Desarme en procesos de paz: análisis preliminar del caso colombiano

En el presente documento se recopilan las mejores prácticas internacionales, en relación con el desarme en contextos de conflicto armado, antes de dar paso a un análisis preliminar de la experiencia de Colombia en estos procesos.

Investigación sobre el análisis para la formulación de una política pública de desarme ciudadano en Colombia, a partir de las experiencias realizadas en el país. Proyecto realizado bajo el marco de jóvenes investigadores de Colciencias

En esta investigación se realiza un análisis del tema de las armas y algunos de los aspectos que se generan alrededor de estas. Se busca analizar y ver la efectividad de las iniciativas y políticas de desarme ciudadano que se han realizado en países diversos, así como a nivel nacional, con las cuales se busca sensibilizar a la población civil para restringir el porte de estos objetos que son utilizados para cometer homicidios. Primero, se exponen algunos conceptos a tener en cuenta para este documento, se realizará un contexto a nivel mundial sobre las cifras, datos relacionados con las armas de fuego, así como los argumentos que se encuentran a favor o en contra de las armas de fuego. Segundo, se analiza la legislación que en el ámbito internacional, regional y local existe y se aplica para las armas de fuego en relación con su comercialización, tenencia y porte. Tercero, se explican y analizan los programas y políticas de desarme ciudadano que se han implementado en la Argentina y Ciudad de México. Cuarto, se analizan las campañas de desarme ciudadano que se han realizado durante las últimas décadas en Bogotá, Medellín y Cali, donde se analizará la efectividad y el impacto de estas medidas para la reducción de los homicidios en las ciudades. Por último se analizan los elementos que tiene una política pública y, para este caso, la formulación de una política pública de desarme ciudadano en Colombia.

Estudio italiano sobre la formación del adolescente y el mundo del trabajo.

Presentación de un estudio italiano sobre la formación del adolescente y el mundo del trabajo. Este estudio ha sido llevado a cabo por la POA (Pontificia Opera Assistenza) de Italia, que ha estudiado los problemas de la adolescencia desde diversos ángulos por especialistas de muy diversa índole. En primer lugar se considera la evolución de la técnica y el problema del trabajo, las perspectivas de trabajo de los jóvenes y la formación cultural y profesional más adecuada de los jóvenes que quieren acceder a un empleo. A continuación se hace mención a las exigencias para el acceso a la profesión laboral, determinadas por la evolución económica. Por último se señalan un conjunto de conclusiones, como que el adolescente de principios de los sesenta, que quiere entrar en el mundo del trabajo, tiene perspectivas mejores que las que tenía su igual de hace cinco o diez años.

Evaluación de un modelo para el perfeccionamiento docente de los profesores en ejercicio de BUP (las prácticas de enseñanza : análisis de las conferencias de supervisión, competencias supervisoras y personalizadas de los alumnos en prácticas).

Comparar la eficacia de dos ciclos de supervisión (planificación, observación, análisis) POA y (conferencias indirectas), CI. Analizar el perfil del profesor supervisor y predecir la eficacia docente de los alumnos a partir de variables de personalidad de los mismos y de rasgos de los profesores supervisores. 27 alumnos en prácticas y 27 profesores supervisores correspondientes. Para el perfil del profesor supervisor se utilizó una muestra de 129 alumnos. Selección y asignación de sujetos aleatoria. Diseño intergrupo de un factor con grupo de control. VI.: el diseño de supervisión (POA y CI). VD.: la modificación inducida por el tipo de supervisión en las microlecciones de los alumnos y las modificaciones ocurridas en las conferencias de análisis. Un grupo de jueces entrenados codificaron los protocolos obtenidos mediante grabaciones de casette para la VD., se relacionaron estos índices de eficacia docente con rasgos de personalidad del alumno. Por otro lado, se pasó a los alumnos un cuestionario de competencias docentes. VD.: sistema de análisis de interacción ampliado de Amidón, Amidón y Rosenshine y sistema observacional de Blumberg. Cuestionario ad hoc de competencias docentes. Cuestionario CEP de Pinillos para factores de personalidad. Chi cuadrado para evaluar el acuerdo interjueces. ANOVA simple y U de Mann-Whitney para evaluar los efectos de la VI. Análisis factorial para extraer componentes de las competencias docentes. Correlación de Pearson para personalidad y eficacia docente. No se observan diferencias significativas entre las dos formas de supervisión evaluadas. Se extraen nueve factores, aunque sólo tres son realmente importantes, que explican la competencia docente. Las relaciones entre variables de personalidad e índices de eficacia docente son pequeñas. De los análisis factoriales se obtienen competencias docentes que pueden ser objeto de un programa de Formación de Profesores. También se sugiere la necesidad de formación para desempeñar tareas de supervisión. Se recomiendan diversas mejoras metodológicas, para diseños posteriores.

