The ecology of the ePundit: surveying the new opinion-making landscape.

This paper explores hybrid forms of contemporary political opinion-making online, which we name ePunditry. The ePundit utilizes Web 2.0 technologies and networks to distribute their work: changing and challenging the boundaries and hierarchies of the existing opinion space, across multiple platforms. Drawing on the language of media ecology we define and give examples of ePunditry. We also consider the impact of the ePundit upon the wider media landscape, alongside the empowered role of the readership.

Similitudes y diferencias en el proceso de evolución tipológica del Musteriense al Auriñaciense en la cueva de Gatzarria (País Vasco)

[ES] En relación al debate sobre la posición del Castelperroniense en el proceso de transformación del Paleolítico medio al superior, el nivel Cjn3 de Gatzarria, frente a la extendida opinión que hace de ese complejo industrial un episodio terminal del Paleolítico medio, constituye el conjunto tipológico de base de la secuencia filética auriñaciense en este importante yacimiento pirenaico. En efecto, los diversos análisis estadísticos aplicados sobre variadas estructuras tipológicas de la serie estratigráfica completa y, más específicamente, de los tecnocomplejos más implicados en ese proceso de cambio, ponen reiteradamente de manifiesto la vinculación directa de la serie castelperroniense con el episodio protoauriñaciense antiguo de Cjn2, y a través de éste con el desarrollo general del proceso filético leptolítico auriñacoide, así como su manifiesta discontinuidad con el repertorio musteriense de Cj. Por consiguiente, en el caso de Gatzarria, parecería más oportuno hablar de ruptura que de transición en el proceso de evolución tipológica entre los complejos industriales musteroides y auriñacoides.

ŚWIAT W POLSKICH TYGODNIKACH OPINII

Polski dyskurs publiczny zdominowany jest przez kwestie lokalne. Artykuł podejmuje problem obecności problematyki globalnej i zagranicznej w polskim dyskursie publicznym w 2010 r. Przedstawia wybrane wątki analizy najbardziej poczytnych polskich tygodników opinii dwadzieścia lat po odzyskaniu niepodległości i pięć lat po wejściu do Unii Europejskiej: „Gościa Niedzielnego”, „Newsweek Polska”, „Polityki” i „Wprost”. Szczególny nacisk w artykule położono na wydobycie obecności w tym dyskursie głosów Innych i głosów Świadków. Poszczególne tygodniki różnią się istotnie pod tym względem. Tym, co zasługuje na szczególną uwagę, jest bardzo wyrazista obecność w trzech z czterech analizowanych tytułów głosów amerykańskich konserwatywnych i neokonserwatywnych publicystów i ekspertów.

Técnicas de Persuasão

A presente investigação tem como objetivo principal identificar e explicar as diversas técnicas de comunicação que poderão ser utilizadas na persuasão e na manipulação de pensamento, opiniões e disposição para a ação (diathesis) de um auditório. A partir da exploração da arte de retórica, aplicada à comunicação interpessoal, assim como aos outros meios de comunicação, sobretudo o audiovisual, e também na exploração de comunicação não-verbal, pretende-se demostrar e explicar os diversos métodos e procedimentos de persuasão e de manipulação. Estas serão divididas em três grupos, cada um referente aos modos de persuasão de Aristóteles, isto é o ethos, pathos e logos, também designados pelo autor como “provas técnicas” na sua Techné Rhetoriké, obra inaugural sobre o estudo reflexivo do que ele designa por “meios persuasivos implicados em cada caso”. Uma especial atenção é focada nas três técnicas de criação da empatia, procedimentos essenciais para dispor o auditório perante o orador e para a criação de culto à personalidade. A interpretação e o desenvolvimento da linguagem corporal é, sem dúvida uma base importante para toda a comunicação persuasiva e, por isso mesmo, a maior parte dos procedimentos puramente retóricos serão interlaçados com a comunicação não-verbal que, segundo algumas estimativas, representa 95% de toda a comunicação. Não será ousado dizer que a comunicação não-verbal esta já, presente na interacção entre os animais de uma mesma espécie, designadamente nos rituais de acasalamento. Por isso, ser-nos-ia impossível ignorar o seu contributo numa investigação sobre a persuasão e a manipulação no quadro da comunicação interpessoal. Como corolário da investigação a desenvolver na presente Dissertação, procederemos a uma análise empírica das técnicas de persuasão e de manipulação utilizadas num filme de propaganda de 1934 sobre a Alemanha Nazi da terceira década do século XX, realizado por Leni Riefenstahl e chamado “O triunfo da vontade”. Propomos, no limite, demonstrar a eficácia performativa da retórica quando, como acontece no caso estudado, é levada ao limite na sua capacidade de manipulação e controlo da mente humana. Só que, no caso empírico estudado, não estamos já a falar, com rigor, da arte retórica tal como foi fundada por Aristóteles e reabilitada por Chaïm Perelman, mas sim de refinados artifícios retóricos ao serviço da manipulação e controlo do pensamento. Com esta investigação pretendo demostrar a importância da comunicação estratégica e tecnicamente estruturada assente nos modos de persuasão retórica, com a finalidade desta ser eficaz

