The impact of nurse-led education on haemodialysis patients' phosphate binder medication adherence

Background Phosphate binder medication adherence is required to maintain optimal phosphate levels and minimise bone disease in people with end stage kidney disease.

Objectives To examine the impact of a nurse-led education intervention on bone disorder markers, adherence to phosphate binder medication and medication knowledge.

Design Descriptive study with a paired pre–post intervention survey.

Participants Adults receiving haemodialysis.

Methods Twelve-week intervention where patients self-administered their phosphate binder medication at each dialysis treatment. Nurses provided individualised education. Patients completed a pre- and post-intervention survey designed to explore their knowledge of phosphate binders.

Results There were no statistically significant changes in clinical markers but a significant improvement in the proportion of patients who took their phosphate binder correctly, increasing from 44 to 72% (p = 0.016). There were moderate to large effect size changes for improved knowledge.

Conclusions A nurse-led intervention education programme can increase patients' phosphate binder adherence. However, this does not necessarily manifest into improved serum phosphate levels.

PA21, a New Iron-Based Noncalcium Phosphate Binder, Prevents Vascular Calcification in Chronic Renal Failure Rats

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is associated with the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism and vascular calcifications. We evaluated the efficacy of PA21, a new iron-based noncalcium phosphate binder, in controlling phosphocalcic disorders and preventing vascular calcifications in uremic rats. Rats with adenine-diet-induced CRF were randomized to receive either PA21 0.5, 1.5, or 5% or CaCO3 3% in the diet for 4 weeks, and were compared with uremic and nonuremic control groups. After 4 weeks of phosphate binder treatment, serum calcium, creatinine, and body weight were similar between all CRF groups. Serum phosphorus was reduced with CaCO3 3% (2.06 mM; P ≤ 0.001), PA21 1.5% (2.29 mM; P < 0.05), and PA21 5% (2.21 mM; P ≤ 0.001) versus CRF controls (2.91 mM). Intact parathyroid hormone was strongly reduced in the PA21 5% and CaCO3 3% CRF groups to a similar extent (1138 and 1299 pg/ml, respectively) versus CRF controls (3261 pg/ml; both P ≤ 0.001). A lower serum fibroblast growth factor 23 concentration was observed in the PA21 5%, compared with CaCO3 3% and CRF, control groups. PA21 5% CRF rats had a lower vascular calcification score compared with CaCO3 3% CRF rats and CRF controls. In conclusion, PA21 was as effective as CaCO3 at controlling phosphocalcic disorders but superior in preventing the development of vascular calcifications in uremic rats. Thus, PA21 represents a possible alternative to calcium-based phosphate binders in CRF patients.

Management of Hyperphosphataemia in Chronic Kidney Disease:Summary of National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Guideline

Bone disease and ectopic calcification are the two main consequences of hyperphosphataemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Observational studies have demonstrated that hyperphosphataemia in CKD is associated with increased mortality. Furthermore, the use of phosphate binders in dialysis patients is associated with significantly lower mortality. The UK Renal Registry data show significant underachievement of phosphate targets in dialysis patients. It is believed to be due to wide variation in how management interventions are used. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has developed a guideline on the management of hyperphosphataemia in CKD. This is based on the evidence currently available using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. This review outlines the recommendations including research recommendations and discusses methodology, rationale and challenges faced in developing this guideline and the health economic model used to assess the cost-effectiveness of different phosphate binders. © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Lanthanum carbonate, like sevelamer-HCl, retards the progression of vascular calcification and atherosclerosis in uremic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice

