通过体细胞杂交由大黍向水稻转移无融合生殖基因的研究

本论文以无融合生殖的大黍(Panicum maximum Jacp.)作为无融合生殖基因的供体，试图通过体细胞杂交方法向水稻(Oryza sativa L．)导入无融合生殖基因。结果如下：采用PEG融合法，诱导水稻原生质体与大黍原生质体融合，经过融合体筛选、培养，成功地获得了再生水稻植株。在融合前，水稻原生质体经过2.5 mM碘乙酰胺(IOA)在室温(22～25℃)条件下处理15分钟，大黍原生质体经过60Kr软x射线照射或不做任何处理。经双亲处理选择系统获得移栽成活的25株再生植株;经水稻单亲处理选择系统获得移栽成活再生植株3株。这两类融合再生植株（经双亲处理选择系统获得的25株和经单亲处理选择系统的3株）在花器官形态、结构及生殖特性上与对照亲本水稻植株有显著的差异，出现多花药（一朵颖花具7至11枚，甚至13枚花药）、多胚珠（一个子房内2～3个胚珠）及多胚囊（一个胚珠中2个以上胚囊）等现象;雌、雄性育性显著降低或完全消失，仅有5株能够少量结实，I-KI溶液着色的花粉从0至68%不等;胚胎学检查表明不能结实的植株雌性均不育，即不能分化出正常的胚囊结构。进一步的检查正在进行中。

水稻胚囊发育畸变的细胞学和遗传学研究

1．水稻多卵卵器的起源：被子植物的卵器中通常只有一个卵细胞。我们在水稻多胚品系胚囊中观察到二卵卵器和三卵卵器，本研究对其大孢子发生和胚囊发育进行了细胞胚胎学观察，揭示了水稻多卵卵器的起源．观察结果表明，该品系能进行正常的大孢子发生。大孢子母细胞进行正常的减数分裂形成四个大孢子靠近合点端的大孢子发育，其它三个退化。功能大孢子第一次有丝分裂后两个子核被一中央大液泡分隔在胚囊珠孔端和合点端，与此同时胚囊出现不均衡生长，珠孔端迅速膨大，合点端几乎不增大，致使二核末期的胚囊呈倒梨形．紧接着发生第二次有丝分裂，合点端核分裂时纺锤丝与胚囊纵轴平行，而珠孔端核分裂时纺锤丝与胚囊纵轴成4 5度夹角．由此产生的四核胚囊中，合点端一核向胚囊中部或中上部（胚囊珠孔端）迁移，四核胚囊再经一次有丝分裂形成两种类型的核分布偏离蓼型的八核胚囊。一种类型是珠孔端四个核，中部与合点各二个核，在胚囊细胞化过程中，珠孔端四核 分化成四细胞卵器，其中卵细胞和助细胞各二个，中部的二核分化成二极核中央细胞，合点 端的二核形成反足细胞。另一种类型是珠孔端六个核，合点端二个核，在胚囊细胞化过程中， 两端各一核向中部迁移分化成二极核中央细胞，珠孔端剩余的五核分化成五细胞卵器，其 中卵细胞三个，助细胞二个，合点端的一核迅速分裂形成反足细胞． 2．水稻同源三倍体TAR的生殖特性：TAR的单穗结实率平均可达10%，核型分析表明此三倍体产生的后代个体仍为具有36条染色体的三倍体．细胞胚胎学初步观察显示TAR为一具兼性无融合生殖特性的水稻新种质，其胚珠几乎都能进行胚囊的分化，但其中仅有33%的胚囊有较正常的结构，9%的胚囊在散粉前进行胚胎发生，58%的胚囊发育显著异常，表现为极性紊乱、多极核或缺失雌性生殖单位等。 3．水稻亚种间杂种败育的细胞学基础：对普通栽培稻不同品种类型间杂种颖花败育的细胞学基础及雌性败育的过程进行的细胞学研究表明：1）引起杂种颖花败育的原因有胚囊败育，花粉败育、开花时花药不开裂和雌雄异熟．其中胚囊败育而丧失受精能力是引起低结实率的最重要的因素，开花时花药不开裂和雌雄异熟在一定程度上形成了雌雄性细胞时间和空间的隔离屏障。2）杂种植株的所有大孢子母细胞都能进行正常的减数分裂形成四个大孢子，败育主要发生在靠近合点端的功能大孢子分化形成胚囊的早期，有的胚囊母细胞在进行第一次有丝分裂前便萎缩解体，多数能完成一次或二次有丝分裂形成二核或四核败育胚囊．败育的共同特征是无液泡的分化，细胞质少或退化，在败育胚囊残迹部位，解体的珠心细胞和萎缩的胚囊残溃混杂垛叠．已受精的杂种子房没有观察到胚及胚乳发育的异常．籼粳杂种胚囊败育频率较高． 4．籼粳杂种生殖障碍的基因定位：应用具有1 37个标记位点的籼粳杂交窄叶青8号/京系17)F1花药培养获得的127个双单倍体OH）群体构建的R FLP图谱，对控制籼粳杂种颖花败育的基因座位进行了定位研究。结果在第1、3、4、5、6、7、8、1 2染色体上检测到1 0个基因座位，其中第3、12染色体上的2个不育基因位点str3和str12与同一杂交组合F2分离群体中发现的异常分离热点处于相同的染色体区段．stj-6的基因加性效应为负值，有增加籼粳亲和性的作用;其余的不育基因座位皆有增加籼梗杂种不育性的作用． 5．籼粳杂种胚囊败育的遗传分析和基因定位：利用DH系构建的分子图谱及DH系衍生的2个回交群体定位了引起籼梗杂种胚囊败育的2个互补的主效基因esa-l（E1或e1位点）和esa-2（E2或e2位点），它们分别位于第6和第1 2染色体．在不育基因位点，籼稻基因型为EIEle2e2，粳稻基因型为elelE 2E 2，杂交后代中基因型为EIE2，Ele2、elE 2的雌配子体正常发育，携带ele2基因型的雌配子体表现败育．胚囊育性受配子体基因型控制，孢予体遗传背景影响胚囊败育基因的表达.

