPES and NEXAFS.rnBased on the works of ZÖPHEL et al.[2] it was possible to obtain an asymmetric 4,9,10 substituted pyrene derivative. This was used as a building block to prepare a non-planar acceptor molecule as well as electron-rich rylene-type molecules. rnFinally, two separate series of molecules intended as emitters for OLEDs were presented. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in OLEDs attracted significant academic interest as it is considered a promising approach to improve the efficiency of fluorescent OLEDs.[3] Our molecules were designed to have a deep blue emission spectrum and a minimal singlet triplet energy gap (∆ES1->T1) while retaining a high fluorescence quantum yield ϕPL. The initial OD series has a small ∆ES1->T1, yet had an insufficient ϕPL for the use in OLEDs. The Py series emitters, in contrast, combine both desired properties and were successfully implemented in efficient OLED devices.rn[1]. T. M. Figueira-Duarte and K. Müllen, Chem. Rev., 2011, 111, 7260-7314.rn[2]. L. Zöphel, V. Enkelmann and K. Müllen, Org. Lett., 2013, 15, 804-807.rn[3]. H. Uoyama, K. Goushi, K. Shizu, H. Nomura and C. Adachi, Nature, 2012, 492, 234-238.

Spectroscopic properties of pyrene-containing DNA mimics

DNA mimics containing non-nucleosidic pyrene building blocks are described. The modified oligomers form stable hybrids, although a slight reduction in hybrid stability is observed in comparison to the unmodified DNA duplex. The nature of the interaction between the pyrene residues in single and double stranded oligomers is analyzed spectroscopically. Intra- and inter-strand stacking interactions of pyrenes are monitored by UV-absorbance as well as fluorescence spectroscopy. Excimer formation is observed in both single and double strands. In general, intrastrand excimers show fluorescence emission at shorter wavelengths (approx. 5-10 nm) than excimers formed by interstrand interactions. The existence of two different forms of excimers (intra- vs. interstrand) is also revealed in temperature dependent UV-absorbance spectra. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.