Defining reference service life : an open innovation approach

The endeavour to obtain estimates of durability of components for use in lifecycle assessment or costing and infrastructure and maintenance planning systems is large. The factor method and the reference service life concept provide a very valuable structure, but do not resolve the central dilemma of the need to derive an extensive database of service life. Traditional methods of estimating service life, such as dose functions or degradation models, can play a role in developing this database, however the scale of the problem clearly indicates that individual dose functions cannot be derived for each component in each different local and geographic setting. Thus, a wider range of techniques is required in order to devise reference service life. This paper outlines the approaches being taken in the Cooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation project to predict reference service life. Approaches include the development of fundamental degradation and microclimate models, the development of a situation-based reasoning ‘engine’ to vary the ‘estimator’ of service life, and the development of a database on expert performance (Delphi study). These methods should be viewed as complementary rather than as discrete alternatives. As discussed in the paper, the situation-based reasoning approach in fact has the possibility of encompassing all other methods.

Applying the open innovation system concept to infrastructure projects

Purpose: The goal of this conceptual paper is to provide tools to help maximise the value delivered by infrastructure projects, by developing methods to increase adoption of innovative products during construction. Methods: The role of knowledge flows in determining innovation adoption rates is conceptually examined. A promising new approach is developed. Open innovation system theory is extended, by reviewing the role of three frameworks: (1) knowledge intermediaries, (2) absorptive capacity and (3) governance arrangements. Originality: We develop a novel open innovation system model to guide further research in the area of adoption of innovation on infrastructure projects. The open innovation system model currently lacks definition of core concepts, especially with regard to the impact of different degrees and types of openness. The three frameworks address this issue and add substance to the open innovation system model, addressing widespread criticism that it is underdeveloped. The novelty of our model is in the combination of the three frameworks to explore the system. These frameworks promise new insights into system dynamics and facilitate the development of new methods to optimise the diffusion of innovation. Practical Implications: The framework will help to reveal gaps in knowledge flows that impede the uptake of innovations. In the past, identifying these gaps has been difficult given the lack of nuance in existing theory. The knowledge maps proposed will enable informed policy advice to effectively harness the power of knowledge networks, increase innovation diffusion and improve the performance of infrastructure projects. The models developed in this paper will be used in planned empirical research into innovation on large scale infrastructure projects in the Australian built environment.

Open innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): External knowledge sourcing strategies and internal organizational facilitators

In this paper we explore how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) engage in external knowledge sourcing, a form of inbound open innovation. We draw upon a sample of 1,411 SMEs and empirically conceptualize a typology of strategic types of external knowledge sourcing, namely minimal, supply-chain, technology-oriented, application-oriented, and full-scope sourcing. Each strategy reflects the nature of external interactions and is linked to a distinct mixture of four internal practices for managing innovation. Both full-scope and application-oriented sourcing offer performance benefits and are associated with a stronger focus on managing innovation. However, they differ in their managerial focus on strategic and operational aspects.

Open innovation e os direitos da propriedade intelectual: interseção ou dicotomia? A atuação dos instrumentos contratuais na promoção da inovação aberta

A presente dissertação busca analisar os aspectos subjacentes à emergência de um novo paradigma no que tange à inovação: open innovation (ou inovação aberta). Tendo em vista que o estudo comporta a necessidade de conceituação, importa observar que atualmente o conhecimento se mostra difundido entre inúmeras fontes. Sendo assim, a ideia de uma estrutura totalmente vertical e autossuficiente de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, inerente aos modelos fulcrados no paradigma anterior (closed innovation ou inovação fechada), vem dando lugar à crença de que ideias valiosas podem surgir tanto internamente quanto externamente, da mesma maneira que as inovações resultantes das atividades empresariais podem chegar ao mercado por caminhos internos e externos. Essa abordagem atribui grande relevância ao intercâmbio de conhecimento e à perspectiva colaborativa, destacando como principal vantagem a diminuição dos custos com pesquisa e desenvolvimento. Dentre os vários pontos de distinção entre os referidos paradigmas encontra-se a função a ser desempenhada pela propriedade intelectual. Por conseguinte, o objetivo desta dissertação consiste em investigar como a propriedade intelectual funciona dentro da lógica pela qual se orienta a inovação aberta, isto é, se ela impede o fluxo de conhecimento entre os diversos agentes do mercado envolvendo tecnologia ou, ao contrário, se a proteção formal desses ativos intangíveis é o elemento que permite tal intercâmbio. Nesses termos, busca-se demonstrar que as sociedades empresárias adotantes desse modelo aberto abordam a questão da titularidade de direitos de propriedade intelectual como ponto crucial à consecução de práticas baseadas em inovação aberta, as quais se instrumentalizam a partir de contratos formais. Importa observar que, através de uma metodologia científica de análise de conteúdo, toda a investigação em curso se perfaz tendo em conta a empresa enquanto conceito dinâmico dentro do contexto da manifestação do mercado como um fenômeno poliédrico, o qual, em se tratando de temas como propriedade intelectual, será orientado para a inovação. Desta feita, a conclusão da pesquisa indica que os direitos da propriedade intelectual são importantes ativos em uma lógica de open innovation, pois esta não advoga a extinção da propriedade intelectual, mas a flexibilização de sua exploração.