Atherosclerosis and vascular calcification (VC) progression in chronic kidney disease is favored by disturbances of mineral metabolism. We compared the effect of phosphate binder lanthanum (La) carbonate with sevelamer-HCl on atherosclerosis, VC and bone structure and function in mice with chronic renal failure (CRF). Apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice were randomized to one non-CRF and three CRF groups, fed with standard diet (one non-CRF and one CRF) or diet supplemented with either 3% lanthanum carbonate (La3%) or 3% sevelamer-HCl (Sev3%). Both La3% and Sev3% supplemented CRF mice displayed a decrease of serum phosphorus, calcification at both intimal and medial aortic sites and atherosclerosis. This was associated with a reduction of plaque Type I collagen expression by both binders and of positive nitrotyrosine staining in response to sevelamer-HCl only. Increased mineral apposition and bone formation rates in unsupplemented CRF mice were reduced by Sev3% but not by La3%. The beneficial effects of La carbonate and sevelamer-HCl on the progression of VC and atherosclerosis in CRF mice could be mainly due to a decrease in phosphate retention and likewise a reduction of arterial Type I collagen expression. The effect of La carbonate differed from that of sevelamer-HCl in that it did not appear to exert its vascular effects via changes in oxidative stress or bone remodeling in the present model.

Studio multicentrico sulla prevalenza e sulle principali caratteristiche cliniche e biochimiche nei pazienti in dialisi paratiroidectomizzati in italia

Lo studio CAVE PTX ha lo scopo di valutare la reale prevalenza della paratiroidectomia nei pazienti dializzati in Italia, verificare l’aderenza ai targets ematochimici proposti dalle linee guida internazionali K/DOQI e ricercare la presenza di fratture vertebrali e calcificazioni vascolari. Al momento attuale riportiamo i dati preliminari sulla prevalenza e le caratteristiche cliniche generali dei pazienti finora arruolati. Il nostro studio ha ricevuto contributi da 149 centri dialisi italiani, su un totale di 670, pari al 22%. La popolazione dialitica dalla quale sono stati ottenuti i casi di paratiroidectomia è risultata pari a 12515 pazienti;l’87,7% dei pazienti effettuava l’emodialisi mentre il 12,3% la dialisi peritoneale. Cinquecentoventotto, pari al 4,22%, avevano effettuato un intervento di paratiroidectomia (4,5%emodializzati, 1,9% in dialisi peritoneale;p<0.001). Abbiamo considerato tre gruppi differenti di PTH: basso (<150 pg/ml), ottimale (150 -300 pg/ml) ed elevato (>300 pg/ml). I valori medi di PTH e calcemia sono risultati significativamente diversi (più alti) tra casi e controlli nei due gruppi con PTH basso (PTX = 40±39 vs controllo = 92±42 pg/ml; p<.0001) e PTH alto (PTX= 630 ± 417 vs controllo 577 ±331; p<.05). La percentuale di pazienti con PTH troppo basso è risultata più elevata nei pazienti chirurgici rispetto al resto della popolazione (64vs23%; p<0.0001), mentre la percentuale dei casi con PTH troppo alto è risultata significativamente più alta nel gruppo di controllo (38%vs19%; p<0.003). Il 61% dei casi assumeva vitamina D rispetto al 64 % dei controlli; l’88% vs 75% un chelante del fosforo ed il 13%vs 35% il calciomimentico. In conclusione, la paratiroidectomia ha una bassa prevalenza in Italia, i pazienti sono più spesso di sesso femminile, in emodialisi e con età relativamente giovane ma da più tempo in dialisi.

Compliance- und Lebensqualitätsmessung bei Patienten vor einer Nieren- oder Lebertransplantation

