疏花水柏枝种群生态学及繁殖研究

疏花水柏枝(Myricaria laxiflora(Franch．)P．Y.Zhang et Y.J．Zhang)是我国三峡特有植物，是目前发现的唯一一种三峡水库蓄水后将被全部淹没的高等植物物种。本文结合前人的研究，通过详细的野外调查，摸清了疏花水柏枝的野生种群的分布及自然环境状况，较为全面、系统地研究了其生物学、群落学、种群学、生殖生态学等各方面的特征。最后，对其繁殖技术进行了着重研究，并提出了疏花水柏枝的的保护对策。 疏花水柏枝分布于我国亚热带长江三峡地区，位于东经109-0 32’~110-042、北纬30-0 59’~ 31-05’，海拔70 - 150米的范围内。疏花水柏枝为常绿灌木，具有很强的耐水淹的特性。其群落的植物区系组成中，以北温带分布和世界分布属为主，在各群落中疏花水柏枝均为建群种。在较小的尺度上（间距1m或更小），各群落中的疏花水柏枝种群均表现为聚集分布;在较大的尺度上（间距1.44m或更大），砾质地表的几个群落中疏花水柏枝种群表现为聚集分布，而沙质地表的群落中则表现为随机分布;幼苗在各种尺度上均表现为强烈的聚集分布。不同的群落中，疏花水柏枝种群的生物量有很大差异，变化范围为2,13 lt/hm2～5.340t/hm2，平均值为3.976t/hm2。疏花水柏枝的种群总体年龄结构比较稳定，但在不同的群落中差异较大。疏花水柏枝的的结实率高达95.12%，单位面积出种量平均为1.242×1()9粒/hm2。种子细小，寿命较短，新鲜饱满种子发芽率可达100%。冬季干旱和夏季水淹导致幼苗大量死亡。疏花水柏枝的扦插繁殖可获得较高的生根率，一年生插条的生根率明显高于多年生的插条。扦插苗移栽的成活率较高，并于第二年即可开花结实。种子繁殖也可获得较高的出苗率，但幼苗的死亡率很高。为保护这个物种，首先应加强宣传力度，进一步加强繁殖技术的研究，各北京植物园应大量引种栽培，并对其进行全面深入的研究，最终将其完全回归大自然。

神农架巴山冷杉林种群生态学研究

巴山冷杉（Abies fargesii）是松科冷杉属常绿乔木，是秦巴山地森林的重要树种之一，为我国特有的重要用材树种和经济林树种。近年来，由于乱砍滥伐、采育失调等人为干扰的影响，许多地区的巴山冷杉群落处于消退状态，原始林日趋减少。神农架地区是巴山冷杉天然分布区的东界，这里分布着大片巴山冷杉纯林，对这一地区巴山冷杉的种群生态学的专门性研究较少。本研究包括三方面的内容：1.神农架地区巴山冷杉林的物种组成与群落结构;2.巴山冷杉林的种群结构与动态;3.巴山冷杉群落主要树种的分布格局，旨在为巴山冷杉林的培育及天然林的保护提供理论依据。 神农架巴山冷杉林具有典型的温带常绿针叶林性质，巴山冷杉在群落中占绝对优势，红桦、粉红杜鹃为乔木层次优种。群落物种组成丰富，1公顷样地内共有维管束植物34科63属74种，以温带性分布占优势，群落中以中小型革质、单叶的常绿高位芽植物占多数。群落成层现象明显，结构不很复杂，在垂直方向上可划分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层和苔藓层，乔木层没有明显的亚层，灌木层不太发达，草本层以菊科植物为主，林下苔藓层发达。 巴山冷杉种群为进展型种群，幼苗储备丰富，但幼树缺失，属林窗更新方式。高度结构基本呈倒金字塔形，植株个体数随冠幅级的递增呈倒“J”形分布，冠幅小于20m2的植株占87.4％，其中5m2以下最多（30.8％）。冠幅与胸径的关系比与树高更密切，冠幅与胸径的回归方程为y＝2.7118e0.0308x，R2＝0.520。 定量研究了0-40m尺度上巴山冷杉、红桦和粉红杜鹃种群的空间格局。结果表明，巴山冷杉种群在0-16m尺度上表现为聚集分布，16-40m尺度上表现为随机分布;各年龄阶段的分布格局也有所不同，幼年种群为强烈的聚集分布，随着巴山冷杉的生长，聚集强度降低，逐渐扩散为随机分布。红桦种群在0-2ｍ、11-18ｍ以及20-21ｍ的尺度上表现为聚集分布，在其余尺度上为随机分布;a2、a3级的个体在0-4m的小尺度上均为聚集分布，尺度大于4ｍ时全部表现为随机分布。粉红杜鹃为聚集分布，且受研究尺度与年龄大小的影响不大，表现出对高竞争环境的适应性特征。