Public opinion and the making of foreign policy in the 'New Europe':a comparative study of Poland and Ukraine

Since 1989, by drawing a new boundary between the EU and its eastern neighbours, the European Union has created a frontier that has been popularly described in the frontier states as the new 'Berlin Wall'. This book is the first comparative study of the impact of public opinion on the making of foreign policy in two eastern European states that live on either side of the new European divide: Poland and Ukraine. Focusing on the vocal, informed segment of public opinion and drawing on results of both opinion polls and a series of innovative focus groups gathered since the Orange Revolution, Nathaniel Copsey unravels the mystery of how this crucial segment of the public impacts on foreign policy-makers in both states. In developing this argument, Copsey takes a closer look at the business community and how important economic factors are in forming public opinion. Filling a gap in the literature currently available on the topic, this book presents a fresh approach to our understanding of Polish-Ukrainian relations and how the public's view of the past influences contemporary politics. It is an ideal resource for those researching in the field of Russian and Eastern European Studies.

Research Monograph: The role of community and lifestyle in the making of a knowledge city

Our brief is to investigate the role of community and lifestyle in the making of a globally successful knowledge city region. Our approach is essentially pragmatic. We start by broadly examining knowledge-based urban development from a number of different perspectives. The first view is historical. In this context knowledge work and knowledge workers are seen as vital parts of a new emergent mode of production reliant on the continual production of abstract knowledge. We briefly develop this perspective to encompass the work of Richard Florida who has, notedly, claimed: “Wherever talent goes, innovation, creativity, and economic growth are sure to follow.” Our next perspective examines concepts of knowledge and modes of its production to discover knowledge is not an unchanging object but a human activity that changes in form and content through history. The suggestion emerges that not only is the production of contemporary ‘knowledge’ organised in a specific (and new) manner but also the output of this networked production is a particular type of knowledge (i.e. techné). The third perspective locates knowledge production and its workers in the contemporary urban context. As such, it co-ordinates the knowledge city in the increasingly global structure of cities and develops a typology of different groups of knowledge workers in their preferred urban environment(s). We see emerging here a distinctive geography of knowledge production. It is an urban phenomenon. There is, in short, something about the nature of cities that knowledge workers find particularly attractive. In the next, essentially anthropological, perspective we start to explore the needs and desires of the individual knowledge worker. Beyond the needs basic to any modern human household an attempt is made to deduce, from a base understanding of knowledge work as mental labour, the compensatory cultural needs of the knowledge worker when not at work - and the expression of these needs in the urban fabric. Our final perspective consists of two case studies. In a review of the experiences of Austin, Texas and Singapore’s one-north precinct we collect empirical data on, respectively, a knowledge city that has sustained itself for over 50 years and an urban precinct newly launched into the global market for knowledge work and knowledge workers. Interwoven The Role of Community and Lifestyle in the Making of a Knowledge City Urban Research Program 8 through all perspectives, in the form of apposite citation, is that of ‘expert opinion’ gathered in a rudimentary poll of academic and industry sources. This opinion appears in text boxes while details of the survey can be found in Appendix A. In the conclusion of the report we interpret the wide range of evidence gathered above in a policy frame. It is our hope this report will leave the reader with a clearer picture of the decisive organisational, infrastructural, aesthetic and social dimensions of a knowledge precinct.

Risky business : making decisions off the cuff

In line with accepted decision making theory, individuals engage in rational decision making. Decisions made under conditions of bounded rationality may have serious adverse consequences. Employees making decisions on behalf of their employer are often faced with situations where perfect and complete information is not available, and time is limited. Under such conditions, we posit that employees will make decisions that are increasingly bounded. At its most extreme neither time nor information is available to make a decision and rational decision making, bounded or not, reaches its limits. Many authors suggest that this is the point at which improvisation takes place. Although opinion in the literature is mixed regarding the efficacy of improvised decisions, we argue that improvised decisions place the organisation at considerable risk and as a consequence are undesirable.

Personalization in tag ontology learning for recommendation making

Due to the explosive growth of the Web, the domain of Web personalization has gained great momentum both in the research and commercial areas. One of the most popular web personalization systems is recommender systems. In recommender systems choosing user information that can be used to profile users is very crucial for user profiling. In Web 2.0, one facility that can help users organize Web resources of their interest is user tagging systems. Exploring user tagging behavior provides a promising way for understanding users’ information needs since tags are given directly by users. However, free and relatively uncontrolled vocabulary makes the user self-defined tags lack of standardization and semantic ambiguity. Also, the relationships among tags need to be explored since there are rich relationships among tags which could provide valuable information for us to better understand users. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for learning tag ontology based on the widely used lexical database WordNet for capturing the semantics and the structural relationships of tags. We present personalization strategies to disambiguate the semantics of tags by combining the opinion of WordNet lexicographers and users’ tagging behavior together. To personalize further, clustering of users is performed to generate a more accurate ontology for a particular group of users. In order to evaluate the usefulness of the tag ontology, we use the tag ontology in a pilot tag recommendation experiment for improving the recommendation performance by exploiting the semantic information in the tag ontology. The initial result shows that the personalized information has improved the accuracy of the tag recommendation.