Die Arzneimittelcompliance hat eine hohe Vorhersagekraft für den Ausgang einer Organtransplantation. Allerdings wurden soweit keine Studien zur Arzneimittelcompliance mittels eletronischen Compliancemessung bei Dialyse- und Leberzirrhosepatienten durchgeführt. Das primäre Ziel dieser Studie war die Arzneimittelcompliance dieser beiden Patientenkollektive zu evaluieren und als sekundäres Ziel wurden die Einflussfaktoren von Non-Compliance untersucht. rnLeberzirrhosepatinten, die Propranolol und Dialysepatienten, die Phosphatbinder, jeweils 3 x tgl. einnahmen, konnten in der Studie teilnehmen. Die Arzneimittelcompliance wurde mittels MEMSTM über einen Zeitraum von jeweils 6 Monaten bestimmt. Des Weiteren wurde nach Einflussfaktoren wie die demopraphischen Daten, Depression, Lebensqualität und der Gesundheitszustand, bei den Dialysepatienten zusätzlich die Formulierung der Phosphatbinder und die Anzahl evaluiert. Zwischen den organinsuffizienten Patientenkollektiven war ein signifikanter Unterschied in der Dosing Compliancerate auszumachen (p<0,023). Die mittlere DC Rate war bei 61%±6% für Leberzirrhosepatienten im Vergleich zu 43%±5% in Dialysepatienten. Nur 10 Leberzirrhosepatienten (30%) and 6 Dialysepatienten (17%) konnten als compliant eingestuft werden. Je höher die Phosphatbinderdosen waren, umso niedrigere Dosing Complianceraten wurden erzielt. Bei 1,5-3 Tabletten pro Tag betrug die Compliancerate 55%±8% (n=16), bei 4-6 Tabletten pro Tag nur noch 37%±7% (n=15) und bei mehr als 7 Tabletten lediglich 21%±10% (n=5) (p<0,036). Bei den Dialysepatienten war jedoch auffällig, dass die Dosing Compliancerate in Abhängigkeit von der Anzahl der dokumentierten Erkrankungen inkl. Grunderkrankung stieg (Dosing Compliancerate 34%±9% für ≤1 Grunderkrankung, 42%±6% für 1-4 Komorbiditäten, 83%±3% für ≥5 Komorbiditäten; p<0,036).Das geringe Patientenwissen über die Arzneimittel und die Erkrankung und die niedrige Compliancerate bedürfen weitere Untersuchungen um die Aspekte zu verbessern. Diese Studie zeigte das eine pharmazeutische Betreuung schon vor einer Transplantation benötigt wird. Aber eine pharmazeutische Betreuung ist sehr kosten- und zeitintensiv. Vielleicht müssen neue Modelle der pharmazeutische Betreuung untersucht werden oder non-compliante Patienten müssen noch besser identifiziert werden für eine selektive pharmazeutische Betreuung.

Captores del fósforo: preferencias de los pacientes en hemodiálisis y su repercusión sobre el cumplimiento del tratamiento y el control del fósforo