Plants growing on contaminated and brownfield sites appropriate for use in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development terrestrial plant growth test

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Terrestrial plant test is often used for the ecological risk assessment of contaminated land. However, its origins in plant protection product testing mean that the species recommended in the OECD guidelines are unlikely to occur on contaminated land. Six alternative species were tested on contaminated soils from a former Zn smelter and a metal fragmentizer with elevated concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The response of the alternative species was compared to two species recommended by the OECD; Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) and Trifolium pratense (red clover). Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) and Poa annua (annual meadow-grass) had low emergence rates in the control soil so may be considered unsuitable. Festuca rubra (chewings fescue), Holcus lanatus (Yorkshire fog), Senecio vulgaris (common groundsel), and Verbascum thapsus (great mullein) offer good alternatives to the OECD species. In particular, H. lanatus and S. vulgaris were more sensitive to the soils with moderate concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn than the OECD species.

The dispersal of traditionally managed hay meadow plants via farmyard manure application

The dispersal of plants within botanically rich grassland is an important area of study if such swards are to be maintained. The application of farmyard manure provides a possible mechanism by which seeds contained within hay can be returned/introduced to grasslands. In this study, hay, dung and manure samples taken from farms with botanically rich meadows contained very limited quantities of seeds of desirable species. Digestion by cattle, and storage within a manure heap for 6 months or longer, further reduced seed germination. Samples were characterized by an abundance of the grass, Poa trivialis, with few forbs present. Confirmation of the negative effect of the digestive processes of cattle on seed viability was achieved using an in vitro laboratory experiment. However, this experiment did show that the perennial herbs, Filipendula ulmaria and Sanguisorba officinalis, were able to survive digestion at least as well as P. trivialis. The burial of known quantities of seeds in a manure heap also showed these perennial herbs to be at least as resistant to damage as P. trivialis. The results demonstrate that, given appropriate timing of the hay cut, seeds of species with high conservation value could become incorporated into manure for subsequent dispersal. However, manure dispersal would appear to be of limited value for many species desirable from a conservation viewpoint.

The effects of seed mix and management on the abundance of desirable and pernicious unsown species in arable buffer strip communities

Buffer strips are refuges for a variety of plants providing resources, such as pollen, nectar and seeds, for higher trophic levels, including invertebrates, mammals and birds. Margins can also harbour plant species that are potentially injurious to the adjacent arable crop (undesirable species). Sowing perennial species in non-cropped buffer strips can reduce weed incidence, but limits the abundance of annuals with the potential to support wider biodiversity (desirable species). We investigated the responses of unsown plant species present in buffer strips established with three different seed mixes managed annually with three contrasting management regimes (cutting, sward scarification and selective graminicide). Sward scarification had the strongest influence on the unsown desirable (e.g. Sonchus spp.) and unsown pernicious (e.g. Elytrigia repens) species, and was generally associated with higher cover values of these species. However, abundances of several desirable weed species, in particular Poa annua, were not promoted by scarification. The treatments of cutting and graminicide tended to have negative impacts on the unsown species, except for Cirsium vulgare, which increased with graminicide application. Differences in unsown species cover between seed mixes were minimal, although the grass-only mix was more susceptible to establishment by C. vulgare and Galium aparine than the two grass and forb mixes. Annual scarification can enable desirable annuals and sown perennials to co-exist, however, this practice can also promote pernicious species, and so is unlikely to be widely adopted as a management tool in its current form.

Simulating the detailed chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol formed on a regional scale during the TORCH 2003 campaign in the southern UK

