Polissacarídeos biodegradáveis úteis para a preparação de sistemas de liberação controlada de fármacos. Parte 1: Quitosana

Due to an increasing interest, a vast number of biodegradable polymers have been obtained recently. Polymers naturally produced, such as cellulose, starch, chitosan and alginate, represent biodegradable materials, with low toxicity and low cost. Among polysaccharides, chitosan has been of great interest of the industrial and academic research, due to its special qualities of biodegradability and biocompatibility and, on the other hand, to the versatility of its use in several physical forms and products. A significant growth in the development of new dosage forms capable to deliver the drug in a controlled and targeted way has been observed in these last years. Such pharmaceutical forms search, mainly, the reduction of the dose administered and of the administration frequency, the reduction of adverse side effects and, consequently, a better patient compliance. The present paper describes the use of chitosan in pharmaceutical products, especially in drug controlled delivery systems.

A família do portador de sofrimento psíquico e os serviços de saúde mental: Estudo de caso

This qualitative research, case study type, aimed at presenting the understanding of psychic sufferers in search for mental health services during emergency situation, partial hospitalization or in ambulatory services. 12 family members were interviewed. They reported difficulties in the attendance in the emergency room when the patient is in crisis, as well as doctors considering merely the present symptomatology and undervaluing their own knowledge of the sickening process. The day-care hospital is conceived as a place to provide care, occupation and should teach as a school. The ambulatory service represents for the family the possibility of the patient being responsible for their attendance to the consultations and for the correct use of the medication.

Longitudinal behavioral analysis during dental care of children aged 0 to 3 years

Abstract: When and how the dentist intervenes have repercussions on children's physical and emotional patterns. The objective of the present study was to conduct a longitudinal behavioral analysis during dental care of babies aged 0 to 3 years. A total of 216 patients seen at the Baby Clinic of the School of Dentistry at Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), were selected. The selection criterion was attendance at ten dental care sessions at bimonthly intervals for routine procedures such as clinical examination and oral hygiene. There was a predominance of cooperative behavior compared to uncooperative behavior when each visit was analyzed separately. The behavior of the patients must have been directly influenced by their psychomotor development. Constant attendance and exposure of the baby to non-stressful dental stimuli are factors that favor a cooperative behavior.

Evolução da perda de peso entre indivíduos da fila de espera para a cirurgia bariátrica em um ambulatório multidisciplinar de atenção secundária à saúde

Objective: The objective of this study is to characterize the assistance and analyze patient's adherence to nutritional follow-up while in the waiting line for bariatric surgery in a multidisciplinary, secondary healthcare outpatient clinic. Methods: This retrospective study was based on the nutritional records of 59 patients subjected to bariatric surgery at the Hospital das Clinics de Botucatu, from 2001 to 2008. The population studied was distributed into 8 groups and analyzed according to follow-up duration. The analysis took into account the evolution of body weight and the number of follow-up visits in a given period. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare data between groups while Spearman's coefficient was used to test correlations. Results: Among the 59 studied patients, 42 (71.2%) returned to the clinic at least once in six months. Of these, 67.8% lost weight while in the waiting line and 27.1% of them lost more than 10% of their body weight. The greatest weight losses in the preoperative period were found in the groups that had more than six months of nutrition follow-up. There was a mean delay of three months between return visits, which could have contributed to the low adherence to follow-up. Conclusion: The patients in the waiting line for surgery analyzed in this study presented low adherence to the long-spaced return visits. The greatest weight losses were observed in groups that had been followed for more than six months. This shows that, to achieve the desired weight loss and an adequate education process before surgery, at least six months of follow-up and regular visits are necessary.