Introducción: En la actualidad disponemos de un amplio abanico de captores del fósforo (CF), pero sabemos poco acerca de las preferencias de los pacientes y de su repercusión sobre el cumplimiento del tratamiento y el control de los niveles de fósforo. Objetivo: Estudiar las preferencias y creencias de los pacientes respecto a los CF, y su influencia sobre el cumplimiento del tratamiento y el control de los niveles de fósforo. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional transversal. Se incluyeron 121 pacientes que respondieron un cuestionario genérico de cumplimiento del tratamiento (SMAQ) y a un cuestionario específico sobre cumplimiento del tratamiento con CF, tipo de CF preferido y razones de dicha preferencia. Todos los pacientes entrevistados habían probado dos o tres CF. Las consecuencias de la falta de cumplimiento del tratamiento con CF se estimaron indirectamente analizando los valores promedio de fósforo sérico. Resultados: El 40% de los pacientes era incumplidor según el cuestionario SMAQ; se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la falta de cumplimiento en general y no alcanzar el objetivo de fósforo sérico promedio <5,5 mg/dl (OR = 4,8; IC 95%, 1,0-6,6; p = 0,02). El 21,4% de los pacientes reconocía un incumplimiento específico para los CF; estos pacientes presentaban una mayor probabilidad de tener cifras medias de fósforo >5,5 mg/dl (OR = 4,7; IC 95%, 1,1-6,5; p = 0,03). Un 43,8% de los pacientes no refirió tener preferencias entre los diferentes tipos de CF; para el resto de pacientes, el CF preferido fue Royen®, seguido de Fosrenol®, Renagel® y Pepsamar®. Las razones expresadas para el desagrado con el Renagel® fueron las siguientes: incomodidad en la toma por su gran tamaño (28,8%), necesidad de tomar muchos comprimidos y gran consumo de agua (57,7%) e intolerancia gástrica (13,3%). En el caso del Fosrenol®: incómodo de tomar (72,7%) e intolerancia gástrica (27,2%); para el Pepsamar®: mal sabor (54,5%) e intolerancia gástrica (45,4%). Sólo al 9,4% no le gustaba el Royen®. Al analizar los conocimientos de los pacientes respecto a la utilidad de los CF, un 42% sabía que servían para controlar el fósforo; un 52% no lo sabía y un 6% tenía ideas equivocadas. En cuanto a su importancia: un 47% no conocía por qué son importantes; un 2% tenía ideas erróneas; un 9% creía que era beneficioso para la salud; un 11% creía que era bueno «porque lo dice el medico»; un 26% porque controla el fósforo y un 5% lo relacionaba con el hueso. Ningún paciente relacionó los CF con la enfermedad cardiovascular. Un 24,4% no se llevaba los CF cuando salía fuera de casa o estaba con los amigos; eran pacientes más jóvenes a quienes se les habían prescrito un mayor número de comprimidos de CF y que presentaban un mayor riesgo de no cumplir el objetivo de fósforo (OR = 10,5; IC 95%, —1,8 a —16,4; p <0,001). El porcentaje de pacientes a quienes no les gustaba el CF prescrito fue del 54,5%; dichos pacientes presentaban un mayor riesgo de tener niveles séricos de fósforo >5,5 mg/dl (OR = 13.3; IC 95%, 1,1-1,5; p = 0,0001). Paradójicamente, los pacientes que no cumplían con el tratamiento demostraban un mejor conocimiento de su uso (OR = 17,3; IC 95%, 2,2-10,1; p <0.0001) e importancia (OR = 10,4; IC 95%, 1,5-6,6; p = 0,001). Conclusión: Los pacientes a los que se les habían prescrito CF que no les gustaban tenían un peor control de los niveles de fósforo sérico y se les habían recomendado dosis más altas de los fármacos. El conocimiento de las preferencias de los pacientes acerca de las medicaciones que se les prescriben puede ser un factor esencial para conseguir un mayor cumplimiento del tratamiento y, por ende, lograr mejores resultados en la consecución de los objetivos terapéuticos.

External pressure in the hardening of phosphate in tribofilm on iron surfaces

Purpose: In the present work we consider our (in progress) spectroscopy study of zinc and iron phosphates under the influence external high pressure to determine zinc ion change coordination from tetrahedral to octahedral (or hexahedral) structure.----- Design/methodology/approach: The standard equipment is the optical high pressure cell with diamond (DAC). The DAC is assembled and then vibrational or electronic spectra are collected by mounting the cell in an infrared, Raman, EXAFS or UV-visible spectrometer.----- Findings: Mechanism by which zinc and iron methaphosphate material is transformed to glassy meta-phosphate is enhancing mechanical properties of tribofilm. The two decades of intensive study demonstrates that Zn (II) and Fe (III) ions participate to cross-link network under friction, hardening the phosphate.----- Research limitations/implications: Transition metal atoms with d orbital have flexible coordination numbers, for example zinc acts as a cross-linking agent increasing hardness, by changing coordination from tetrahedral to octahedral. Perhaps the external pressure effect on the [Zn–(O-P-)4 ] complex causes a transformation to an [Zn –(O-P-)6] grouping.----- Originality/value: This paper analyses high-pressure spectroscopy which has been applied for the investigation of 3D transition metal ions in solids. When studying pressure effects on coordination compounds structure, we can expect changes in ground electronic state (spin-crossovers), electronic spectra due to structural distortions (piezochromism), and changes in the ligand field causing shifts in the electronic transitions.