Controle do arroz vermelho através do herbicida sulfosate isolado e em misturacom adjuvantes

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do herbicida sulfosate, aplicado isoladamente e em misturas com diferentes adjuvantes, comparado com o herbicida glifosate, ambos aplicados com baixo volume de calda, no controle da planta daninha arroz vermelho (Oryza sativa L.) sob aplicação em condições de préplantio da cultura do arroz. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, sendo a área experimental instalada na cultura de arroz irrigado, variedade IAC-101. A área de pousio recebeu uma lâmina de água de 5 a 10cm de pro fundidade por dois dias, e após a retirada, o arroz vermelho começou a germinar. Quando o mesmo atingiu cerca de 20-25cm de altura, procedeu-se a aplicação de herbicidas de manejo (pré-plantio) . Após 16 dias da aplicação foi efetuado o plantio da cultura com densidade de 60-80 sementes/metro linear e profundidade de 3cm, sendo o espaçamento utilizado de 21,8cm entre linhas. Foram testados tratamentos com os seguintes produtos: sulfosate a 1,20; 1,44 e 1,68Kg i.a./ha e glifosate a 1,20; 1,44 e 1,68Kg i.a./ha, ambos os produtos aplicados isolados e em misturas com os seguintes adjuvantes: Poliglicol, Organosilicone e Amina Graxa, além de uma testemunha não capinada. Para a avaliação do efeito dos tratamentos empregados foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: fitotoxicidade aperente, porcentagem de controle do arroz vermelho; altura do arroz vermelho (em cm); estande da cultura (no de per filhos/metro linear) e altura da cultura (em cm). Através dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que os herbicidas sulfosate, glifosate nas formulações comerciais Rodeo e Roundup, nas doses de 1,20; 1,44 e 1,68Kg i.a./ha, aplicados isolados (exceto o Rodeo) e conjuntamente com os adjuvantes poliglicol (Mojante), organosilicone (Silwet) e amina graxa (Frigate) (exceto Roundup, que foi utilizado apenas com o adjuvante amina graxa e sozinho), propiciaram excelente nível de controle do arroz vermelho, quando aplicados em pós-emergência e área total, e pré-plantio da cultura de arroz, implantada no sistema de plantio direto. Também foi verificado que não ocorreu diferença quanto à eficiência entre sulfosate e glifosate no controle do arroz vermelho, ambos controlando de forma eficiente a planta daninha.