沙地云杉种群生态学研究

本文运用种群生态学的理论和方法研究了内蒙古白音敖包沙地云杉的种群生态学。编制了沙地云杉种群的生命表、生殖力表，建立了其Leslie矩阵。分析了沙地云杉种群的空间分布格局及其动态。研究了沙地云杉高生长与环境条件的关系。运用自疏理论分析了沙地云杉的自疏过程。研究了沙地云杉种群的性状变异、生殖对策并对稳定性进行了探讨。本文的研究在国内外尚属首次，对更好地保护和扩大这片稀有的森林具有一定的指导意义。

青藏高原东缘高山林线乔木种群生态特征研究

青藏高原东部分布着世界最高的林线，该区域也是由欧亚北温带物种形成的林线的南界。在大面积野外踏勘的基础上，选择青藏高原东部具有典型高山林线分布的三个地点（滇西北白马雪山、川西北鹧鸪山及岷江源地区）作为研究区，从种群的结构、生存特征、分布格局及分形特征等方面对青藏高原东缘高山林线乔木种群生态学特征进行了研究，并在此基础上探讨了人类活动对林线种群生态特征及林线格局的影响。结果表明，林线区乔木树种多以单种群形式存在，林线区群落结构简单，乔木层多为单一树种组成，其生长型较之郁闭林发生了急剧的变化：树木高度急剧下降，而发展多茎多分枝的生长型。生长型的转变是高山林线乔木对恶劣自然条件的形态适应。 研究发现，在青藏高原东缘，阴坡林线乔木主要是冷杉（Abies spp.），阳坡主要由圆柏（Sabina spp.）组成，少数地方还有云杉（Picea spp.）。阴坡乔木种群结构多表现为增长型，幼苗和幼树在种群中占较大比重，种群潜在自然更新能力较强，但幼龄个体死亡率非常高，存活曲线多接近Deevey-Ⅲ型；阳坡乔木种群幼苗个体数极少，幼树相对增加。野外调查表明，人为活动较频繁的阳坡林线区幼苗数量极少甚至缺失，而受人为活动干扰较小的样地中幼苗和幼树数量明显增多，从一个侧面说明放牧等人类活动可能对林线种群的更新带来较大影响，而对卡卡沟围栏内外的样地分析也进一步证明了这一结果。 所研究林线乔木种群各龄级的空间格局在不同尺度上表现为聚集、随机和均匀分布，以聚集分布为主；各龄级在不同尺度上表现出显著的相关性，幼苗通常与另外两个龄级的关联性较密切。各龄级间显著的相关性表明不同龄级个体在空间交错分布，有利于对各种资源的充分利用，对种群的生存和发展非常有利，反映了高山生态系统恶劣生境中种群的一种适应对策。 林线乔木种群各龄级分布格局的计盒维数有差别，林线种群的计盒维数总是小于郁闭林种群的计盒维数。另外，郁闭林各龄级计盒维数通常也高于林线各龄级，表明不同海拔或者不同群落类型中的乔木树种具有不同的水平空间占据能力。林线区种群分布格局的计盒维数都很低，占据现实水平空间的程度较低，具有相对较高的生态间隙维，其潜在占据空间的能力较高，群落还可提供给种群的最大空间限度较大，但实际上由于受群落中种内、种间的竞争及林线区恶劣的生态环境条件的限制，其潜在空间占据能力可能难以表现出来。 青藏高原东缘高海拔地带以季节性游牧为主要的资源利用和生产方式，阳坡森林郁闭度低于阴坡，灌丛数量和种类较阴坡少，融雪早且积雪时间短，所以阳坡包括高山林线区成为当地牧民游牧路线的必经之地。牲畜的践踏、啃食使得幼龄乔木树种个体数量大大减少，严重阻碍了林线乔木种群的自然更新，同时种群占据空间的能力也明显降低。因此可以认为，在青藏高原东部地区，山地游牧等人为干扰叠加于恶劣的自然条件，阳坡林线的自然更新潜力受到抑制，其生存状态较之阴坡林线显著恶化，并可使阳坡林线高度逐渐降低。高山林线区森林一旦破坏在短时间内很难有效更新和恢复，因此，对于处于恶劣高山生境中的乔木种群应加强保护，同时适度控制人为干扰强度和幅度以减少其直接和间接破坏，防止阳坡林线退化并促进高山生态系统的自然恢复。 Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau has the highest timberline of the world. On the basis of field surveys and literature reviews, three typical alpine timberlines were chosen for in-depth studies, i.e., Baima Snow Mountain in northwest Yunnan, Zhegu Mountain and the waterhead area of Minjiang River in west Sichuan. Using the methodologis of population ecology, we analyzed the population structure, survival characteristics, spatial point patterns and fractal dimensions of the timberline tree populations and discussed the impacts of grazing on the structure and spatial pattern of alpine timberline. Compared with closed forests, the community structure of timberline is simpler, usually with one or two species constituting the tree layer. Differences also exist in the growth forms: the trees were significantly shorter with more stems and branches, reflecting morphological adaptation of trees to the severe conditions at timberline. In the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Abies spp. often formed alpine timberline in the north-facing slope while Sabina spp. and sometimes Picea spp. in the south- facing slope. The population structures of north-facing slope showed an increasing trend, with numerous seedlings and saplings. However, the survival curves tend to follow Deevy-III because of high dead ratio of young individuals. There are only few seedlings in the south-facing slope with heavy grazing, demonstrating that human disturbance may prevent regeneration at alpine timberline, which was confirmed by comparisons between fenced enclosures and control plots in the Kaka Valley. Depending on the spatial scales on consideration, the individuals of different age-classes showed clumping, random or even distribution, but mostly with clumping distribution. At all scales, individuals in different age-classes were all significantly correlated with each other while the seedlings were usually more correlated to two other age classes. This high degree of correlation among different age classes indicates that individuals of different age classes are spatially interlocked with each other, which helps sufficient utilization of various resources and is conducive to the survival and development of population. It is another adaptation strategy for trees at the severe environment. The spatial patterns of different age classes had different box dimension. In general, the box dimensions of total individuals and each age class at timberline are always smaller than that of closed forests, suggesting that space occupation capacity is not the same for populations at different altitude or in different communities. Populations on both the south- and the north-facing slopes had a very low box dimensions (far away from the max., 2), however, the lower the box dimension, the bigger the potential space provided by community. In fact, because of inner- and inter- competition as well as the severe conditions at timberline, this kind of potential ability can hardly be realized. Mountain pastoralism is the major type of as well as the only most effective way of resource uses in the high elevation regions of the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Due to lower canopy cover, less bushes and short snow-cover time, south-facing slopes became the favorite pastures. Damages from livestock through tramping, browsing and others have greatly reduced the number of young individuals. As a result, the potential of timberline trees to regenerate and their ability to occupy more space are greatly inhitibted. We conclude that human disturbances (mountain pastoralism) as well as harsh environmental conditions co-worked to inhibit the regeneration of tree populations in the south-facing slope and made south slopes more difficult than the north-facing slopes for trees to survive and develop, resulting a gradual retreat of timberline in the north-facing slopes. Forests at alpine timberline are susceptible to disturbance and difficult to regenerate and restore once damaged and controlling human disturbances is important for protecting the forest ecosystems at the timberline area.