Clinical assessment of ethinylestradiol and cyproterone acetate in menstrual irregularities of hyper-androgenic origin

We report on the results of a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing two preparations of ethinylestradiol and cyproterone acetate in the treatment of women of reproductive age presenting menstrual irregularities of hyper-androgenic origin. After obtaining informed consent, subjects were randomized to a 4-month treatment period consisting of one daily dose of 0.035mg ethinylestradiol + 2mg cyproterone acetate. The treatment regimen cycle consisted of one pill, once daily for 21 days, followed by a 7-day pill-free period. We compared the efficacy of two presentations of the drug combination after each treatment cycle (Visits 2, 3, 4, and 5) in establishment and maintenance of menstrual regulation, intensity of menstrual flow, and dysmenorrhea, as well as a comparison of the two presentations in terms of Global Satisfaction and Drug Satisfaction assessments performed by the patients and the investigating physician. At each study visit, drug compliance and use of concomitant medications, as well as incidence, severity and duration of adverse events were recorded. A total of 86 subjects were randomized to treatment, with 43 subjects in each treatment group. At Visit 2 and each subsequent visit, all patients in both treatment groups reported an episode of withdrawal bleeding during the 7-day hormone-free period. We observed a statistically significant (p<0.0001) decrease in the incidence of dysmenorrhea at each study visit in relation to the pretreatment assessment. There was a significant reduction (p<0.0001) in the number of subjects reporting intermenstrual bleeding at each study visit in both treatment groups. Global Satisfaction scores by the patient and physician increased significantly at each successive study visit in both treatment groups. There were no clinically significant changes in vital signs, weight, and body mass index throughout the study period in either group. The number of subjects reporting adverse events at each visit did not vary between treatment groups. The combined oral contraceptive pill containing ethinylestradiol and cyproterone acetate was found to be both effective and safe in the menstrual irregularities of hyper-androgenic origin (amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and intermenstrual bleeding) assessed in this study. © Copyright Moreira Jr. Editora. Todos os direitos reservados.

Intervenções farmacêuticas na atenção à saúde mental: Uma revisão

Uma revisão dirigida foi realizada nas bases de dados IBECS, LILACS e MEDLINE, até fevereiro/2011, para identificar intervenções farmacêuticas (IF) na atenção farmacêutica em saúde mental e os seus resultados. Para a busca utilizaram-se os descritores em saúde: Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmaceutical Services, Medication Adherence, Pharmacists, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Mental Health Assistance, Community Mental Health Services, Mentally Ill Persons andMental Disorders. Identificaram-se 1686 publicações, das quais 21 contemplaram os critérios de inclusão. Após exploração do material, apenas cinco estudos tratavam-se de IF. Todos foram conduzidos no nível secundário de atenção, com abordagem individual, por meio do acompanhamento da terapia (3), intervenção educativa por cartas a médicos e pacientes (1), aconselhamento farmacêutico presencial e remoto e inserção de terapia com sistema transdérmico de nicotina (1). Os resultados, tais como promoção da adesão e resolução de problemas relacionados a medicamentos foram positivos para a terapêutica. No entanto, é necessário que as IF monitorem os parâmetros clínicos, as mudanças de hábitos, a melhora na qualidade de vida e os aspectos farmacoeconômicos a fim de avaliar os seus impactos. Palavras-chave:Atenção Farmacêutica. Assistência Farmacêutica. Adesão à Medicação. Farmacêuticos. Saúde Mental. ABSTRACT Pharmaceutical interventions in mental health services: a review A directed review was performed in IBECS, LILACS and MEDLINE databases, until February/2011, in order to identify the studies which developed pharmaceutical interventions (PI) in pharmaceutical care in mental health services and estimated their results. The search was carried out using the follow health science descriptors: Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmaceutical Services, Medication Adherence, Pharmacists, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Mental Health Assistance, Community Mental Health Services, Mentally Ill Persons andMental Disorders. It was identified 1686 manuscripts, of whose 21 contemplated the inclusion criteria. After the content analysis of the eligible manuscripts, only five developed PI. All of them were conducted in the second level of health care, with individual approach, through: therapy follow-up (3), educational interventions by letters to physicians and patients (1), presence or remote pharmaceutical counseling and inclusion of therapy with nicotine transdermal patch (1). The data, such as adherence promotion and solving drug related problems, were positive for the therapeutic. However, it is necessary that the PI monitor the clinical parameters, the habit changes, the improvement in the quality of life and the pharmacoeconomic aspects, in order to assess their impacts. Keywords: Pharmaceutical Care. Pharmaceutical Services. Medication Adherence. Pharmacists. Mental Health. Mental Disorders.