Following on from the companion study (Johnson et al., 2006), a photochemical trajectory model (PTM) has been used to simulate the chemical composition of organic aerosol for selected events during the 2003 TORCH (Tropospheric Organic Chemistry Experiment) field campaign. The PTM incorporates the speciated emissions of 124 nonmethane anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC) and three representative biogenic VOC, a highly-detailed representation of the atmospheric degradation of these VOC, the emission of primary organic aerosol (POA) material and the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) material. SOA formation was represented by the transfer of semi and non-volatile oxidation products from the gas-phase to a condensed organic aerosol-phase, according to estimated thermodynamic equilibrium phase-partitioning characteristics for around 2000 reaction products. After significantly scaling all phase-partitioning coefficients, and assuming a persistent background organic aerosol (both required in order to match the observed organic aerosol loadings), the detailed chemical composition of the simulated SOA has been investigated in terms of intermediate oxygenated species in the Master Chemical Mechanism, version 3.1 ( MCM v3.1). For the various case studies considered, 90% of the simulated SOA mass comprises between ca. 70 and 100 multifunctional oxygenated species derived, in varying amounts, from the photooxidation of VOC of anthropogenic and biogenic origin. The anthropogenic contribution is dominated by aromatic hydrocarbons and the biogenic contribution by alpha-and beta-pinene (which also constitute surrogates for other emitted monoterpene species). Sensitivity in the simulated mass of SOA to changes in the emission rates of anthropogenic and biogenic VOC has also been investigated for 11 case study events, and the results have been compared to the detailed chemical composition data. The role of accretion chemistry in SOA formation, and its implications for the results of the present investigation, is discussed.

Simulating regional scale secondary organic aerosol formation during the TORCH 2003 campaign in the southern UK

A photochemical trajectory model has been used to simulate the chemical evolution of air masses arriving at the TORCH field campaign site in the southern UK during late July and August 2003, a period which included a widespread and prolonged photochemical pollution episode. The model incorporates speciated emissions of 124 nonmethane anthropogenic VOC and three representative biogenic VOC, coupled with a comprehensive description of the chemistry of their degradation. A representation of the gas/aerosol absorptive partitioning of ca. 2000 oxygenated organic species generated in the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM v3.1) has been implemented, allowing simulation of the contribution to organic aerosol (OA) made by semi- and non-volatile products of VOC oxidation; emissions of primary organic aerosol (POA) and elemental carbon (EC) are also represented. Simulations of total OA mass concentrations in nine case study events (optimised by comparison with observed hourly-mean mass loadings derived from aerosol mass spectrometry measurements) imply that the OA can be ascribed to three general sources: (i) POA emissions; (ii) a '' ubiquitous '' background concentration of 0.7 mu g m(-3); and (iii) gas-to-aerosol transfer of lower volatility products of VOC oxidation generated by the regional scale processing of emitted VOC, but with all partitioning coefficients increased by a species-independent factor of 500. The requirement to scale the partitioning coefficients, and the implied background concentration, are both indicative of the occurrence of chemical processes within the aerosol which allow the oxidised organic species to react by association and/or accretion reactions which generate even lower volatility products, leading to a persistent, non-volatile secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The contribution of secondary organic material to the simulated OA results in significant elevations in the simulated ratio of organic carbon (OC) to EC, compared with the ratio of 1.1 assigned to the emitted components. For the selected case study events, [OC]/[EC] is calculated to lie in the range 2.7-9.8, values which are comparable with the high end of the range reported in the literature.