镇海棘螈和大凉疣螈年龄结构研究

通过趾骨切片可以准确鉴定年龄，了解一个物种的最长寿命，也为我们研究确定一个物种的生长特点、性成熟期,以及一个地区一个物种的年龄结构、种群生态(Marnell，1998)和群落生态提供重要信息(Morrison，et a1.，2004)。 本论文使用骨骼鉴龄法对中国浙江省宁波市北仑瑞岩寺林场的镇海棘螈（Echinotriton chinhaiensis）雌性繁群进行了年龄结构研究。结果显示：第一次参加繁殖的年龄为3龄；繁群中数量占优势的是5龄、6龄。而在6龄以后参加繁殖的雌性个体数便开始随着年龄的增大而逐渐减少。参加繁殖的雌性年龄最大个体为8龄。平均年龄为5.13龄。同时对其年龄和头体长、体全长的相关性检验,发现其年龄与头体长和体全长不相关,镇海棘螈雌性的生长方式表现为性成熟后能量主要用于繁殖。 另外,对李子坪大凉疣螈(Tylototriton taliangensis) 雄性繁群进行了年龄结构研究。结果显示：大凉疣螈雄性第一次参加繁殖的年龄为4龄；繁群中数量占优势的是5龄、6龄、7龄。而在7龄以后参加繁殖的雄性个体数便开始随着年龄的增大而逐渐减少。参加繁殖的雄性中年龄最大的个体为10龄。平均年龄为6.7龄。对其年龄和头体长、体全长的相关性检验,发现其年龄与头体长和体全长不相关,大凉疣螈雄性生长特点也表现为性成熟后生长缓慢的特点。 研究材料方面，本文采用野外采样与标本馆标本相结合的方式获得了中国蝾螈科2个重要保护物种繁殖群体的剪（指）趾材料，使得建立于其上的年龄结构工作更加可靠、更加具有代表性。 此外,本论文讨论了镇海棘螈瑞岩寺种群繁殖总量年度间的差异及其产生原因。将1998、1999、2000、2008、2009年镇海棘螈（Echinotriton chinhaiensis） 瑞岩寺种群的繁殖量进行比较，发现虽然雌性平均窝卵数比较稳定，但繁殖总量小于1998、1999、2000年任何一年总产卵量的50%。对2008年镇海棘螈繁殖量大幅下降的原因分析发现, 2007年9、10月影响严重台风的两次强台风、瑞岩寺景区开发等因素可能是造成近年该种群繁殖量大幅下降的原因。而2008年初50年不遇的低温是否影响镇海棘螈的繁殖值得进一步追踪研究。2009年繁殖量较2008年没有明显的增长，可能是由于2007年的台风影响了其繁殖营养的积累。台风的影响可能存在滞后现象,对此有待进一步监测证明。 本研究首次对中国蝾螈科物种进行的年龄结构鉴定，为进一步了解中国蝾螈科动物的种群生态打下了坚实的基础。 Using skeletochronology, we can know the life span of a species, age of reaching sexual mature, and of course age structure, which are vital(Morrison，et a1.，2004). Skeletochronology was performed on Echinotriton chinhaiensis Ruiyansi female population. The result shows that: The oldest individuals were 8 years old and the youngest ones were 3 years old. Individuals of age class 5(39.13%) and 6(21.74%) were most numerous. The number of individuals participated in reproduction decreased with the increase of age after the sixth year. Average age is 5.13 years. There is no correlation between age and body size (SVL and TL). For female chinhai salamander, energy is devoted to reproduction after reaching sexual maturation. While using skeletochronology to study Tylototriton taliangensis Liziping male population, the oldest individuals is 10 years old, and the youngest ones is 4 years old. Individuals of the age class 5, 6, and 7 dominat this population. The number of individuals decrease with the increase of age also after the seventh year. Average age is 6.7 years old in this population. there is also no correlation between age and body size (SVL and TL).It turned out that T. taliangensis tend to grow slowly after reaching sexual maturation. In this thesis, specimens from both wild and museum were used to gain enough toe clipping samples. A big sample size guarantees the reliability of this study. In the meantime, E. chinhaiensis’s annual reproduction of the year 1998, 1999, 2000 ,2008,and 2009 was compared. The result shows there is a huge decline in E. chinhaiensis’s annual reproduction in 2008,even the egg clutch is very stable. After analyzing, it turned out the huge decline in 2008 was probably caused by typhoon in 2007, besides the effect of tourism development and cash crop planting. While the impact of extreme weather of 2008 on reproduction needs further investigation. In the year 2009, there is no obvious increase in annual reproduction. It maybe due to lasting impact of typhoon in 2007. It is the first age-structure study on these two Chinese salamanders. A solid foundation was laid for further population ecology study of these two species.

镇海棘螈繁殖群体生态和遗传结构研究

genetics, such as: population size, reproduction, mating system, growth, development,genetic structure and systematics status; The main results are presented below: The seasonal variation of the operational sexual ratio of this animal was found in the field and the ration always bias the female in the breeding season. Aiming at this character and considering the distance of time and space of both sexual habitat in breeding season, we census female population first by toe-clipping mark-recapture method, then estimated the population size with the definitive sexual ratio. Up to now, this species was found only at the Beilun district of the Ningbo City. The population size of the Ruiyan Temple Forest Park approximates to 369. The status of this population is extremely