Genetic Analysis of Tolerance to Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Through Agroinoculation

Balimau Putih [an Indonesian cultivar tolerant to rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV)] was crossed with IR64 (RTBV, susceptible variety) to produce the three filial generations F1, F2 and F3. Agroinoculation was used to introduce RTBV into the test plants. RTBV tolerance was based on the RTBV level in plants by analysis of coat protein using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The level of RTBV in cv. Balimau Putih was significantly lower than that of IR64 and the susceptible control, Taichung Native 1. Mean RTBV levels of the F1, F2 and F3 populations were comparable with one another and with the average of the parents. Results indicate that there was no dominance and an additive gene action may control the expression of tolerance to RTBV. Tolerance based on the level of RTBV coat protein was highly heritable (0.67) as estimated using the mean values of F3 lines, suggesting that selection for tolerance to RTBV can be performed in the early selfing generations using the technique employed in this study. The RTBV level had a negative correlation with plant height, but positive relationship with disease index value

Saliva-derived DNA performs well in large-scale, high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray studies

As of June 2009, 361 genome-wide association studies (GWAS) had been referenced by the HuGE database. GWAS require DNA from many thousands of individuals, relying on suitable DNA collections. We recently performed a multiple sclerosis (MS) GWAS where a substantial component of the cases (24%) had DNA derived from saliva. Genotyping was done on the Illumina genotyping platform using the Infinium Hap370CNV DUO microarray. Additionally, we genotyped 10 individuals in duplicate using both saliva- and blood-derived DNA. The performance of blood- versus saliva-derived DNA was compared using genotyping call rate, which reflects both the quantity and quality of genotyping per sample and the “GCScore,” an Illumina genotyping quality score, which is a measure of DNA quality. We also compared genotype calls and GCScores for the 10 sample pairs. Call rates were assessed for each sample individually. For the GWAS samples, we compared data according to source of DNA and center of origin. We observed high concordance in genotyping quality and quantity between the paired samples and minimal loss of quality and quantity of DNA in the saliva samples in the large GWAS sample, with the blood samples showing greater variation between centers of origin. This large data set highlights the usefulness of saliva DNA for genotyping, especially in high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray studies such as GWAS.

The efficacy of Aloe vera, tea tree oil and saliva as first aid treatment for partial thickness burn injuries

Many alternative therapies are used as first aid treatment for burns, despite limited evidence supporting their use. In this study, Aloe vera, saliva and a tea tree oil impregnated dressing (Burnaid) were applied as first aid to a porcine deep dermal contact burn, compared to a control of nothing. After burn creation, the treatments were applied for 20 min and the wounds observed at weekly dressing changes for 6 weeks. Results showed that the alternative treatments did significantly decrease subdermal temperature within the skin during the treatment period. However, they did not decrease the microflora or improve re-epithelialisation, scar strength, scar depth or cosmetic appearance of the scar and cannot be recommended for the first aid treatment of partial thickness burns.

Biolistic transformation of elite indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars through semi-solid and liquid medium selection systems

Following microprojectile mediated delivery of a plasmid construct (pAHC-25) encoding bar (bialophos resistance) gene into five-day-old scutellar calli derived from mature embryos, the effectiveness of selection procedure for bar-gene expressing tissue was compared for two indica rice cultivars (IR-64 and Karnal Local). While IR-64 transformants could be selected through the generally used semi-solid selection medium, the same procedure was not effective in the basmati cultivar Karnal Local. In the latter case, while lower concentrations (2–4 mg 1−1) of the selective agent phosphinothricin (PPT) yielded only escapes, higher concentrations (6–8 mg l−1) inhibited proliferation of transformed as well as untransformed sectors. For Karnal Local, a liquid medium based selection system was successfully utilized for recovering transformed sectors and, eventually, regenerants. The study demonstrates the generation of transformants of two elite indica cultivars using the environment-independent system of mature embryos from seeds.