The AeroCom evaluation and intercomparison of organic aerosol in global models

This paper evaluates the current status of global modeling of the organic aerosol (OA) in the troposphere and analyzes the differences between models as well as between models and observations. Thirty-one global chemistry transport models (CTMs) and general circulation models (GCMs) have participated in this intercomparison, in the framework of AeroCom phase II. The simulation of OA varies greatly between models in terms of the magnitude of primary emissions, secondary OA (SOA) formation, the number of OA species used (2 to 62), the complexity of OA parameterizations (gas-particle partitioning, chemical aging, multiphase chemistry, aerosol microphysics), and the OA physical, chemical and optical properties. The diversity of the global OA simulation results has increased since earlier AeroCom experiments, mainly due to the increasing complexity of the SOA parameterization in models, and the implementation of new, highly uncertain, OA sources. Diversity of over one order of magnitude exists in the modeled vertical distribution of OA concentrations that deserves a dedicated future study. Furthermore, although the OA / OC ratio depends on OA sources and atmospheric processing, and is important for model evaluation against OA and OC observations, it is resolved only by a few global models. The median global primary OA (POA) source strength is 56 Tg a−1 (range 34–144 Tg a−1) and the median SOA source strength (natural and anthropogenic) is 19 Tg a−1 (range 13–121 Tg a−1). Among the models that take into account the semi-volatile SOA nature, the median source is calculated to be 51 Tg a−1 (range 16–121 Tg a−1), much larger than the median value of the models that calculate SOA in a more simplistic way (19 Tg a−1; range 13–20 Tg a−1, with one model at 37 Tg a−1). The median atmospheric burden of OA is 1.4 Tg (24 models in the range of 0.6–2.0 Tg and 4 between 2.0 and 3.8 Tg), with a median OA lifetime of 5.4 days (range 3.8–9.6 days). In models that reported both OA and sulfate burdens, the median value of the OA/sulfate burden ratio is calculated to be 0.77; 13 models calculate a ratio lower than 1, and 9 models higher than 1. For 26 models that reported OA deposition fluxes, the median wet removal is 70 Tg a−1 (range 28–209 Tg a−1), which is on average 85% of the total OA deposition. Fine aerosol organic carbon (OC) and OA observations from continuous monitoring networks and individual field campaigns have been used for model evaluation. At urban locations, the model–observation comparison indicates missing knowledge on anthropogenic OA sources, both strength and seasonality. The combined model–measurements analysis suggests the existence of increased OA levels during summer due to biogenic SOA formation over large areas of the USA that can be of the same order of magnitude as the POA, even at urban locations, and contribute to the measured urban seasonal pattern. Global models are able to simulate the high secondary character of OA observed in the atmosphere as a result of SOA formation and POA aging, although the amount of OA present in the atmosphere remains largely underestimated, with a mean normalized bias (MNB) equal to −0.62 (−0.51) based on the comparison against OC (OA) urban data of all models at the surface, −0.15 (+0.51) when compared with remote measurements, and −0.30 for marine locations with OC data. The mean temporal correlations across all stations are low when compared with OC (OA) measurements: 0.47 (0.52) for urban stations, 0.39 (0.37) for remote stations, and 0.25 for marine stations with OC data. The combination of high (negative) MNB and higher correlation at urban stations when compared with the low MNB and lower correlation at remote sites suggests that knowledge about the processes that govern aerosol processing, transport and removal, on top of their sources, is important at the remote stations. There is no clear change in model skill with increasing model complexity with regard to OC or OA mass concentration. However, the complexity is needed in models in order to distinguish between anthropogenic and natural OA as needed for climate mitigation, and to calculate the impact of OA on climate accurately.

Genetic diversity and specialisation of Eudarluca caricis on some graminaceous Puccinia species

Eudarluca caricis is a common hyperparasite of rusts. A total of 100 cultures were isolated from six Puccinia species or forms growing on 10 species of British grasses at two sites approximately 3 km apart. 82 isolates collected in 2005 were partially sequenced at the ITS locus, and amplified fragment length polymorphism profiles generated for 86 isolates from 2005 and 12 from 2007. Partial ITS sequences of most isolates grouped closely, in a clade with previously reported graminaceous Puccinia isolates and a number of Melampsora isolates. A second clade was very distinct and contained mostly isolates from P. poarum on Poa trivialis. All isolates had distinct AFLP haplotypes. The P. poarum isolates were very distinct from isolates collected from other rusts at the same site. Isolates from P. brachypodii f. sp. arrehenatheri growing on Arrhenatherum elatius in 2005 and 2007 at the same location were distinct (P < 0.001). Isolates from each rust or grass in one year and site were more similar than expected from overall variation between isolates (P<0.001). Isolates from P. coronata on different grasses clustered together (with isolates from P. brachypodii f. sp. poae-nemoralis), suggesting partial host rust specialisation in E. caricis.

Diagnoses of fipronil resistance in Brazilian cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus) using in vitro larval bioassays

Fipronil is a phenylpyrazolic insecticide that is widely used in agriculture and has been recently used to control the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Because of the serious problems associated with resistance to the available acaricides, this product has been used as an important alternative to control acaricide-resistant ticks. The objective of this work was to analyse the fipronil sensitivity of ticks that were collected from farms with a history of fipronil use by larval bioassays. A total of 11 Brazilian tick populations were studied: one population from Rio Grande do Sul, one population from Mato Grosso do Sul and nine populations from Sao Paulo. To validate the assays, susceptible reference strains, POA (Porto Alegre, Brazil) and Mozo (Dilave, Uruguay), and ticks from six different farms that never used fipronil were tested. The resistance of various tick populations to technical grade fipronil (95.3%) was primarily evaluated using the larvae immersion test (LIT) and the larval packet test (LPT), when a sufficient number of larvae was collected. Using the LIT, the resistance ratios (RR(50)) of the tick populations from Rio Grande do Sul and Mato Grosso do Sul were 14.9 and 2.6, respectively, and the populations derived from Sao Paulo had RR(50)s ranging from 2.5 to 6.9. Four populations were evaluated with the LPT, and two populations displayed lower RR(50), while other populations displayed higher RR(50) than those determined by the LIT. This article reports the first cases of fipronil resistance in Brazil and highlights the LIT as a more sensitive technique for the evaluation of fipronil resistance in R. (B) microplus ticks. We suggest the use of the LIT as an evaluation tool for monitoring fipronil resistance in the control programmes of R. (B) microplus. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Projections to the preoptic area from the paraventricular nucleus, acuate nucleus and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are unlikely to be involved in stress-induced suppression of GnRH secretion in sheep