endangered, so besides protecting this population at the original locality, we also suggested to breed the salamander in fenced locality and to hatch embryos artificially, and send metamorphosed juveniles back to nature. We can transfer some individuals to other similar habitats or breed them under artificial conditions for saving this species from extinction. The early developmental stage of the Chinhai salamander is the same as its relative species, E. andersoni. Their balanceres are poorly developed and disappear very early. Temperature and moisture significantly influence the embryonic development of the Chinhai salamander. The embryonic stage is approx. 29 days under room temperature. The hatchling grows in a logarithmic curve. The larvae stage in water is approx. 58- 88 days. Many factors influence the nomal development, including two aspects of internal and external. Due to these factors, the effective protected measures were presented in detail. The breeding migration of E. chinhaiensis takes place at late March～late April every year. This salamander's hatching rate is high, but the rate of hatchling migrating into water is low. The average effectiveness of all the nest sites is 36.7%. The maternal self-conservation was contrary to the reproductive success of the egg-laying strategy. In the strategy of egg-laying behavior, the first factor selected by the female was its self-conservation, the second is embryonic survival rate, and the last is rate of hatchling survival rate. The oviposition selection is significant for the survival of the larvae. Based on the analysis of the evolutionary process of reproductive behaviors nad egg-laying site selections of all genera of the family Salamandridae, we deduced that perhaps Echinotriton is a transitional type in the evolutionary process from water to land. Due to its location in the adaptive stage in the terrestrial evolution, Echinotriton chinhaiensis's terrestrial nest may be one of important reason that causes this species to be endangered. The genetic deversity analysis shows that although the population size of the Chinhai salamander is quite small compared to other Chinese salamandrid species, the genetic diversity of this population is not reduce remarkably. We explain this phenomena with the polygamy mating system of this species. The result of 4 families' parenthood determinations shows that the parenhood determination can be taken without any paternal information. The "children" of every female include rich genetic information from at least two "fathers". It implies that female Chinhai salamander mates more than once with different males in a breeding season. The molecular evidence, the behavioral observation evidences and the sperm evidence in the female cloaca proved that this species has a polygamy mating system. The kin recognition in the mating of adult salamander was first discussed. The taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships of 12 species representing 6 genera in the family Salamandridae were studied using DNA fingerprinting. The results showed that the DNA fingerprinting. The results showed that the DNA fingerprinting patterns demonstrated rich genetic diversity and species diversity, and also revealed the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationshipes of higher taxa to a certain extent. The results are highly consistent with those obtained from the studies based on the morphology, ecology, cytology and molecular biology. The compreshensive analysis indicate that Tylototrition hainanensis and T. wenxianensis should be valid species; Echinotriton should be a valid genus;Tylotortriton is a natural cluster; Tylotortriton asperrimus should be put in Tylototrition rather than in Echinotriton, Hypselotriton and Allomestriton are synonyms of Cynops and Paramesotriton, respectively. There are three main groups in Chinese salamandride: Cynops, Paramesotriton and Pachytrition from the first group, the species of the Tylototriton from the second, and E. chinhaiensis composes the third.