Diagnostic potential of saliva : current state and future applications

BACKGROUND: Over the past 10 years, the use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid has gained attention and has become a translational research success story. Some of the current nanotechnologies have been demonstrated to have the analytical sensitivity required for the use of saliva as a diagnostic medium to detect and predict disease progression. However, these technologies have not yet been integrated into current clinical practice and work flow. CONTENT: As a diagnostic fluid, saliva offers advantages over serum because it can be collected noninvasively by individuals with modest training, and it offers a cost-effective approach for the screening of large populations. Gland-specific saliva can also be used for diagnosis of pathology specific to one of the major salivary glands. There is minimal risk of contracting infections during saliva collection, and saliva can be used in clinically challenging situations, such as obtaining samples from children or handicapped or anxious patients, in whom blood sampling could be a difficult act to perform. In this review we highlight the production of and secretion of saliva, the salivary proteome, transportation of biomolecules from blood capillaries to salivary glands, and the diagnostic potential of saliva for use in detection of cardiovascular disease and oral and breast cancers. We also highlight the barriers to application of saliva testing and its advancement in clinical settings. SUMMARY: Saliva has the potential to become a first-line diagnostic sample of choice owing to the advancements in detection technologies coupled with combinations of biomolecules with clinical relevance. (C) 2011 American Association for Clinical Chemistry

One-step homogeneous C-reactive protein assay for saliva

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world. Human C-reactive protein (CRP) has been used in the risk assessment of coronary events. Human saliva mirrors the body's health and well-being and is non-invasive, easy to collect and ideal for third world countries as well as for large patient screening. The aim was to establish a saliva CRP reference range and to demonstrate the clinical utility of salivary CRP levels in assessing the coronary events in a primary health care setting. Methods: We have used a homogeneous bead based assay to detect CRP levels in human saliva. We have developed a rapid 15 min (vs 90 min), sequential, one-step assay to detect CRP in saliva. Saliva was collected from healthy volunteers (n = 55, ages 20-70 years) as well as from cardiac patients (n = 28, ages 43-86 years). Results: The assay incubation time was optimised from 90 min to 15 mm and generated a positive correlation (n = 29, range 10-2189 pg/mL, r2 = 0.94; Passing Bablok slope 0.885. Intercept 0, p>0.10), meaning we could decrease the incubation time and produce equivalent results with confidence. The mean CRP level in the saliva of healthy human volunteers was 285 pg/mL and in cardiac patients was 1680 pg/mL (p<0.01). Analysis of CRP concentrations in paired serum and saliva samples from cardiac patients gave a positive correlation (r2 = 0.84, p<0.001) and the salivary CRP concentration capable of distinguishing healthy from diseased patients. Conclusions: The results suggest that this minimally invasive, rapid and sensitive assay will be useful in large patient screening studies for risk assessment of coronary events. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

NT-ProBNP levels in saliva and its clinical relevance to heart failure

Background: Current blood based diagnostic assays to detect heart failure (HF) have large intra-individual and inter-individual variations which have made it difficult to determine whether the changes in the analyte levels reflect an actual change in disease activity. Human saliva mirrors the body's health and well being and similar to 20% of proteins that are present in blood are also found in saliva. Saliva has numerous advantages over blood as a diagnostic fluid which allows for a non-invasive, simple, and safe sample collection. The aim of our study was to develop an immunoassay to detect NT-proBNP in saliva and to determine if there is a correlation with blood levels. Methods: Saliva samples were collected from healthy volunteers (n = 40) who had no underlying heart conditions and HF patients (n = 45) at rest. Samples were stored at -80 degrees C until analysis. A customised homogeneous sandwich AlphaLISA((R)) immunoassay was used to quantify NT-proBNP levels in saliva. Results: Our NT-proBNP immunoassay was validated against a commercial Roche assay on plasma samples collected from HF patients (n = 37) and the correlation was r(2) = 0.78 (p<0.01, y = 1.705 x +1910.8). The median salivary NT-proBNP levels in the healthy and HF participants were <16 pg/mL and 76.8 pg/mL, respectively. The salivary NT-proBNP immunoassay showed a clinical sensitivity of 82.2% and specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100% and negative predictive value of 83.3%, with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 90.6%. Conclusion: We have firstly demonstrated that NT-proBNP can be detected in saliva and that the levels were higher in heart failure patients compared with healthy control subjects. Further studies will be needed to demonstrate the clinical relevance of salivary NT-proBNP in unselected, previously undiagnosed populations.