Causes of resistant hypertension detected by a standardized algorithm

Resistant hypertension (RH) is characterized by blood pressure above 140 × 90 mm Hg, despite the use, in appropriate doses, of three antihypertensive drug classes, including a diuretic, or the need of four classes to control blood pressure. Resistant hypertension patients are under a greater risk of presenting secondary causes of hypertension and may be benefited by therapeutical approach for this diagnosis. However, the RH is currently little studied, and more knowledge of this clinical condition is necessary. In addition, few studies had evaluated this issue in emergent countries. Therefore, we proposed the analysis of specific causes of RH by using a standardized protocol in Brazilian patients diagnosed in a center for the evaluation and treatment of hypertension. The management of these patients was conducted with the application of a preformulated protocol which aimed at the identification of the causes of resistant hypertension in each patient through management standardization. The data obtained suggest that among patients with resistant hypertension there is a higher prevalence of secondary hypertension, than that observed in general hypertensive ones and a higher prevalence of sleep apnea as well. But there are a predominance of obesity, noncompliance with diet, and frequent use of hypertensive drugs. These latter factors are likely approachable at primary level health care, since that detailed anamneses directed to the causes of resistant hypertension are applied. © 2012 Livia Beatriz Santos Limonta et al.

High dosage folic acid supplementation, oral cleft recurrence and fetal growth

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of folic acid supplementation on isolated oral cleft recurrence and fetal growth. Patients and Methods: The study included 2,508 women who were at-risk for oral cleft recurrence and randomized into two folic acid supplementation groups: 0.4 and 4 mg per day before pregnancy and throughout the first trimester. The infant outcome data were based on 234 live births. In addition to oral cleft recurrence, several secondary outcomes were compared between the two folic acid groups. Cleft recurrence rates were also compared to historic recurrence rates. Results: The oral cleft recurrence rates were 2.9% and 2.5% in the 0.4 and 4 mg groups, respectively. The recurrence rates in the two folic acid groups both separately and combined were significantly different from the 6.3% historic recurrence rate post the folic acid fortification program for this population (p = 0.0009 when combining the two folic acid groups). The rate of cleft lip with palate recurrence was 2.9% in the 0.4 mg group and 0.8% in the 4 mg group. There were no elevated fetal growth complications in the 4 mg group compared to the 0.4 mg group. Conclusions: The study is the first double-blinded randomized clinical trial (RCT) to study the effect of high dosage folic acid supplementation on isolated oral cleft recurrence. The recurrence rates were similar between the two folic acid groups. However, the results are suggestive of a decrease in oral cleft recurrence compared to the historic recurrence rate. A RCT is still needed to identify the effect of folic acid on oral cleft recurrence given these suggestive results and the supportive results from previous interventional and observational studies, and the study offers suggestions for such future studies. The results also suggest that high dosage folic acid does not compromise fetal growth. © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Bisphosphonates adherence for treatment of osteoporosis

Background: Osteoporosis is a disease of bone metabolism in which bisphosphonates (BPS) are the most common medications used in its treatment, whose main objective is to reduce the risk of fractures. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review on BPs adherence for treatment of osteoporosis. Methods. Systematic review of articles on BPs adherence for treatment of osteoporosis, indexed on MEDLINE (via PubMed) databases, from inception of databases until January 2013. Search terms were Adherence, Medication (MeSH term), Bisphosphonates (MeSH term), and Osteoporosis (MeSH term). Results: Of the 78 identified studies, 27 met the eligibility criteria. Identified studies covered a wide range of aspects regarding adherence and associated factors, adherence and fracture, adherence and BPs dosage. The studies are mostly observational, conducted with women over 45 years old, showing low rates of adherence to treatment. Several factors may influence adherence: socio-economic and cultural, participation of physicians when guidance is given to the patient, the use of bone turnover markers, and use of generic drugs. The monthly dosage is associated with greater adherence compared to weekly dosage. Conclusions: Considering the methodological differences between the studies, the results converge to show that adherence to treatment of osteoporosis with BPs is still inadequate. Further experimental studies are needed to evaluate the adherence and suggest new treatment options. © 2013 Vieira et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Avaliação das modificações dentárias decorrentes da utilização do aparelho pêndulo