中国近海及南大洋磷虾关键种种群生态学研究

该文分别对南大洋磷虾关键种--大磷虾EuphausiasuperbaDana和黄、东海磷虾关键种--太平洋磷虾EuphausiapacificaHansen的某些生态学问题进行了研究,主要研究内容和结果如下:1.大磷虾的环南极分布研究;对中国南极考察1992/1993,1997/1998,1999/2000三个环南极航次的大磷虾样品的分析结果表明.2.南极普里兹湾地区大磷虾的分布、丰度和生长状况研究;对1999/2000年度中国南极考察普里兹湾海区大磷虾样品的分析结果表明,普里兹湾海区大磷虾的丰度比南大西洋海区低.3.东、黄海太平洋磷虾的水平分布研究;该文对1959年全国海洋综合普查资料和2000-2001年973现场调查资料进行了分析.4.东、黄海太平洋磷虾的昼夜垂直分布和迁移;2001年5月对黄海中部E2站上太平洋磷虾各发育期的昼夜垂直分布及迁移的研究.5.东、黄海太平洋磷虾的产卵、孵化及幼体发育.2001年4月底-5月初、5月中旬、6月中旬、8月中旬及11月中旬对黄、东海太平洋磷虾进行了现场培养实验,研究其产卵、孵化及幼体发育情况.