Tumor-suppressor gene promoter hypermethylation in saliva of head and neck cancer patients

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) accounts for a bulk of the oral and laryngeal cancers, the majority (70%) of which are associated with smoking and excessive drinking, major known risk factors for the development of HNSCC. In contrast to reports that suggest an inverse relationship between smoking and global DNA CpG methylation, hypermethylation of promoters of a number of genes was detected in saliva collected from patients with HNSCC. Using a sensitive methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) assay to determine specific methylation events in the promoters of RASSF1A, DAPK1, and p16 genes, we demonstrate that we can detect tumor presence with an overall accuracy of 81% in the DNA isolated from saliva of patients with HNSCC (n = 143) when compared with the DNA isolated from the saliva of healthy nonsmoker controls (n = 31). The specificity for this MSP panel was 87% and the sensitivity was 80%(with a Fisher exact test P < .0001). In addition, the test panel performed extremely well in the detection of the early stages of HNSCCs, with a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 87%, and a high. concordance value of 0.8, indicating an excellent overall agreement between the presence of HNSCC and a positive MSP panel result. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the promoter methylation of RASSF1A, DAPK1, and p16 MSP panel is useful in detecting hypermethylation events in a noninvasive manner in patients with HNSCC.

Diagnostic potential of saliva : state of the art and future applications [Potenziale diagnostico della saliva: stato dell’arte e applicazioni future]

Over the past 10 years, the use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid has gained attention and has become a translational research success story. Some of the current nanotechnologies have been demonstrated to have the analytical sensitivity required for the use of saliva as a diagnostic medium to detect and predict disease progression. However, these technologies have not yet been integrated into current clinical practice and work flow. As a diagnostic fluid, saliva offers advantages over serum because it can be collected noninvasively by individuals with modest training, and it offers a cost-effective approach for the screening of large populations. Gland-specific saliva can also be used for diagnosis of pathology specific to one of the major salivary glands. There is minimal risk of contracting infections during saliva collection, and saliva can be used in clinically challenging situations, such as obtaining samples from children or handicapped or anxious patients, in whom blood sampling could be a difficult act to perform. In this review we highlight the production of and secretion of saliva, the salivary proteome, transportation of biomolecules from blood capillaries to salivary glands, and the diagnostic potential of saliva for use in detection of cardiovascular disease and oral and breast cancers. We also highlight the barriers to application of saliva testing and its advancement in clinical settings. Saliva has the potential to become a first-line diagnostic sample of choice owing to the advancements in detection technologies coupled with combinations of biomolecules with clinical relevance.

Human saliva as a tool to investigate intimate partner violence

Human saliva mirrors body’s health and well-being and many of the biomolecules present in blood or urine can also be found in salivary secretions. However, biomolecular concentrations in saliva are usually one tenth to one thousandth of the levels in blood (Pfaffe et al., 2011). Sensitive detection technology platforms are therefore required to detect biomolecules in saliva. Another road block to the advancement of salivary diagnostics is the lack of information related to healthy state saliva vs. a diseased saliva, baseline levels and reference ranges and diurnal variations. Saliva has numerous advantages over blood or urine as a diagnostic fluid: (a) the non-invasive nature of sample collection and the simple, safe, painless and cost-effective methods to collect it; (b) unskilled personnel can collect saliva samples at multiple time points; and (c) the total protein concentration is approximately a quarter of that is present in plasma, which makes it easier to investigate low abundance proteins (Pfaffe et al., 2011). Currently, saliva assays are routinely used to determine, diseases such as HIV, drugs and substances of abuse to provide information on exposure and give qualitative information on the type of illicit drug used (Kintz et al., 2009), cortisol levels for diagnosing Cushing’s syndrome (Doi et al., 2008), and use for biomonitoring of exposure to chemicals (Caporossi et al., 2010) to measure hormones (Gröschl, 2009)....