Pós-graduação em Odontologia - FOA

Estudo biológico e desenvolvimento de formulação do sal tetrapalmitato de clorexidina para uso em doenças bucais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Nova proposta de tratamento para malária por Plasmodium vivax

Recaídas que podem ocorrer com o tratamento convencional de longa duração para malária por P. vivax e são em parte devido a parcial adesão do paciente. Portanto a utilização de esquemas terapêuticos de curta duração é capaz de proporcionar melhor acompanhamento do caso e ao mesmo tempo manter a eficácia, ser de boa tolerância e praticamente isento de efeitos adversos. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Programa de Malária do Instituto Evandro Chagas, em Belém do Pará, no período de julho de 1994 a junho de 1995. O estudo caracterizou-se por ser aberto, comparativo, prospectivo e randomizado. Participaram aqueles com idade superior a 12 anos, de ambos os sexos e que pudessem permanecer em Belém até o final do controle. Todos procederam da Amazônia, sendo que o Pará foi o responsável pela maioria dos casos (85,8%) e a área metropolitana de Belém contribuiu com 39,2%, equivalente a autoctonia. A amostra foi composta de 120 pacientes, os quais foram alocados em 3 diferentes esquemas, cada um com 40 participantes, conforme a seguinte distribuição: esquema I - fosfato de cloroquina, comprimidos contendo 150 mg de substância base - 25 mg / Kg como dose total, dividida em 3 dias, sendo 10 mg / Kg de peso corporal no primeiro dia; 7,5 mg / Kg no segundo e terceiro dias, associada ao fosfato de primaquina, comprimidos contendo 15 mg de substância base - 0,25 mg / Kg / dia, por 14 dias; esquema II - fosfato de cloroquina, comprimido contendo 150 mg de substância base - 10 mg / Kg, dose única, associada ao fosfato de primaquina comprimidos contendo 15 mg de substância base - 0,50 mg / KG / dia, por 7 dias; esquema III - fosfato de cloroquina, comprimidos contendo 150 mg de substância base - 10 mg / Kg, dose única, associada ao fosfato de primaquina comprimidos contendo 15 mg de substância base - 0,50 mg / Kg / dia, por 5 dias. A medicação foi administrada por via oral, sob supervisão médica, sendo todos os pacientes tratados em regime ambulatorial. O diagnóstico clínico fundamentou-se na história, epidemiologia e exame físico do paciente, enquanto o encontro do hematozoário, plasmódio, através da gota espessa, confirmou o caso de malária. As respostas terapêuticas aos 3 esquemas foram satisfatórias, com percentual de cura acima dos 80%, sendo que o esquema II, não permitiu recaídas. O desaparecimento da tríade sintomática ocorreu no máximo em até 96 horas, e a negativação da parasitemia assexuada em até 72 horas, para os três diferentes esquemas de tratamento. Os efeitos colaterais foram mínimos e efêmeros. Não se observou toxicidade, mesmo com doses duplicadas de primaquina.