黄海太平洋磷虾种群生态学研究

太平洋磷虾（Euphausia pacifica Hansen）作为目前已开发利用的6种主要磷虾资源之一，广泛分布于北太平洋北部及其临近近岸海域。在黄海，太平洋磷虾是黄海海洋生态系统中大型浮游动物的优势种和重要功能群的组成种类，它还是黄海生态系统中鱼类等上层营养级生物的重要饵料。太平洋磷虾的种群组成以及数量变化会直接影响到黄海经济鱼类的资源动态，从而影响到整个黄海海洋生态系统的变化。 本论文依托国家重点基础研究发展计划项目（973-II）——“我国近海生态系统食物产出的关键过程及其可持续机理”和国家自然科学基金40306021号——“黄、东海太平洋磷虾种群补充机制研究”，在2006年4月到2007年8月的八个黄海调查航次中，通过网采固定样品和现场培养实验相结合的方法，对黄海海域太平洋磷虾的种群生态分布和补充、繁殖和发育策略、以及成体的摄食、代谢进行了较为全面、细致的研究。 种群生态分布：本文根据2006年4月（春季）和10月（秋季）两次黄海大面调查和2006年9月－2007年8月六次黄海断面调查所获得的样品，研究了太平洋磷虾在南黄海的种群生态分布和补充机制，并探讨了其生态分布与环境因子的关系。 春季，南黄海太平洋磷虾种群主要分布在33 °N－36 °N、50 m-75 m等深线之间的海域，种群总丰度（不包括卵）为152.90 ind. m-3，卵丰度非常高，成体丰度较低，仅占种群总数量的8.72%。调查海域的平均成体丰度为0.35 ind. m-3。种群组成以幼体为主，占到种群的90.85%。春季是太平洋磷虾种群补充的高峰期。秋季，种群主要分布在黄海冷水团海域，种群总丰度（不包括卵）为335.38 ind. m-3，成体丰度显著高于春季，调查海区成体的平均丰度为7.73 ind. m-3。成体和未成体以99.5%的总比例在种群中占绝对数量优势，卵和幼体都非常少。秋季太平洋磷虾种群处于稳定期。春季成体的体长显著大于秋季，春季成体全长以13-18 mm为主，而秋季成体的全长主要是9-13 mm。 春季，太平洋磷虾成体具有昼夜垂直迁移行为，白天主要停留在底层水域，夜间少部分成体会上升到中上层水域，但是大部分成体仍然停留在深层。幼体从C3期开始就具有一定昼夜垂直迁移行为，F2—F5期幼体的昼夜垂直迁移行为已经非常明显。由于从表层到底层叶绿素a浓度逐渐降低，因此，太平洋磷虾的昼夜垂直迁移行为可能与摄食有关。 太平洋磷虾成体的分布是与海水温度紧密相关，南黄海太平洋磷虾成体比较适宜生活的水温是8-16 °C。春、冬季水温较低，成体分布范围较广。夏、秋季表层水温急剧升高到20 °C以上，太平洋磷虾成体主要分布在黄海冷水团海域，丰度也达到一年中的最高值。另外，秋季在近长江口的北部海域有大量成体分布。 繁殖和发育：自2006年9月到2007年8月的一年内，在黄海进行了七个航次的太平洋磷虾现场培养产卵实验，结果表明：在南黄海，太平洋磷虾在3月—6月份都具有产卵行为，4月份达到产卵高峰期。单个雌体的最大产卵量为617 egg female-1，出现在4月份。8月、9月和12月在南黄海均未发现太平洋磷虾的产卵行为。太平洋磷虾具有二次产卵行为，并且第一次产卵量要高于第二次。太平洋磷虾的产卵行为与其干湿重紧密相关。成体干重低于5.0 mg，湿重低于26.0 mg，均不具有产卵能力。在产卵高峰期，太平洋磷虾的干湿重达到一年中的最高值。 在南黄海，太平洋磷虾的幼体发育主要遵循下面的发育途径：卵 → 无节幼体 → 后期无节幼体 → 原溞状幼体 → 溞状幼体F1（0' 7, 1' 7） → 溞状幼体F2（1' 4'' 7, 3' 1'' 7） → 溞状幼体F3（5'' 7） → 溞状幼体F4（5'' 5） → 溞状幼体F5（5'' 3） → 溞状幼体F6（5'' 1）。太平洋磷虾在15 °C下的幼体发育速度明显快于4 °C。15 °C下幼体发育到C1期只需5.6 d，而4 °C下则需要16.1 d。 摄食和代谢：2006年9、10、12月和2007年3、8月，在南黄海的五个断面调查航次中，在S1-4站进行了太平洋磷虾成体摄食实验，结果表明：太平洋磷虾在8月和9月份对水体中浮游植物的摄食率比较低，主要摄食水体中的微型浮游动物，从而由于营养级级联作用，致使水体中叶绿素a浓度升高。12月和3月，太平洋磷虾对水体中浮游植物有着很强的摄食活动，使得水体的叶绿素a浓度大量降低，当然太平洋磷虾也可能会同时摄食水体中微型浮游动物。 2006年9、12月和2007年3月，在南黄海的三个断面调查航次中，在S1-4站进行了太平洋磷虾现场耗氧率和排氨率实验，结果表明：太平洋磷虾在3月份的耗氧率是172.92 μg ind.-1 d-1，是9月份和12月份的6倍还要多。太平洋磷虾在9月和12月的耗碳率和体碳日损耗量相近，且都较低。3月份太平洋磷虾的代谢非常旺盛，体碳日损耗量达到2.70 % d-1，每日的耗碳率为62.9 µg C ind-1 d-1。9月和12月份太平洋磷虾代谢的氧氮比都较低，分别是11.3和7.0，太平洋磷虾成体的主要代谢基质是蛋白质。3月份的氧氮比为35.1，太平洋磷虾成体代谢主要以脂肪及碳水化合物为主。

New wild Brassica oleracea L. germplasm at its western distribution limit in the Iberian Peninsula

An exploration and collection mission for wild Brassica oleracea populations was carried out in spring and summer of 2013. The aim of this collection was to expand the number of accessions of wild Brassica oleracea available for basic and applied research in plant breeding. In this paper we report a new accession of wild Brassica oleracea in an unexplored coastal area of Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula. Details of population ecology and vegetation, soil, climate and geographic data were recorded for this population. The “Endangered” threat category for the region is proposed, and actions for in situ and ex situ conservation are proposed. Seeds will be added to the germplasm collections of University of Santiago de Compostela and Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC) for further research on diverse aspects of the dynamics and ecophysiology of the population along with characterization and evaluation of useful traits.