Stress compromises reproductive function and the major physiological system activated during stress is the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin (AVP), which are produced in neurones of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), drive the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and are also implicated in the suppression of the reproductive axis. We used retrograde tracing and Fos labelling to map the projections from the PVN to the preoptic area (POA) where most gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones are found. Fluorogold (FG) injections were made into the POA of gonadectomised male and female sheep (n = 5/sex), the animals were stressed and the brains recovered for histochemistry. All animals responded to stress with an increase in the number of Fos-labelled nuclei in the PVN. Few retrogradely labelled cells of the PVN were activated by stress. Dual labelling showed that very few FG-labelled cells also stained for corticotrophin-releasing hormone, none for AVP or enkephalin. Dual labelling for FG and Fos in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the arcuate nucleus showed that no FG-labelled cells in the BNST and only few in the ARC were activated by stress. No sex differences were observed in the activation of FG-labelled cells in any of the nuclei examined. We conclude that, although cells of the PVN, BNST and/or arcuate nucleus may affect reproduction via the GnRH cells of the POA, this is unlikely to involve direct input to the POA. If cells of these regions are involved in GnRH suppression during stress, this may occur via interneuronal pathways.

Estilo de gestão na elaboração de política de assistência social : a visão do conselho municipal de assistência social de Porto Alegre (RS)

Esta pesquisa avalia o estilo de gestão do CMAS/POA na elaboração da política de assistência social do município, na visão dos seus próprios integrantes (conselheiros). Baseiase no modelo de análise de estilo de gestão estruturado por Rensis Likert, aplicado às condições e contexto de um conselho de assistência social. Todos os 35 conselheiros municipais responderam a um questionário de levantamento de dados quantitativos, utilizando uma escala tipo Likert, com respostas no intervalo de 1 a 4, correspondendo aos estilos de gestão: autoritário-forte, autoritário-benévolo, participativoconsultivo e participativo-grupal. As questões abrangem aspectos relativos às dimensões ou temas: processos de liderança utilizados, natureza das forças motivacionais, do processo de comunicação, do processo de influência e interação, do processo decisório, do sistema de metas e diretrizes, do processo de controle e metas de desempenho e treinamento. Os resultados evidenciam que o estilo de gestão do CMAS/POA é o participativoconsultivo. A análise das variáveis causais permite sugerir diversas ações para tornar o estilo de gestão participativo grupal.

Os incluídos na escola : o disciplinamento nos processos emancipatórios

Sob a influência de instrumentos analíticos pós-estrututalistas, especificamente de abordagens associadas a Michel Foucault, bem como de dimensões dos Estudos Culturais e da etnografia, o trabalho aborda a caracterização da população presente nas escolas municipais de POA face às Políticas de Inclusão adotadas, agrupada prioritariamente nas Turmas de Progressão – agrupamento provisório de estudantes aos quais se atribuem defasagens entre a idade cronológica e o nível de conhecimentos – adotadas no Projeto Escola Cidadã: Ciclos de Formação. Os integrantes dessas turmas eram, na situação estudada, crianças e jovens pobres, multirepetentes, alguns com déficts orgânicos e ou psicológicos, muitos com carências materiais e afetivas graves, na maioria das vezes negros, sendo muitos deles oriundos de Classes Especiais. Havia também entre eles/as internos/as da antiga FEBEM, meninos/as de rua e na rua – em suma eram sujeitos que poderiam incluir-se na categoria dos “anormais” discutida por Foucault (1997) e/ou dos “estranhos” tal como foi nomeada por Bauman (1998). Analisam-se, também, na tese instrumentos usados nas práticas pedagógicas - as fichas da secretaria, os relatórios de avaliação, os dossiês – que atuam na constituição e disciplinamento desses sujeitos/alunos e também de suas professoras. A percepção de que é preciso dar aula para quem não sabe ainda ser aluno e aluna e da negação do papel produtivo da pedagogia neste processo de constituição, sujeição e disciplinamento emerge das discussões conduzidas a partir de constatações feitas relativamente aos grupos estudados.