Avaliação da adesão à terapia medicamentosa em hipertensos de unidades de saúde do distrito DAGUA no município de Belém-Pará

A adesão à farmacoterapia em diversas doenças crônicas, especialmente na hipertensão arterial (HAS), tem grande importância para a prevenção, diminuição e controle de agravos e complicações, desta forma reduzindo a morbi-mortalidade cardiovascular. Avaliar os fatores modificáveis e não modificáveis, que contribuam para uma melhor adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso em pacientes do distrito DAGUA, em Belém-PA, pode servir como base para qualificação da assistência farmacêutica, gestão clínica, políticas públicas, ações e planos nos serviços de saúde pública com o intuito de melhorar a adesão dos pacientes. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo observacional de natureza transversal e análise quantitativa com amostra probabilística de 227 pacientes, cadastrados no programa HIPERDIA, no período de março de 2010 à agosto de 2011, onde avaliou-se o conhecimento e o grau de adesão a terapia medicamentosa utilizando os testes de Morisky e Green (TMG) e ao teste de Batalla relacionando às variáveis socioeconômicas, estilo de vida, esquipe e serviço de saúde e fatores relacionados ao paciente. A população estudada foi caracterizada predominantemente por mulheres (69,5%), faixa etária a partir de 60 anos (44,5%), pardos (48%), casados (44,9%), aposentados (43,6%) e com grau de escolaridade baixa, sendo (55,1%) com ensino fundamental incompleto. Do total de indivíduos (63,46%) apresentaram pressão arterial não controlada. Não aderiam ao tratamento (66,9%) de acordo com o teste de Morisky e Green e (72,38%) pelo teste de Batalla.

Factors related to orthodontic treatment time in adult patients

INTRODUÇÃO: o tratamento ortodôntico de pacientes adultos apresenta grande variabilidade no tempo necessário para sua realização. OBJETIVO: o objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a influência de diversas variáveis sobre o tempo de tratamento. MÉTODOS: foram examinados 70 casos clínicos, de pacientes adultos, com bom resultado final, coletados em clínicas de três ortodontistas experientes, cujo acervo total inicial era de 4.723 prontuários. A influência das variáveis idade, sexo, padrão facial, severidade inicial da má oclusão (medida por meio do índice PAR), relação sagital de caninos, tipo de braquetes (estético ou metálico), exodontias, faltas às consultas e "quebras" de aparelho, sobre o tempo de tratamento (variável dependente), foram avaliadas por meio da análise de regressão linear múltipla, seguida do método Stepwise, com p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: a quantidade de faltas (R² = 14,04%, p < 0,0001) e o número de "quebras" do aparelho (R² = 29,71%, p = 0,0037) tiveram influência significativa na variação do tempo de tratamento, sendo essas duas variáveis juntas capazes de prever 43,75% (R² total) da variação no tempo de tratamento. Outros fatores, como a relação de caninos ao início do tratamento, o tipo de braquete usado (metálico ou cerâmico), exodontias, a idade ao início do tratamento, a severidade inicial da má oclusão, o sexo do paciente e o padrão facial não tiveram influência significativa sobre o tempo de tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: a duração do tratamento ortodôntico em adultos, quando realizado por ortodontistas experientes, sofre influência, principalmente, de fatores associados à colaboração do próprio paciente. Entretanto, diversos fatores não incluídos nesse estudo podem contribuir para a variação na duração do tratamento ortodôntico.

Alternativa de tratamento simplificado e integrado da retenção intraóssea de incisivo central superior, associada a odontoma: relato de caso

Permanent teeth impaction is highly prevalent among brazilian people. Its etiology is related to local and general factors association. Permanent teeth retention compromises dental occlusion and when anterior teeth are involved, it also brings esthetics impairments which lead to psychological disturbance. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment are extremely important to solve not only occlusal problems but also psychological aspects. Orthodontic traction of impacted teeth can be conducted by using fixed or removable appliances. Although it depends on patient compliance the use of removable appliances provides an anchorage based on the teeth and the palate reducing undesirable side effects. This paper describes the case of a fourteen years old female patient whose right maxillary central incisor was adequately tractioned with a removable orthodontic appliance. Removable orthodontic devices were used at first to reposition teeth in maxillary anterior area what provided adequate space to allow the placement of the impacted incisor and after were also used to traction and position this tooth. The procedure described seemed to be effective, non expensive and a viable treatment to be performed even on the scope of public health services, extending orthodontic treatment to a higher number of patients.