Quaternary pollen analysis: recent progress in palaeoecology and palaeoclimatology

During the last decade Quaternary pollen analysis has developed towards improved pollen-taxonomical precision, automated pollen identification and more rigorous definition of pollen assemblage zones. There have been significant efforts to model the spatial representation of pollen records in lake sediments which is important for more precise interpretation of the pollen records in terms of past vegetation patterns. We review the difficulties in matching modelled post-glacial plant migration patterns with pollen-based palaeorecords and discuss the potential of DNA analysis of pollen to investigate the ancestry and past migration pathways of the plants. In population ecology there has been an acceleration of the widely advocated conceptual advance of pollen-analytical research from vaguely defined ‘environmental reconstructions’ towards investigating more precisely defined ecological problems aligned with the current ecological theories. Examples of such research have included an increasing number of investigations about the ecological impacts of past disturbances, often integrating pollen records with other palaeoecological data. Such an approach has also been applied to incorporate a time perspective to the questions of ecosystem restoration, nature conservation and forest management. New lines of research are the use of pollen analysis to study long-term patterns of vegetation diversity, such as the role of glacial-age vegetation fragmentation as a cause of Amazonian rain forest diversity, and to investigate links between pollen richness and past plant diversity. Palaeoclimatological use of pollen records has become more quantitative and has included more precise and rigorous testing of pollen-climate calibration models with modern climate data. These tests show the approximate nature of the models and warn against a too straightforward climatic interpretation of the small-scale variation in reconstructions. Pollenbased climate reconstructions over the Late Glacial–early Holocene boundary have indicated that pollen-stratigraphical changes have been rapid with no evidence for response lags. This does not rule out the possibility of migrational disequilibrium, however, as the rapid changes may be mostly due to nonmigrational responses of existing vegetation. It is therefore difficult to assess whether the amplitude of reconstructed climate change reflects real climate change. Other outstanding problems remain the obscure relationship of pollen production and climate, the role of human impact and other nonclimatic factors, and nonanalogue situations.

Estimation of survival rate and extinction probability for stage-structured populations with overlapping life stages

The development of methods providing reliable estimates of demographic parameters (e. g., survival rates, fecundity) for wild populations is essential to better understand the ecology and conservation requirements of individual species. A number of methods exist for estimating the demographics of stage-structured populations, but inherent mathematical complexity often limits their uptake by conservation practitioners. Estimating survival rates for pond-breeding amphibians is further complicated by their complex migratory and reproductive behaviours, often resulting in nonobservable states and successive cohorts of eggs and tadpoles. Here we used comprehensive data on 11 distinct breeding toad populations (Bufo calamita) to clarify and assess the suitability of a relatively simple method [the Kiritani-Nakasuji-Manly (KNM) method] to estimate the survival rates of stage-structured populations with overlapping life stages. The study shows that the KNM method is robust and provides realistic estimates of amphibian egg and larval survival rates for species in which breeding can occur as a single pulse or over a period of several weeks. The study also provides estimates of fecundity for seven distinct toad populations and indicates that it is essential to use reliable estimates of fecundity to limit the risk of under- or overestimating the survival rates when using the KNM method. Survival and fecundity rates for B. calamita populations were then used to define population matrices and make a limited exploration of their growth and viability. The findings of the study recently led to the implementation of practical conservation measures at the sites where populations were most vulnerable to extinction. © 2010 The Society of Population Ecology and Springer.

Understanding and predicting ecological dynamics: Are major surprises inevitable?

Ecological surprises, substantial and unanticipated changes in the abundance of one or more species that result from previously unsuspected processes, are a common outcome of both experiments and observations in community and population ecology. Here, we give examples of such surprises along with the results of a survey of well-established field ecologists, most of whom have encountered one or more surprises over the course of their careers. Truly surprising results are common enough to require their consideration in any reasonable effort to characterize nature and manage natural resources. We classify surprises as dynamic-, pattern-, or intervention-based, and we speculate on the common processes that cause ecological systems to so often surprise us. A long-standing and still growing concern in the ecological literature is how best to make predictions of future population and community dynamics. Although most work on this subject involves statistical aspects of data analysis and modeling, the frequency and nature of ecological surprises imply that uncertainty cannot be easily tamed through improved analytical procedures, and that prudent management of both exploited and conserved communities will require precautionary and adaptive management approaches.