Evaluation of saliva collection devices for the analysis of proteins

Background: Human saliva mirrors the body's health and can be collected non-invasively, does not require specialized skills and is suitable for large population based screening programs. The aims were twofold: to evaluate the suitability of commercially available saliva collection devices for quantifying proteins present in saliva and to provide levels for C-reactive protein (CRP), myoglobin, and immunoglobin E (IgE) in saliva of healthy individuals as a baseline for future studies. Methods: Saliva was collected from healthy volunteers (n = 17, ages 18-33 years). The following collection methods were evaluated: drool; Salimetrics (R) Oral Swab (SOS); Salivette (R) Cotton and Synthetic (Sarstedt) and Greiner Bio-One Saliva Collection System (GBO SCS (R)). We used AlphaLISA (R) assays to measure CRP, IgE and myoglobin levels in human saliva. Results: Significant (p<0.05) differences in the salivary flow rates were observed based on the method of collection, Le. salivary flow rates were significantly lower (p<0.05) in unstimulated saliva (Le. drool and SOS), when compared with mechanically stimulated methods (p<0.05) (Salivette (R) Cotton and Synthetic) and acid stimulated method (p<0.05) (SCS (R)). Saliva collected using SOS yielded significantly (p<0.05) lower concentrations of myoglobin and CRP, whilst, saliva collected using the Salivette (R) Cotton and Synthetic swab yielded significantly (p<0.05) lower myoglobin and IgE concentrations respectively. Conclusions: The results demonstrated significantly relevant differences in analyte levels based on the collection method. Significant differences in the salivary flow rates were also observed depending on the saliva collection method. The data provide preliminary baseline values for salivary CRP, myoglobin, and IgE levels in healthy participants and based on the collection method. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Collection and determination of nucleotide metabolites in neonatal and adult saliva by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

Saliva contains a number of biochemical components which may be useful for diagnosis/monitoring of metabolic disorders, and as markers of cancer or heart disease. Saliva collection is attractive as a non-invasive sampling method for infants and elderly patients. We present a method suitable for saliva collection from neonates. We have applied this technique for the determination of salivary nucleotide metabolites. Saliva was collected from 10 healthy neonates using washed cotton swabs, and directly from 10 adults. Two methods for saliva extraction from oral swabs were evaluated. The analytes were then separated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The limits of detection for 14 purine/pyrimidine metabolites were variable, ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 mu M. Recovery of hydrophobic purine/pyrimidine metabolites from cotton tips was consistently high using water/acetonitrile extraction (92.7-111%) compared with water extraction alone. The concentrations of these metabolites were significantly higher in neonatal saliva than in adults. Preliminary ranges for nucleotide metabolites in neonatal and adult saliva are reported. Hypoxanthine and xanthine were grossly raised in neonates (49.3 +/- 25.4; 30.9 +/- 19.5 mu M respectively) compared to adults (4.3 +/- 3.3; 4.6 +/- 4.5 mu M); nucleosides were also markedly raised in neonates. This study focuses on three essential details: contamination of oral swabs during manufacturing and how to overcome this; weighing swabs to accurately measure small saliva volumes; and methods for extracting saliva metabolites of interest from cotton swabs. A method is described for determining nucleotide metabolites using HPLC with photo-diode array or MS/MS. The advantages of utilising saliva are highlighted. Nucleotide metabolites were not simply in equilibrium with plasma, but may be actively secreted into saliva, and this process is more active in neonates than adults. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.