Australian patent enforcement : a proposal for an expert panel opinion

The Australian Government has been concerned “to find ways of making patent enforcement less of an issue” and to make it “cheaper, simpler and quicker to get fair and appropriate resolution for any dispute”. Major problems relating to patent enforcement in Australia have been identified as: the cost of legal proceedings; the lack of patent owners’ financial capacity to fund enforcement proceedings; delay; and uncertainty as to the outcome and lack of knowledge about the processes of enforcement. This paper considers some of the problems associated with patent enforcement in Australia and proposes an approach to patent litigation which is directed at alleviating some of the difficulties which have been identified. Specifically, it proposes a strategy designed to identify the parties’ risks at an early stage of patent litigation proceeding and facilitate an early resolution of the dispute.

Aspect-based opinion extraction from customer reviews

Text is the main method of communicating information in the digital age. Messages, blogs, news articles, reviews, and opinionated information abounds on the Internet. People commonly purchase products online and post their opinions about purchased items. This feedback is displayed publicly to assist others with their purchasing decisions, creating the need for a mechanism with which to extract and summarize useful information for enhancing the decision-making process. Our contribution is to improve the accuracy of extraction by combining different techniques from three major areas, named Data Mining, Natural Language Processing techniques and Ontologies. The proposed framework sequentially mines product’s aspects and users’ opinions, groups representative aspects by similarity, and generates an output summary. This paper focuses on the task of extracting product aspects and users’ opinions by extracting all possible aspects and opinions from reviews using natural language, ontology, and frequent “tag” sets. The proposed framework, when compared with an existing baseline model, yielded promising results.

Making informed decisions on selecting promising Work Zone Safety Treatments

Lack of detailed and accurate safety records on incidents in Australian work zones prevents a thorough understanding of the relevant risks and hazards. Consequently it is difficult to select appropriate treatments for improving the safety of roadworkers and motorists alike. This paper presents a method for making informed decisions about safety treatments by 1) identifying safety issues and hazards in work zones, 2) understanding the attitudes and perceptions of both roadworkers and motorists, 3) reviewing the effectiveness of work zone safety treatments according to existing research, and 4) incorporating local expert opinion on the feasibility and usefulness of the safety treatments. Using data collected through semi-structured interviews with roadwork personnel and online surveys of Queensland drivers, critical safety issues were identified. The effectiveness of treatments for addressing the issues was understood through rigorous literature review and consultations with local road authorities. Promising work zone safety treatments include enforcement, portable rumble strips, perceptual measures to imply reduced lane width, automated or remotely-operated traffic lights, end of queue measures, and more visible and meaningful signage.

Towards making informed decisions on selecting promising work zone safety treatments

Lack of detailed and accurate safety records on incidents in Australian work zones prevents a thorough understanding of the relevant risks and hazards. Consequently it is difficult to select appropriate treatments for improving the safety of roadworkers and motorists alike. This paper outlines development of a conceptual framework for making informed decisions about safety treatments by: 1) identifying safety issues and hazards in work zones; 2) understanding the attitudes and perceptions of both roadworkers and motorists; 3) reviewing the effectiveness of work zone safety treatments according to existing research, and; 4) incorporating local expert opinion on the feasibility and usefulness of the safety treatments. Using data collected through semi-structured interviews with roadwork personnel and online surveys of Queensland drivers, critical safety issues were identified. The effectiveness of treatments for addressing the issues was understood through rigorous literature review and consultations with local road authorities. Promising work zone safety treatments include enforcement, portable rumble strips, perceptual measures to imply reduced lane width, automated or remotely-operated traffic lights, end of queue measures, and more visible and meaningful signage.

Assessing testamentary and decision-making capacity: Approaches and models

The need for better and more accurate assessments of testamentary and decision-making capacity grows as Australian society ages and incidences of mentally disabling conditions increase. Capacity is a legal determination, but one on which medical opinion is increasingly being sought. The difficulties inherent within capacity assessments are exacerbated by the ad hoc approaches adopted by legal and medical professionals based on individual knowledge and skill, as well as the numerous assessment paradigms that exist. This can negatively affect the quality of assessments, and results in confusion as to the best way to assess capacity. This article begins by assessing the nature of capacity. The most common general assessment models used in Australia are then discussed, as are the practical challenges associated with capacity assessment. The article concludes by suggesting a way forward to satisfactorily assess legal capacity given the significant ramifications of getting it wrong.

Motor control is decision-making

© 2012 Elsevier Ltd. Motor behavior may be viewed as a problem of maximizing the utility of movement outcome in the face of sensory, motor and task uncertainty. Viewed in this way, and allowing for the availability of prior knowledge in the form of a probability distribution over possible states of the world, the choice of a movement plan and strategy for motor control becomes an application of statistical decision theory. This point of view has proven successful in recent years in accounting for movement under risk, inferring the loss function used in motor tasks, and explaining motor behavior in a wide variety of circumstances.