Methodische Grundlagen zur Bewahrung und Wiederherstellung großräumig funktionsfähiger ökologischer Beziehungen in der räumlichen Umweltplanung

Mit der Verwirklichung ,Ökologischer Netzwerke‘ werden Hoffnungen zum Stopp des Verlustes der biologischen Vielfalt verknüpft. Sowohl auf gesamteuropäischer Ebene (Pan-European Ecological Network - PEEN) als auch in den einzelnen Staaten entstehen Pläne zum Aufbau von Verbundsystemen. Im föderalen Deutschland werden kleinmaßstäbliche Biotopverbundplanungen auf Landesebene aufgestellt; zum nationalen Biotopverbund bestehen erste Konzepte. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist auf diese überörtlichen, strategisch vorbereitenden Planungsebenen ausgerichtet. Ziele des Verbunds sind der Erhalt von Populationen insbesondere der gefährdeten Arten sowie die Ermöglichung von Ausbreitung und Wanderung. Aufgrund fehlender Datengrundlagen zu den Arten und Populationen ist es nicht ohne weiteres möglich, die Konzepte und Modelle der Populationsökologie in die überörtlichen Planungsebenen zu übertragen. Gemäß der o.g. Zielstellungen sollte sich aber die Planung von Verbundsystemen an den Ansprüchen der auf Verbund angewiesenen Arten orientieren. Ziel der Arbeit war die Entwicklung einer praktikablen GIS-gestützten Planungshilfe zur größtmöglichen Integration ökologischen Wissens unter der Bedingung eingeschränkter Informationsverfügbarkeit. Als Grundlagen dazu werden in Übersichtsform zunächst die globalen, europäisch-internationalen und nationalen Rahmenbedingungen und Anforderungen bezüglich des Aufbaus von Verbundsystemen zusammengestellt. Hier sind die Strategien zum PEEN hervorzuheben, die eine Integration ökologischer Inhalte insbesondere durch die Berücksichtigung räumlich-funktionaler Beziehungen fordern. Eine umfassende Analyse der landesweiten Biotopverbundplanungen der BRD zeigte die teilweise erheblichen Unterschiede zwischen den Länderplanungen auf, die es aktuell nicht ermöglichen, ein schlüssiges nationales Konzept zusammenzufügen. Nicht alle Länder haben landesweite Biotopverbundplanungen und Landeskonzepte, bei denen dem geplanten Verbund die Ansprüche von Arten zugrunde gelegt werden, gibt es nur ansatzweise. Weiterhin wurde eine zielgerichtete Eignungsprüfung bestehender GIS-basierter Modelle und Konzepte zum Verbund unter Berücksichtigung der regelmäßig in Deutschland verfügbaren Datengrundlagen durchgeführt. Da keine integrativen regelorientierten Ansätze vorhanden waren, wurde der vektorbasierte Algorithmus HABITAT-NET entwickelt. Er arbeitet mit ,Anspruchstypen‘ hinsichtlich des Habitatverbunds, die stellvertretend für unterschiedliche ökologische Gruppen von (Ziel-) Arten mit terrestrischer Ausbreitung stehen. Kombiniert wird die Fähigkeit zur Ausbreitung mit einer Grobtypisierung der Biotopbindung. Die wichtigsten Grundlagendaten bilden die jeweiligen (potenziellen) Habitate von Arten eines Anspruchstyps sowie die umgebende Landnutzung. Bei der Bildung von ,Lebensraumnetzwerken‘ (Teil I) werden gestufte ,Funktions- und Verbindungsräume‘ generiert, die zu einem räumlichen System verknüpft sind. Anschließend kann die aktuelle Zerschneidung der Netzwerke durch Verkehrstrassen aufgezeigt werden, um darauf aufbauend prioritäre Abschnitte zur Wiedervernetzung zu ermitteln (Teil II). Begleitend wird das Konzept der unzerschnittenen Funktionsräume (UFR) entworfen, mit dem die Indikation von Habitatzerschneidung auf Landschaftsebene möglich ist. Diskutiert werden schließlich die Eignung der Ergebnisse als kleinmaßstäblicher Zielrahmen, Tests zur Validierung, Vergleiche mit Verbundplanungen und verschiedene Setzungen im GIS-Algorithmus. Erläuterungen zu den Einsatzmöglichkeiten erfolgen beispielsweise für die Bereiche Biotopverbund- und Landschaftsplanung, Raumordnung, Strategische Umweltprüfung, Verkehrswegeplanung, Unterstützung des Konzeptes der Lebensraumkorridore, Kohärenz im Schutzgebietssystem NATURA 2000 und Aufbau von Umweltinformationssystemen. Schließlich wird ein Rück- und Ausblick mit der Formulierung des weiteren Forschungsbedarfs verknüpft.