Raman spectroscopic study of the phosphate mineral Churchite-(Y) YPO4.2H2O

Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the rare earth mineral churchite-(Y) of formula (Y,REE)(PO4) •2H2O. The mineral contains yttrium and depending on the locality, a range of rare earth metals. The Raman spectra of two churchite-(Y) mineral samples from Jáchymov and Medvědín in the Czech Republic were compared with the Raman spectra of churchite-(Y) downloaded from the RRUFF data base. The Raman spectra of churchite-(Y) are characterized by an intense sharp band at 975 cm-1 assigned to the ν1 (PO4)3- symmetric stretching mode. A lower intensity band observed at around 1065 cm-1 is attributed to the ν3 (PO43-) antisymmetric stretching mode. The (PO43-) bending modes are observed at 497 cm-1 (ν2) and 563 cm-1(ν4). Some small differences in the band positions between the four churchite-(Y) samples from four different localities were found. These differences are possible to explain as different compositions of the churchite-(Y) minerals.

Porcine bone marrow stromal cell differentiation on heparin-adsorbed poly (e-caprolactone)-tricalcium phosphate-collagen scaffolds

We evaluate the potential of heparin as a substrate component for the fabrication of bone tissue engineering constructs using poly(e- caprolactone)–tricalcium phosphate–collagen type I (PCL–TCP–Col) three-dimensional (3-D) scaffolds. First we explored the ability of porcine bone marrow precursor cells (MPCs) to differentiate down both the adipogenic and osteogenic pathways within 2-D culture systems, with positive results confirmed by Oil-Red-O and Alizarin Red staining, respectively. Secondly, we examined the influence of heparin on the interaction and behaviour of MPCs when seeded onto PCL–TCP–Col 3-D scaffolds, followed by their induction into the osteogenic lineage. Our 3-D findings suggest that cell metabolism and proliferation increased between days 1 and 14, with deposition of extracellular matrix also observed up to 28 days. However, no noticeable difference could be detected in the extent of osteogenesis for PCL–TCP–Col scaffolds groups with the addition of heparin compared to identical control scaffolds without the addition of heparin.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate mediates proliferation maintaining the multipotency of human adult bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived stem cells

High renewal and maintenance of multipotency of human adult stem cells (hSCs), are a prerequisite for experimental analysis as well as for potential clinical usages. The most widely used strategy for hSC culture and proliferation is using serum. However, serum is poorly defined and has a considerable degree of inter-batch variation, which makes it difficult for large-scale mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) expansion in homogeneous culture conditions. Moreover, it is often observed that cells grown in serum-containing media spontaneously differentiate into unknown and/or undesired phenotypes. Another way of maintaining hSC development is using cytokines and/or tissue-specific growth factors; this is a very expensive approach and can lead to early unwanted differentiation. In order to circumvent these issues, we investigated the role of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), in the growth and multipotency maintenance of human bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived MSCs. We show that S1P induces growth, and in combination with reduced serum, or with the growth factors FGF and platelet-derived growth factor-AB, S1P has an enhancing effect on growth. We also show that the MSCs cultured in S1P-supplemented media are able to maintain their differentiation potential for at least as long as that for cells grown in the usual serum-containing media. This is shown by the ability of cells grown in S1P-containing media to be able to undergo osteogenic as well as adipogenic differentiation. This is of interest, since S1P is a relatively inexpensive natural product, which can be obtained in homogeneous high-purity batches: this will minimize costs and potentially reduce the unwanted side effects observed with serum. Taken together, S1P is able to induce proliferation while maintaining the multipotency of different human stem cells, suggesting a potential for S1P in developing serum-free or serum-reduced defined medium for adult stem cell cultures.